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`1997
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`INTERNET
`
`A Desktop Quick Reference
`
`Valerie Quercia
`
`O'REILLY”
`
`Cambridge
`
`+ Kéln
`
`+ Paris
`
`-
`
`Sebastopol
`
`+
`
`Tokyo
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`Vem
`Tk—
`510s,
`
`-TS'T
`Q47
`(947
`bks
`
`S75
`Internet in a Nutshell
`by Valerie Quercia
`
`Copyright © 1997 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, All rights reserved.
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
`
`Editor: Linda Mui
`
`Production Editor: Clairemarie Fisher O'Leary
`
`Printing History:
`
`October 1997:
`
`First Edition
`
`Nutshell Handbook and the Nutshell Handbooklogoare registered trademarks andthe
`Java Series is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
`
`The association between the image of an alchemist and the Internet is a trademark of
`O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
`
`Manyof the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their
`products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and
`O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware ofa trademark claim, the designations have been
`printed in caps or initial caps.
`
`While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher
`assumes noresponsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the
`use of the information contained herein.
`
`This book is printed on acid-free paper with 10%recycled content, 15% post-consumer
`waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to using paper with the highest recycled
`content available consistent with high quality.
`
`ISBN: 1-56592-323-5
`
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`UNIVERSITY OF MICHI
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`1sr 5053
`a21S Get
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`:
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`990 150 4 62.7099
`
`Table of Contents
`
`FOVQWONE oo csscevsctsscesisnescsesnssstnadséuvencesissvorsssdeasscasonee ee xi
`DOIG terresennesir uppscsi tipics cette oraetermeasia tessa. 3xiti
`
`PartI: Getting Oriented
`
`Chapter 1—A Living Glossaryofthe Internet ...................
`The Internet, the Web, and Everything...........
`The World's Fastest Internet Tour Ate Bie Rey ben iwacgesseugoes selene
`Is That All There Is? ,.,
`
`eo
`
`WASdbs
`
`PartIT- Your Browser Inside Out
`
`
`
`
`
`Chapter 2— Netscape NavigatOPr o........600000000...
`Navigator Illustrated ........cccccsececsesesscessesssececcses
`Tips, Tricks, and Hidden Stuff ............
`Quick Reference to Navigator for Windows PCMAG eaaAi Rieu
`Netscape Communicator Preferences .....,,..........
`
`URES ises 21
`
`ee BL.
`
`Chapter 3
`
`
`
`Microsoft Internet Explorer ........
`Tips, Tricks, and Hidden Stuff .............
`Quick Reference to MSIE Browser Functions ss auhlicendlseieuanedesces
`BEOWBED OO ice ccs scccistai nies
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`Part Il: Finding Stuff
`
`Chapter 4—Internet AAAreSSINg cscsrrr 69
`Servers, Protocols, and Pathmames «cesses teesereeseseenetennesetennes 69
`
`Chapter 5—LandmarkSites and Other ReSOUrceS «0... fa
`A Directory for Every Topic: Yahoo!
`.......:-::sssresss esses terestentereentes 73
`About the IAter4net
`...ccccccccenceeernseneeersnneesensnesneyrestteessbsadnaensebaaatesienisonnes 74
`Government
`..........
`semsepuRT EES
`"3
`
`Bociel Magazines,wannaOtheree SaecurteusmReaRECRTRNL EE
`
`LIs@HEt NEWS ..ccc-cecsssscscecapesteesbessevnasivvenesnnnsseasineasaeanssercceremnerenenneentenensst 80
`
`eceneceemnasmens Oe
`....ccc00
`MuSe@ums
`For Kids, Parents, weachidesannecheRest oftBA) conn ee
`Colleges and Universities .........scssscssessseesesrsenserresternsnnsnnnennnennerconnnennen 86
`Animals, Nature, and the Environment
`......c::::esssseseseeeeeeeteereneescnen 86
`PERE occ peaakihetniuievocuest Wei vee KetmcmnnRARHeeEnerenennatanen ea seen eE NERA EAL Cie 87
`Arts and Entertainment .......cccsccccscessscneescccecseenneetenenensnensesenanannenensnnnes 88
`What’s New on the Net? .....ccceceeseseceserersererersneerreeesesseesseeeeenaeaneanrantnees 91
`
`Chapter 6—Internet Directories and Search Engines .........+ 93
`Directories Versus Search Engines .......cccccscccsestseetenegtennennenne tees 94
`The Top Search Engines and Directories .....s1ssseseeeceneeresecr screen 95
`Chapter 7—Finding People ANd PIACES .....+.:.. ern 125
`Where to Begin? ..........-.
