Voice on The Internet & Intranets
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`~ Voice Processing
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`Barrier Telephony
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`The lntelligentNetworh ~
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`ISDN &T—T
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1012
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`* Computer Telephony ‘ The Internet
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`IP Telephony
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`Intranets, llle&Wile
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`Windows 95, NT, NetWare & Unix Networking
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`.4 Wired & Wireless Telecommunications
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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`NEWTON's TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`copyright© 1998 Harry Newton
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions, including the right to reproduce this book or
`portions ttiereof in any form whatsoever.
`
`Published in the United States by
`Flatiron Publishing,
`a division of Miller Freeman, Inc.
`
`Tenth floor
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 1001 O
`212-691-8215 Fax 212-691-1191
`1-800-999-0345 and 1-800-LIBRARY
`email: Harry_Newton@email.msn.com
`personal web site: www.harrynewton.com
`dictionary sales site: www.telecombooks.com
`
`ISBN Number 1-57820-023-7
`
`March, 1998
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`Fourteenth Expanded and Updated Edition
`Cover Design by Saul Roldan
`Printed at Command Web, Secaucus, New Jersey
`www.commandweb.com
`
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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`working on. Tl1is lmlds it in place during machining. In mul(cid:173)
`timode fiber optics, mandrel wrapping is a technique used to
`modify the modal distribution of a propagating optical signal.
`Basically you wrap a specified number turns of fiber on a
`mandrel of specified size, depending on the fiber characteris(cid:173)
`tics and the desired modal distribution. It has application in
`optical transmission performance tests, to simulate, i.e.,
`establish, equilibrium mode distribution in a launch fiber (a
`fiber used to inject a test signal in another fiber that is under
`test). If the launch fiber is fully filled ahead of the mandrel
`wrap, the higher-order modes will be stripped off, leaving
`only lower-order modes. If the launch fiber is underfilled, e.g.,
`as a consequence of being energized by a laser diode or
`edge-emitting LED, there will be a redistribution to higher(cid:173)
`order modes until modal equilibrium is reached.
`Manual Exclusion A PBX extension user, by entering a
`certain code, can block all other phones on that line from
`entering the call. Assures privacy on the line.
`Manual Gain Control MGC. There are two electronic
`ways you can control the recording of something
`Manual
`or Automatic Gain Control (AGC). AGC is an electronic circuit
`in tape recorders, speakerphones and other voice devices
`which is used to maintain volume. AGC is not always a bril(cid:173)
`liant idea since it attempts to produce a constant volume level.
`This means it will try to equalize all sounds -
`the volume of
`your voice and, when you stop talking, the circuit static and/or
`general room noise which you undoubtedly do not want ampli(cid:173)
`fied. Sometimes it's better to have quiet, when you want quiet.
`Manual Gain Control is preferred in professional applications
`Manual Gain Control is simply an elegant way of saying there's
`a record volume control. Never record a seminar or speech
`using AGC. The end result will be decidedly amateurish.
`Manual Hold The method of placing a line circuit on
`"hold' by activating a non-locking "hold" button on the
`phone, usually one colored red.
`Manual Intercom A crude, single-path communications
`link between telephones without the ability to signal the
`receiving party.
`Manual Modem Adapter An external device for the
`Merlin key system from AT&T. It allows connection of single
`line accessories to any Merlin telephone. The device, in effect,
`draws a standard tip and ring line out of the Merlin proprietary
`cabling/signaling scheme. Some other key systems have sim(cid:173)
`ilar devices. Comdial calls theirs a "data port" and their
`phones contain extra RJ-11 jacks.
`Manual Originating line Service The attendant must
`complete all outgoing calls. All other calls are blocked. This
`"feature" is used to cut down on long distance phone abuse.
`There's a wonderful story. When many of the PBXs in Europe
`went from manual originating line service to automatic dial
`"9" long distance, the number of long distance calls doubled
`within two months. Some of these calls were legitimate. Some
`were not. How much abuse there was varied from company to
`company. Typically, those companies with employees who
`were more bored suffered (or enjoyed?) more abuse.
`Manual PBXs Refers to PBXs which are not automatic and
`which require that all calls, including intercom calls, be
`placed through the attendant. Such PBXs are still used today,
`though in limited applications. You can still find manual
`PBXs in vacation hotels, nursing homes and in the data com(cid:173)
`munications departments of some firms, who use manual
`PBXs as manual dataPBXs. These are especially useful in
`places where long data calls and sold metal-to-metal connec(cid:173)
`tions are an advantage.
`
`Manual Ringdown Tie Trunk A direct talk path
`between two distant phones. Signaling must be done manu(cid:173)
`ally from either phone. Contrast this with Automatic
`Ringdown Tie Trunk,
`in which the signaling occurs the
`moment one of the phones is lifted off hook.
