COMPREHENSIVE
`
`DICTIONARY
`
`Page 1
`
`. CRC PRESS I51: Springer © IEEE PRESS
`A CRC Handbook Published111 Cooperation with IEEE Press
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`

`COMPREHENSIVE
`DICTIONARY
`OF
`
`EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
`Phillip A. Laplante
`
`0 CRC PRESS
`
`.... Springer . . IEEf: PRESS
`
`""
`A CRC Handbook Published in Cooperation with IEEE Press
`
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`

`Acquiring Editor: Ron Powers
`Production Manager: Suzanne Lassandro
`Project Editor: Susan Fox
`Cover Design: Jonathan Pennell
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Comprehensive dictionary of electrical engineering / Phillip Laplante, editor-in-chief.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
`ISBN 0-8493-3128-5 (alk. paper)
`ISBN 3-540-64835-6 (alk. paper)
`I. Electric engineering - Dictionaries. I. Laplante, Phillip A.
`TK9.C575 1999
`62 l .3'03--dc2 l
`
`Co-published by
`CRC Press LLC
`2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W.
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`(Orders from the U.S.A. and Canada (only) to CRC Press LLC)
`
`and by
`Springer-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
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`Germany
`(Orders from outside the U.S.A. and Canada to Springer-Verlag)
`
`ISBN 3-540-64835-6
`
`98-44776
`CJP
`
`This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted
`with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made
`to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
`of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
`All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission
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`computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
`Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
`for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
`
`© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
`
`No claim to original U.S. Government works
`International Standard Book Number 3-540-64612-4
`Library of Congress Card Number 98-44776
`Printed in the United States of America I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
`Printed on acid-free paper
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`manipulated input
`
`bitrary vector of joint velocities in the inverse
`kinematics problem for redundant manipulators.
`
`MAR
`
`See memory address register.
`
`manipulated input
`a quantity influencing the
`controlled process from outside, available to the
`controller and used to meet the control objectives;
`attributes of the inflowing streams of material,
`energy, or information may serve as manipulated
`inputs. A manipulated input is defined by a con(cid:173)
`tinuous trajectory over given time interval or by
`a sequence of values at given time instants. Also
`known as control input.
`
`manipulator workspace
`a manipulator work(cid:173)
`space defines all existing manipulator positions
`and orientations that can be obtained from the
`inverse kinematics problem. The lack of a solu(cid:173)
`tion means that the manipulator cannot attain the
`desired position and orientation because it lies
`outside of the manipulator's workspace.
`
`Manley-Rowe criteria
`lations.
`
`See Manley-Rowe re(cid:173)
`
`Manley-Rowe relations
`relations among the
`intensities of optical fields interacting in a non(cid:173)
`linear material, which can be understood in terms
`of the discrete nature of the transfer of energy in
`terms of the emission and absorption of photons.
`
`mantissa
`the portion of a floating-point num(cid:173)
`ber that represents the digits. See also floating(cid:173)
`point representation.
`
`manually-controlled shunt capacitors
`a
`bank of shunt capacitors that are controlled via
`SCADA signals from an operating center as op(cid:173)
`posed to local automatic control by voltage sens(cid:173)
`ing.
`
`mapping
`the assignment of one location to
`a value from a set of possible locations. Often
`used in the context of memory hierarchies, when
`distinct addresses in a level of the hierarchy map
`a subset of the addresses from the level below.
`
`396
`
`(1874-1937) Born:
`
`Marconi, Guglielmo
`Bologna, Italy
`Marconi is best known for work that led to the
`development of the commercial radio industry.
`Marconi's many experiments with radio waves
`(long wavelength electromagnetic radiation) led
`to many communications innovations. Marconi
`traveled to England to find support for his ideas,
`and there formed the Marconi Wireless Telegraph
`Company, Ltd. In 1909, Marconi shared the No(cid:173)
`bel Prize for physics with K. F. Braun. Marconi's
`most famous demonstration came in 1901 when
`he was able to send the first Morse-coded mes(cid:173)
`sage from·the Pondhu, Cornwall, England to St.
`Johns, Newfoundland, Canada.
`
`Markov model
`a modeling technique where
`the states of the model correspond to states of
`the system and transitions between the states in
`the model correspond to system processes.
`
`Marx generator
`a high-voltage pulse genera(cid:173)
`tor capable of charging capacitors in parallel and
`discharging them in series.
`
`maser
`acronym for microwave amplification
`by stimulated emission of radiation.
`
`maser amplifier
`usually refers to a medium
`that amplifies microwaves by the process of stim(cid:173)
`ulated emission; sometimes refers to amplifica(cid:173)
`tion of some other field (nonoptical electromag(cid:173)
`netic, phonon, exciton, neutrino, etc.) or some
`other process (nonlinear optics, Brillouin scat(cid:173)
`tering, Raman scattering, etc.).
`
`maser oscillator
`oscillator usually producing
`a microwave frequency output and usually based
`on amplification by stimulated emission in a res(cid:173)
`onant cavity.
`
`mask
`(1) in digital computing, to specify a
`number of values that allow some entities in a
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