`cctheaeancoviewisiseixeaatsiaeerGk uae
`Finger: Finding Users onUNIXais SeaaAHOSA aoe
`
`Chapter 8—Accessing Libraries and Other Resources
`$44EB TVRvoces asncacccnrsvsnsinsuesdineleneavssTiisavian menace wokapenstconnanannnetuens 134
`Telnet Resources on the Internet... sccessetereeeseeenersenseensenensnteens 134
`Telnet for Windows:
`.....cccsecsssscssisesierseassonssnonenestoeenenenennsnsterseaernnnnentser® 136
`Accessing a Library Catalog .......sesseserenersesiisnesesesnssenennenecersaneanennen 139
`
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`Part IV: Email and News
`
`Chapter 9— Why Email arid News c..ccccccccccccsescsssessseesesesssecsseees 145
`
`Chapter 10— Email Strategies and Survival Tips .......0060000.... 148
`Email Addresses ........ Seog. TR RE ee ae cP eTAT 149
`70 RRPES accosted i RAISERS 151
`Tips for Email Users.
`.......crcrrcersersrrsrearereneerseevseervensnrenensnensenenreesernia ee
`Handling Spani Quek Baia) csscsccumsncsiaresanesnmransccmnmnnaaes 19
`KOT PRG AUR CNIMORS: ompsuuiinniaiieee: EOF
`
`ocossssscsscencnicsesvinecimcovmeneagrareeeteenrsanaeers 165
`COAPTET TT —MAUD LEASES
`From Aardvark Lovers to ZZ Top Fans .....c.ccccccccsessssssssseeescsereererner 166
`Pander tne eae Ean gee os rrr re en irra manana aera at 168
`Mailing List Basics .0....0..cccccceceeceeeseeeeeeeeeeseertsesteteeteteerentesennerseverees 109
`Quick Reference to Common Mailing List Commands..................... 174
`
`Chapter 12— Gelling Along 11 USOHGF siccvvcsscsssessserscvsansiescosioss 177
`Newsgroup Naming Scheme....... ac ede allantoid ict Boece 178
`GOHOPO” ..cesccvccexsernasssanvvevenssnecversareavecaserasssaneceosesivavvccciwcseniverens 181
`DeaNews: A Usenet Search Engine sasssunpensunanniemaniesiiss 184
`
`
`Chapter 13— Netscape Messenger and
`CORGDIG DISCUSSIONS os. sicccccescncvemncenannnsacnseansutecacsnesurrunsavecaesusns 188
`
`A Look at Netscape Messenger and Collabra ......c.sccsescseseiss 188
`Tips, Tritks,-and Hitden Stall ssccsissasscsvaeniadateavieven 101
`Messenger and Collabra Quick Reference .......5.0:cccccsseeerseessersernees 2O7
`
`Chapter 14—MSIE Internet MAI o.....ccccccscsesseesseescsseesesesvsnereere wl?