`Manual Signaling Pushing a button on a telephone
`sends an audible signal to a predetermined phone. Manual
`signaling can be used for secretary/boss communications.
`Manual Telephone A telephone without a dial. Taking the
`receiver off hook automatically rings a predetermined number.
`A courtesy phone.
`Manual Terminating Line Service Provides extension
`lines that require all calls be completed by the attendant. For a
`better explanation see MANUAL ORIGINATING LINE SERVICE.
`Manufacturing And Automation Protocol MAP. A
`protocol initially developed as an internal specification for its
`own factory floor equipment and now championed by General
`Motors as the industry standard to facilitate communications
`among the diverse automation devices found in production
`environments. AT&T, IBM and DEC have endorsed this stan(cid:173)
`dard and have already or will introduce MAP-compatible
`products. TOP (Technical and Office Protocol) was initiated by
`Boeing Computer Services (one of the nine companies that
`helped form the MAP Users Group in 1984) and is designed
`for use in the engineering and office environment and to move
`information from the factory floor to other parts of the com(cid:173)
`pany. Implementation of these protocols would lead to GM's
`factory of the future concept.
`Manufacturing Message Format Standard An
`Application Layer protocol developed as a part of MAP to pro(cid:173)
`vide a syntax for exchanging messages in the manufacturing
`environment.
`Manufacturing Message Specification MMS. An
`International Standards Organization (ISO) application layer
`protocol that defines the framework for distributing manufac(cid:173)
`turing messages within a network. This specification is used
`in MAP 3.n.
`MAP 1. A new term for multiplexing, implying more visibili(cid:173)
`ty inside the resultant multiplexed bit stream than available
`with conventional asynchronous techniques.
`2. Mobile Application Part. As defined by IS-41 (Interim
`Standard 41) a User Part of the SS7 protocol used in wireless
`mobile telephony. MAP standards address registration of
`roamers and intersystem hand-off procedures. As a query(cid:173)
`and-response procedure, MAP makes use of TCAP
`(Transaction Capabilities Application Part) over the SS7 net(cid:173)
`work. See also IS-41, SS7 and TCAP
`3. Maintenance and Administration Position. See MAP/MAAP
`below
`4. Manufacturing Automation Protocol. A protocol initially
`developed as an internal specification for its own factory floor
`equipment and now championed by General Motors as the
`industry standard to facilitate communications among the
`diverse automation devices found in production environ(cid:173)
`ments. AT&T, IBM and DEC have endorsed this standard and
`have already or will introduce MAP-compatible products.
`TOP (Technical and Office Protocol) was initiated by Boeing
`Computer Services (one of the nine companies that helped
`form the MAP Users Group in 1984) and is designed for use
`in the engineering and office environment and to move infor(cid:173)
`mation from the factory floor to other parts of the company.
`Implementation of these protocols would lead to GM's facto(cid:173)
`ry of the future concept.
`MAP/MAAP Maintenance and Administration Panel. A
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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`device attached to a PBX to allow you to maintain and admin(cid:173)
`ister the system -
`to change phone features, etc.
`NIAi' /TOP Manufacturing Automation Protocol/Technical
`Office Protocol.
`r,'IAPI Microsoft's Windows Messaging Application
`programming Interface, which is part of WOSA (Windows
`open Services Architecture). MAPI is a set of API functions
`and as OLE interface that lets messaging clients, such as
`Microsoft Exchange, interact with various message service
`providers, such as Microsoft Mail, Microsoft Exchange
`server, Microsoft Fax and various computer telephony
`servers running under Windows NT server. Overall, MAPI
`helps Exchange manage stored messages and defines the
`purpose and content of messages with the objective that
`most end users will never know or care about it. A friend of
`mine, who's a great programmer, Pete Maclean, explained
`MAPI as: MAPI is Microsoft's new foundation for a modular
`mail system. You can pick and choose among various email
`clients, address books, message stores (foldering systems),
`and transports (the message-service specific pieces) and
`build your own custom mail system. See also AT WORK,
`MICROSOFT EXCHANGE, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS TELE(cid:173)
`PHONY and WOSA. The biggest explanation of MAPI is in the
`definition for WINDOWS 95.
`Mapping 1. In network operations, the logical association
`of one set of values, such as addresses on one network, with
`quantities or values of another set, such as devices on anoth(cid:173)
`er network (e.g. name-address mapping, internetwork-route
`mapping).
`2. A Novell NetWare term. To assign a drive letter to a chosen
`directory path on a particular volume of a particular file server.
`For example,
`if you map drive F to
`the directory
`SYS ACCTS\RECEIVE, you will access that directory every time
`you enter "F:" at the DOS prompt. See also DRIVE MAPPINGS.
`3. In EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), mapping defines the
`translation between a company's unique data layout and an
`EDI formal structure.