`
`PRECEREE MAT CORORNS os isnctsinrsstcessseavesienavaruancuconinien nabiswrancasueee DO
`Tips for Using Witemet MOM :sisicncasasawe nas ccccnssepasviaaieudsientene LUO
`Quick Reference to Internet Mail
`.....ccccccescsecesesessessssesessesrenesersenee 229
`leerGet Mail OMIONS| ccncmasecssconemnermRen OOS
`
`Chapter 15—MSIEInternet News c.ccccccccccscctsescicissscssssesieceseseavn 237
`
`Internet NEWS COMPONENIS ........csececeeerseneeeneereeeneerteeeeeetettesetetentenseess 238
`Getung the Most Out Of Initemet NEWS —cicssencencneasvenanmarccis 241
`
`
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`Quick Reference to Internet NEWS...eit teerneetreretee tenner
`Internet NEWS Options .....ceciesseseeece settee caeasensneeasedeeseersien
`
`Co
`
`NMINatoe SI
`
`Part V: File Handling
`
`
`
`Chapter 16—File Types and EXtCNSIONS «0...
`
`er 259
`
`Chapter 17— FTP and File Transfer .......ccccccesecce
`Accessing FTP Files Using a Web Browser ............:se
`Bersce: Vir Lise STP ues enainineenarees
`Typical Anonymous FTP Session (Command-Line)
`A Friendlier FTP for Windows: WS_PTP o.cccssecciseenenes
`The .netre File: Auto-login and Macro Definitions ............60.c00
`Pree eee
`FIP Bip Beall secenccecsconininansenararcoumrarrroccarmsennnrrntens ae
`
`— sees OD
`
`. 2604
`
`einmiueka ta 205
`
`Chapter 18S—FTP Command Referenee 0c.
`FTP Command-Line Options (UNIX) is.ccccceciee cies
`FTP Commands vce cere
`
`es 278
`
`ecemucnNeS 279
`
`229
`
`Chapter 19— File Compression and Archiving ...........
`Relevant File Formats ........0..5.
`WinZip: File Compression/ArchivingTolWindows JacanaTeams
`UNIX File Compression and Archiving... .
`Macintosh Stuffit Does ItAll s.caucanissestesnsenmaunascn
`
`» B00
`
`300
`
`eee 302
`
`ssoenlsintalent A04
`
`iaiesuiiics 298
`
`Part VI: Helpers and Plug-ins
`
`
`
`Chapter 20— Helper APPUiCATIONS scsi
`Common Helper Apps for Windows............
`Configuring Navigator 4.0 to Use Helper SpeeRUAuSNaCAR
`Configuring MSIE 3.0 to Use Helper Apps .......c.s:ceoseree
`
`ee 309
`
`+ 310
`
`ABTS 312
`
`ees:313
`
`Chapter 21— Plug-ins and ActiveXControls...
`mors
`Which Plug-ins or ActiveX Controls Do I Need?........050
`319
`Which Plug-Ins and ActiveX Controls Are Out There? ........0s:0
`
`Pees 314
`
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`Part VU: Web Authoring
`
`
`avant ncaa cia 42/7
`
`Chapter 22—Authoringfor the Web....
`Getting on a Web Server .......00004.
`Creating and Editing HTML Document ....0..0...:c0cccccccecsceees
`wi BaD
`FETE. -DOGumnen: SiONGS sees oscar taonaueuse ees eee oie ake acy
`
`cones DED.
`
`330
`
`332
`
`Chapter 23—HTML Tags andAttributes oo.cc..0ccccccccccscccse0ee we Or
`HTML Tag and Attribute Descriptions .........
`
`Qo?
`
`Chapter 24— Color Names and Values
`
`sieaigem SSAA RaLBNW eiesesmenezaROU
`
`Color Values ............-.-.00c0seeeess
`
`Color Name.........ccccccsesesscscsssessessesesecesesseessrceveresecesvsseceess
`
`ware AHO
`
`«. 3467
`
`Chapter 25— CharacterEntities ............
`
`ed an RRL TOR i 309~
`
`Chapter 26— GIFs, Applets, and Other Enhancements....... 375
`Static GIF Images wo... cseeeeeerees
`CSTE. ADABUGEY ccwssccssstvacasemuseticns
`
`sie STO
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`
`JAVASCIEDE riiuccsen tam aauayees
`JAVA oo ccessescasevnaies
`CGIScripts «....:
`Audio Files .
`
`Part VII: Internet Relay Chat
`
`were
`
`.. 380
`
`au Dol
`
`yess ne
`
`Chapter 27—It's About CRAG o...c.0.0.00...
`
`big ios) Ceantorneeeneeinnenierin SEH
`
`An IRC Crash Course...........
`
`. 388
`
`Chapter 285— IRC CommandReference
`
`scone ecestis hice Ra ne
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`IOSD ssc cxnsscrcampnnceavancocevsassenniecnseieleaes
`
`veeueats NRC NT en svecnce SAOE
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`THACX ooooocococcccoccececes ScURUERNRR RU RENCmI “5
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`Poe aan scenes 413
`
`
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`
`
`Foreword
`
`In 1991 when I was writing The Whole Internet Users Guide and Catalog, George
`Bush was president of the U.S., the Gulf War was being fought, real networking
`was done by IBM computers using something called SNA, and the Internet was
`viewed as an unreliable academic plaything. The Internet had perhaps 10,000
`users, who used programslike telnet, ftp, and mail to do work. Most of them were
`computer geeks or scientists who were dragged onto the Net kicking and scream-
`ing to get their research done.
`
`There was virtually no documentation about how to use the Internet at the time
`Tracy LaQuey-Parker (author of The internet Companion) and I each started writ-
`ing a book to help people understand and use the Internet, Each of these books
`spent as much timetrying to convince the reader that the Internet was good, use-
`ful and the thing of the future as it did trying to tell you howto use it, Most peo-
`ple still did not believe.
`
`Noweveryone believes. The Internet has permeated out culture, Some still don't
`think it's good but all you need to do is turn on the TVto hear, “To find out how
`to be a contestant, see http://www.sony.com.” It has become the basis of so much
`corporate networking that it took me about ten minutes to remember the acronym
`SNA, Gone are the arcane command lines, although they are still documented in
`the hundreds of booksstill available about the Internet.
`
`Yet with commercial success comes new complexity. The Web is so easy to use
`and so extensible that everyone is hoping to make a buck (actually millions of
`them) by producing new things for it. When I did myfirst resource catalog we had
`to look hard and wide to find 500 goodsites. Now you can find hundreds of thou-
`sands with the help of search sites. When youarrive, the site will tell you need a
`new a new plug-in, the next version of a browser, or Java. “Push” technologyis
`nowthe rage. Suddenly the Internet isn’t so simple any more.
`Most people can get by as long as theylimit themselves to familiar sites, but the
`fun ofthe Internet is the lack oflimits. People no longer need Internet promotion,
`they get that everywhere: TV, posters, work, and especially their kids. What they
`
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`do need is a book which tells them just the facts, a ready referenceto sit by the
`side of their computer in case they wander into unfamiliar territory.
`/nfernet ina
`Nutshell is that book.
`
`Ed Krol
`
`
`
`xii Foreword
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`
`
`Preface
`
`With everything being written and said about the Internet, it's suill difficult to get a
`clear picture of what the thing’s about and what you can get out of it. If you've
`explored the Net for a while, you've verylikely encountered some of the various
`services it makes available, such as the World Wide Web, electronic mail, Usenet
`news, and chat. You might think of the Internet as a glue that binds these interre-
`lated, yet independent, modes of communication—much in the same way that
`telephone lines are used for conversation, faxing, modem connections, credit card
`verification, etc,
`At this point, (just about) everyone and her mother knows about email, a quick,
`cheap method of sending messages across the globe. The World Wide Web repre-
`sents some of the fancier technology available on the Net. The Webis sort of a
`hybrid between a research library and an entertainment channel—letting you
`access (and publish) multimedia documents (i.e., documents that contain text,
`sound, images, video, etc.). Usenet newsis a forum for people all over the world
`to discuss their commoninterests. Chatis a facility that lets people have interactive
`discussions with friends and online acquaintances. Although each of these services
`is distinct, they all
`involve communication, and they're all made possible by the
`Internet.