`Marathon A family of products that are combination fast
`packet multiplexer, data compression, voice compression and
`fax de-modulation devices that fit many, voice, data, fax and
`LAN "conversations" onto one leased circuit-analog or dig(cid:173)
`ital. The idea of Marathon is to save money on long distance
`telecommunications charges. The Marathon family of products
`is made by Micom Communications Corporation, Simi Valley
`CA, now a subsidiary of Northern Telecom (Nortel).
`Marconi, Guglielmo Guglielmo Marconi, born
`in
`Bologna, Italy in 1874, was on a holiday when he read of the
`electromagnetic wave experiments of Hertz. This article estab(cid:173)
`lished the thought in Guglielmo's mind that electromagnetic
`waves could free telegraphy from the wires and submarine
`cables, which at that time constrained its use. Finding out if
`electromagnetic waves could be used to communicate at a
`distance became an obsession for Marconi. His mother
`allowed him to use two large rooms on the top floor of their
`house as a laboratory. She also helped persuade Guglielmo's
`father to provide (albeit grudgingly) the money necessary for
`the batteries, wire and other equipment Guglielmo needed.
`Marconi started by repeating Hertz's experiments. His oscilla(cid:173)
`tor was an induction coil equipped with four spheres for the
`spark discharge. The frequency of the oscillations was in what
`we, today, call the VHF range. The detector he used with his
`receiving coil was a Branly coherer, similar to that used by
`Oliver Lodge. The coherer provided much greater sensitivity
`than the spark-gap equipped loop of wire Hertz had used.
`
`Marconi placed a curved metal detector behind his oscillator
`to direct the waves toward the detecting circuit. Soon,
`Marconi was able to cause a bell, located thirty feet away, to
`ring when the oscillator was keyed. Through trial-and-error
`experimentation, he was able to increase the sensitivity of the
`coherer significantly over what others had achieved. The fol(cid:173)
`lowing spring, Marconi took his experiments outdoors.
`Connecting metal plates to the oscillator's spark gap lowered
`the frequency and strengthened the intensity of the oscilla(cid:173)
`tions produced. Similar plates were connected to each side of
`the coherer. By chance, Marconi found that if one of the metal
`plates was elevated high in the air and the other was laid on
`the ground, the range at which oscillations could be detected
`increased to over one-half mile. Soon, the elevated plates at
`the oscillator and detector were replaced by long vertical
`wires. The plates which had lain on top of the ground now
`were buried. This arrangement increased the distance at
`which signals could be received to one and one-quarter
`miles. An intervening hill was found to be no barrier to the
`reception of the signals. The combination of using lower-fre(cid:173)
`quency oscillations and using the Earth as an element in his
`antenna system were crucially important achievements.
`Another demonstration was held in March of 1897. This time
`longer wavelengths were used in conjunction with wire anten(cid:173)
`nas raised some 120 feet above the ground by means of kites
`and balloons. This arrangement resulted in signals being
`received over a distance of four and one-half miles. In May of
`1887, Marconi demonstrated that wireless signals could span
`significant lengths across water by sending signals between
`the shore and an island in the Bristol Channel, a distance of
`8.7 miles. This was a crucial test because the submarine cable
`that normally provided communications to the island had
`failed several times in recent months. Repairing the cable was
`costly both in time and in money so Marconi's system must
`have appeared as an excellent alternative. Marconi established
`the Wireless Telegraph and Signa Ltd. in July of 1897. In
`1899, he changed the name of his company to The Marconi
`Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd. A major goal Marconi had in mind
`was to show the value of wireless for communicating with
`ships. In 1897, he returned home to Italy to convincingly
`demonstrate that wireless could communicate between naval
`warships. The Italian Navy soon adopted the Marconi wireless
`system. In 1896, in England, Marconi obtained the first patent
`on the wireless. In 1901 he succeeded in transmitting signals
`across the Atlantic. In 1909 he received jointly with C. F. Braun
`the Nobel Prize in Physics. Marconi was made a Marchese and
`a member of the Italian senate. He died in Rome on July 20,
`1937. See also TESLA, Nikola.
`Marginal Cost. The cost of supplying an extra unit of out(cid:173)
`put. The telecommunications transport business is the only
`one in the world where the marginal cost of providing an extra
`unit of product (i.e. a phone call) is zero. This makes for won(cid:173)
`derful economics once your network is in place.
`Marine Telephone Marine telephones operate on assigned
`radiotelephone frequencies much as a radio broadcast does.
`Marine telephones can be used to contact other marine tele(cid:173)
`phones or to reach land-based telephones through an operator.
`MARISAT A satellite for marine use. Conversations on
`MARISAT are crystal clear. Call Comsat and ask them for a
`demo call to a ship somewhere in the world. It's very exciting.
`Marine Broadcast Station A coast station which
`makes scheduled broadcasts of time, meteorological, and
`hydrographic information.
`Marine Utility Station A station in the maritime mobile
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