`
`It isn't possible to catalog everything that's out there on the Internet, Given the
`vast amount of information and its rapidly changing nature,
`this kind of catalog
`wouldn't even be particularly helpful. You're a lot better off knowing bow! to find
`out what's out there and howtoaccess It effectively.
`That’s where the current book comes in. We've tried to rope together some gen-
`eral information about the various services you can access on the Net, as well as
`to provide a reference to the tools and tricks that will help you get the most out of
`them. The book moves quickly because there's a lot of ground to cover. If you
`already have a basic understanding of the Net and what's out there,
`this book
`should have you accessing those resources quickly andeffectively.
`
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`Contents
`
`This book is for the new and eager Internet user, for the seasoned surfer who
`occasionally needs to remember shortcuts or syntax, and for everyone in between.
`The book is separated into eight parts, as follows:
`
`Part One, Getting Oriented
`If you're just getting started on the Internet, or if you learnedit in an ad-hoc
`manner (as most of us did), Part One gives a fast-moving overviewofthe Net
`and helps clarify how everything fits together.
`
`Part Two, Your Browser Inside-Out
`is their Web browser. In Part
`For most people,
`their primary Internet tool
`Two, we cover Netscape Navigator (version 4.01) and Microsoft Internet
`Explorer (version 3.02), the two most widely used browsers.
`
`Part Three, Finding Stuff
`Now the fun part. In Part Three we point you to sites of general interest, and
`explain howto use the search engines that help youfind sites related to your
`own personal interests.
`
`Part Four, Electronic Mail and Usenet News
`Email is arguably the most essential Internet service. News is less prominent
`in the public eve, yet is also one of the backbone services of the Internet, Part
`Four has tips on howto get along in email and news, including coverage of
`“netiquette,” and how to use the email and news programs distributed with
`your browser,
`
`Part Five, File Handling
`When you strip awayall the bells and whistles, you'll find that the Internet is
`just about sharing files from one system to another. While manyof the tools
`covered in this book manage mostfile tvpes automatically,
`it frequently hap-
`pens that you have to figure out file management yourself. Part Five covers
`the various file types, how to transfer them with FTP, and how to work with
`compressed and archivedfiles.
`
`Part Six, Helpers and Plug-ins
`Your Web browser has been designed to deal automatically with many types
`of files, but occasionally you need to dig up another application to read
`incoming data. Part Six covers helper applications, which are external applica-
`tions your browser can call upon to handle particluar files, and plug-ins,
`which are helper apps that are incorporated directly into the browser.
`
`Part Seven, Web Authoring
`On the Web, you aren't confined to being a user; you can also publish your
`own Web documents. In Part Seven we discuss how to create HTML files, and
`also give a brief introduction to incorporating static images, animation, and
`even Java applets into your page.
`
`Part Eight, internet Relay Chat
`Chat allows users to communicate with each other with an immediacy not
`available with other Internet services, In Part Eight, we give an overview and
`reference to Internet Relay Chat (TRC).
`
`
`
`xiv Preface
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`Conventions Used in This Book
`
`The following typographical conventions are usedin this book;
`
`Bold
`
`is used for URLs and Menu names.
`
`Letter Gothic
`is used to indicate computer examples.
`
`Itetlic
`is used to indicate filenames and command names and emphasis.
`
`Requestfor Comments
`We invite you to help us improve this book. If you have an idea that could make
`this a more useful quick reference, or if you find a bug in an example or an error
`in the text, let us knowby writing:
`
`Inc.
`
`O'Reilly & Associates,
`101 Morris Street
`Sebastopol, CA
`95472
`1-800-998-9938 (in the U.S. or Canada)
`1-707-829-0515 (international/ local}
`1-707-829-0104 (FAX)
`
`You can also send us messages electronically. To be put on the mailing list or
`request a catalog, send email to nuts@oreilly.com. To ask technical questions or
`comment on a book, send email to bookquestions@oreilly.com.
`
`Acknowledgments
`in making this book happen. Thanks to Linda
`Many people were instrumental
`Mui, my pal and the developmental editor ofthis book. Thanks also to Tim
`O'Reilly for his general wisdomand editorial guidance.
`Clairemarie Fisher O'Leary managed the arduous production process and put up
`with my schedule-slipping and other antics to boot,
`for which no amount of
`thanks are sufficient.
`Frank Willison managed many of us with an even hand and a sense of humer,
`long after mine was exhausted.
`Steve Kleinedler did a fine copyedit, while taking delays and obstacles in stride,
`Seth Maislin did a bang-up job on the index. Elissa Haney and Gabe Weiss pro-
`vided production assistance,
`Thanks to Edie Freedman for designing the cover, as well as hammering out some
`problems with the internal presentation, The tireless Lenny Muellner made these
`refinements possible with his terrific formatting work. Thanks also to Robert
`Romanofor creating the illustrations under a good deal of pressure.
`Thanks to John Files, Nicole Gipson Arigo, and Nancy Wolfe Kotary for handling
`the quality assurance checks beforethis thing wentto print.
`
`a P
`
`reface Xt
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`Thanks to Sheryl Avruch for managing the numerous production staff members
`involved in this project, which entailed a number ofdifficult constraints.
`
`Kiersten Conner wrote the bulk of Chapter 26, Gifs, Applets. and Other Enbance-
`ments, which appears in Part Seven, Web Authoring. Much of the HTMLreference
`material in this same part was adapted from work done by Chuck Musciano and
`Bill Kennedy for The HTML Handbook and Stephen Spainhour for WebMaster in a
`Nutshell (both published by O'Reilly & Associates).
`
`Thanks to Tim O'Reilly, Frank Willison, Mike Loukides, Kiersten Conner, and Jes-
`sica Perry Hekman for providing essential review comments,
`
`I'dalso like to thank myfamily and friends for putting up with mefor the past few
`months, and in general.
`
`xvt Preface
`
`
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`PARTI
`
`Getting Oriented
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`This material may be protected by Copyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code)
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`The Internet, the Web, and Everything
`These days,
`there are few topics hotter than the Internet. Television programs
`coveril, newspapers and magazines write about it (and publish over it as well),
`even the President and Vice President of the United States have cut a presence on
`the Net. They and other self-appointed visionaries call it the “information super-
`highway,” which soundspretty good, but doesn't tell anybody very much.
`If you really have no idea what the Internet is, and if the World Wide Web sounds
`like a hostile takeover attempt bya group ofspiders, this is the section for vou, If
`you already have a Chairy?) leg up on the Web but don't always understand every-
`thing you encounter, theillustrated part of this chapter maystill be helpful.
`The ‘simplest definition of the Internet is that
`it’s the largest computer network in
`the world. A January 1997 estimate set the Internet at 16.1 million “hosts” (or com-
`puters). Two years earlier, the estimate was only 4.8 million hosts.”
`Technically speaking, the Internet is actually a network of many smaller networks
`that exist all over the world, but this organization is as invisible to the user as the
`telephone companies who cooperate to help us place internationalcalls,
`Keep in mindthat in order to be considered an Internet host, a computer must be
`connected to the network at all times, and thus be accessible to other computers,
`Most universities have at
`least one computer that
`is a legitimate Internet host,
`whereas a personal computer (PC) you use to connect to the Net from time to
`time doesn't qualify,
`A networked computer is also commonly called a server because it provides some
`kind of service or information.
`Internet servers are classified by the type(s) of
`information they offer. A mail server provides electronie mail. A World Wide Web
`server provides so-called hypertext documents (more about the Web in a minute),
`A Web server works by wayof the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, andis
`thus more specifically called an HTTP server, An FTP server makes files accessible
`to users via the File Transfer Protocol. Technically, a single computer can act as a
`number of different servers. For example, a host might be both a mail and an
`HTTP server.
`
`There are manydifferent ways to get access to the Internet. Many businesses, uni-
`versities, schools,
`libraries, and other organizations are connected to the Net. If
`you're connectedto the Internet courtesy of an organization, they've probablyalso
`provided you with software to explore and use the Net's resources.
`If you want to obtain Internet access for yourself or your organization, you have
`more connection options than you'll want to think about. Withthis industry boom-
`ing, there are a growing numberof Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for both orga-
`nizations and individuals, You've probably seen the television ads offering 10 free
`hours of Internet access if you'll try a particular service,
`
`* These estimates were made by Mark Lotter of Network Wizards, Menlo Park, California, The results of
`the surveys are available on the World Wide Web at the URL http:/Awww.nw.com, or in the cone directory
`at the FTPsite ftp.nw.com,
`(If this all sounds like gibberish, check out Chapter 4, hiternet Addressing.)
`
`4 Chapter I— A Living Glossaryofthe Internet
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`America Online (AOL), Compuserve, and Prodigy are among the premier services
`that are intended primarily for individuals whe want
`to connect
`to the Internet
`using a personal computer and a modem. These services are very appealing
`because they offer a “plug-‘n’-play” solution: you simply pop in the disk or CD-
`ROMtheygive you, follow some simple installation instructions, and you're on the
`Net before you knowit. They even provide an integrated software package that
`lets you take advantage of the Net's resources, as well as certain resources they
`provide specifically for their own subscribers. Voila!
`
`the resources provided by services like these are
`that
`Keep in mind, however,
`more heavily weighted towards their own offerings—both in software and infor-
`mational content. You cause a more mainstream browsing program, such as
`Netscape Navigator, with a service like AOL, but it requires you to mess around a
`bit with configurationfiles, specifically something called a Winsock file.
`
`As an alternative, there are manyISPs that offer connection time at a bargain rate,
`and let you sort out your own software needs. A Web site known as “TheList”lets
`you search through a list of thousands of ISPs in the U.S, and elsewhere. The
`address ofthis site is:
`
`http://waw.thelist.com/
`
`We'll see howaddresses play a role in the course of the chapter.
`
`What Canthe Internet Do for Me?
`
`So, there’s this worldwide computer network. Great, But what do people really do
`on the Internet? Well,
`they exchange email, participate in discussion groups
`(known as newsgroups), socialize (one forum for such activities being called
`“chat"), retrieve data files, and access all sorts of information in a wide variety of
`formats.
`
`The types of information available on the Internet are as diverse as the people
`interested in it. You can log on to manylibraries, take a tour of the White House,
`readliterature, magazines, and newspapers, look at maps, get a weather forecast,
`review Supreme Court decisions, get travel advice, exchange recipes, view paint-
`ings, find out the latest baseball trades, learn about the environment, shop, listen
`to music, see the Net version of movies, you nameit.
`
`Where does all this information come from? Everywhere. Because not only canjust
`about anyone access info on the Net, they can also publish it. The Internet has no
`central authority.” There is no organization. In one sense, you can think of the
`Internet as a vast and growing onlinelibrary in which anyone can publish any-
`thing they want. Unfortunately,
`there are plenty of people who publish material
`others might consider offensive. Fortunately, as in other media, those people are
`in the minority. However, as with any other information, you should definitely
`consider the source before accepting something you read on the Internet as the
`truth,
`
`* The First Amendment protects Gur freedom of electronic expression, but there have been challenges, To
`learn more about this issue, use your browser to go to http://www.yahod.com/ and select the following
`links in this order; 1, Society and Culture, 2. Civil Rights. 3. Censorship, and +. Censorship and the Net.
`
`3
`
`
`
`The Internet, the Web, and Everything
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`Most of the (more useful) information available on the Internet exists in a variety
`of forms to allow people with different computer hardware and software to access
`it. At the low end of the spectrum are simple text files accessible by a variety of
`tried-and-true methods, such as FTP, Gopher, and WAIS, These programs are the
`old war horses ofInternet information distribution and access.
`The high end of the spectrum, the kind ofinformation thatis drawing people onto
`the Net,
`is hypertext (and hypermedia)—files that can incorporate text, graphic
`images, audio and video tracks, and most importantly, dynamic connections, or
`links, to related files all over the Net, The sumofall the hypertext and hypermedia
`connectedvia the Internet form what is known as the World Wide Web (some-
`times abbreviated WWW, or “the Web”), The Web lets you move among linked
`documents stored on host computers that may be very distant from one another, It
`is currently the most powerful and flexible Internet navigation system around.
`What doesall this mean in practice? Well, you can read a hypertext file, look at its
`illustrations, and even listen to it, if that's howit's set up. You can followits links
`where your curiosity takes you, Unlike traditional file organization in which there
`is a set hierarchy, hypertext files are linked logically. How you navigate the file
`systemlargely depends on howyou personally perceive the information. No mat-
`ter where these links may take you, you can always retrace your steps, You can
`also save anyofthe information you want on your local system,
`Here's a more concrete example. Let's say we've accessed a hypertext file contain-
`ing an article about dolphins, maybe distributed in one ofthe growing number of
`online magazines. The hypertext file would undoubtedly include text about dol-
`phins, and pictures of them, of course. It might also provide a link you can select
`to hear some of the sounds a dolphin makes. During the course of the article, it
`might also provide hypertext links to other information about dolphins. Perhaps
`you can click on the word “anatomy” and retrieve a document containing anatomi-
`cal diagrams. Following links, you might be able to read about related species,
`navigation using sonar, or the study of dolphin intelligence. Maybe youcan link to
`a society that protects dolphins, or even book an Earthwatch voyage to study them
`yourself,
`
`Those Funny Looking Names
`Just as you need an email address so people can communicate with you, files on
`the Internet need an address so people can access them. A file’s address is more
`formally known as its Uniform Resource Locator, or URI. Admittedlythis is not the
`friendliest handle, but the Internet addressing system is simpler than the term URL
`suggests,
`
`Even if you're a complete novice, you've undoubtedly seen some Internet
`addresses on billboards, in print ads, and ontelevision. Manyorganizations, espe-
`cially in the media, have begun to make themselves accessible via email and the
`World Wide Web. As a matteroffact, if you've seen a television Magazine program
`recently, they've probably closed with an arcane list of symbols beginning with the
`letters “http://www.” This is the address of their Website: “http” stands for “hyper-
`text transfer protocol,” the technology behind the Web. The “www” is obvious. A
`
`6 Chapter 1- A Living Glossaryofthe hiternet
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`TV show’s Web address would probably then give the name oftheir program, fol-
`lowed by the suffix *.com’—whichindicates they are a commercial enterprise.
`This sort of naming scheme may sound complicated, but there is actually a fairly
`limited set of components and a simple logic to using them, For a more systematic
`look, see Chapter 4, Jaternet Addressing.
`
`By now you're probably getting the idea that the Internet is making its way into
`manyareas of our dailylives. If you've never had access to Internet before, it may
`seemlike yet another layer of complication in our already complex modern world.
`Don't fall into that trap. The Internet is a tool and it can work for you in ways you
`haven't yet imagined. First, however, you have to get ontoit.
`
`2S
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`The World’s Fastest Internet Tour
`
`This book can't take you on a comprehensive tour of the Internet any more than a
`doctor can examine every cell
`in your body, There’s too muchterritory, and
`nobody cares aboutall of it. But the current section should give you an idea of the
`general kinds of information that exist out there, as well as some of the tools and
`skills you'll need to accessit.
`
`The most important piece of software you'll need is called a browser, a program
`that lets you visit different sites on the Net and displaytheir offerings on your own
`computer. Youvisit a site by supplying the browser with an address, or URL. At
`the address is a file, or document, you can viewin the browser window, I