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`
`
`INTERNET
`
`A Desktop Quick: Reg/Earence
`
`L’EZJIENC? Quercfa
`
`O’RElLLY”
`
`Ckrmbridge
`
`- K6!”
`
`- Paris
`
`-
`
`Sebasmpo!
`
`*
`
`fiikyo
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`

`.(‘T'J
`interns! in a Nutshell
`by Valerie Quercia
`
`. T .37
`
`Copyright .5: 19")? O'Reilly s- Associates. Inc. All rights reserved.
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`Published by OReilly 3; Associates. Inc.. 1111 Morris Street. Sebastopol. CA Uri-F72.
`
`EdflflriLincla Mui
`
`Prnnnnn'nn Editor: Clairemarie Fisher 0.1.8111?
`
`Printing Hisiniy:
`
`October 1991?:
`
`First Edition
`
`Nutshell Handbook and the Nutshell Handbook logo are registered trademarks and the
`Java Series is a trademark of O'Reiily s Associates. Inc.
`
`The association between the image of an alchemist and the Internet is a trademark of
`O'Reilly & Associates, lnc.
`
`Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their
`products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book. and
`D'Reilly 8r Associates. Inc. was aware of a trademark claim. the designations have been
`printed in caps or initial caps.
`
`While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book. the publisher
`assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. or for damages resulting from the
`use of the information contained herein.
`
`”I'his book is printed on acid—free paper with iti'iéi recycled content, 15's} post-consumer
`waste. O‘Reilly 8: Associates is committed to using paper with the highest t‘ctjrcled
`comenl available consistent with high quality.
`
`ISBN: 160592—5335
`
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`IIIIIIIIIIIII
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`_
`
`3 3015 94362 7393_ _
`
`was 02—[1113-01581: E
`m“5053
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`

`Table of Contents
`
`Forezi'orcz' .............................................................. . ............................... xi
`Prefiice ................................................................................................x'17:":
`
`Part}: Getting Oriented
`
`3 4 7
`
`1‘3
`
`Cbaprer I —A Living Giossmj' ofrbe Interns?! .............................
`
`The interner, the Web. and Everfihing
`The World's Fastest Internet Tour
`is That All There 15?
`
`
`gay]: Your Browser Inside Out
`
`
`Clmprer 2—— .-\-*ers::ape Mgr Iz’gazor ................................................... 21
`
`Navigator Iilustmted
`Tips. Tricks. and Hidden Stuff
`Quick Reference In Navigator for \‘C-“indrm's
`Netscape Communicator Preferences
`
`
`21
`2.2
`56
`45
`
`Cbcipi‘er j
`
`iifr’erosqfi‘ {Werner Explorer .................................... 48
`
`Tips. Tricks. and Hidden Stuff
`Quick Reference to MSIE Brt'm'ser Functions
`Brnwaer Options
`
`e8
`5?
`62
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`Part III: Finding Siafl’
`
`Chapter 4—Inierrtei Addressing .................................................. 69
`Servers. Protocols. and Pitthnslnes ...................................................... 1’19
`
`Chapier 5—Landmaria Sites and Other Resources .................. 72
`A Directory for Every“ Topic: Yahoo!
`7’5
`About the Internet
`’"
`qq
`
`Newspapers Magazines and Other Penodtmls
`
`Usenet News
`
`80
`
`85
`Museums
`8%
`For Kids Parents Teachers {anti the Rest of Us}
`Colleges and Universities ..................................................................... 8f}
`Animals. Nature. and the Environment
`815
`Travel
`8"
`Arts 21nd Entertainment
`88
`What‘s New on the Net?
`91
`
`Chapter 6——Internet Directories and Search Engines ............ 93
`Directories Versus Search Engines
`94
`The Top Search Engines 21nd Directories
`973
`
`Chapter 7—Finding People and Places ................................... 3.25
`When: to Begin?”
`12s
`Finger: Finding Users on UNI). Svstems
`1312
`
`Chapter 8#Aceessiitg Libraries aI-za’ Other Resources
`with Telnet ................................................................................. 1:34
`Telnet Resources on the Internet
`iris
`Telnet for Windows
`1311")
`Accessing :1 Library Catalog
`1319
`
`ii
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`Part IV: Email and News
`
`Chapter 9— Why Email and News ............................................ 145
`
`Chapter I O—Ema 1'! Strategies and 5a rat-teal Tips .................. 148
`
`Email Addresses ................................................................................. 149
`
`An Email Primer .................................................................................. 1'71
`
`Tips for Email L'sers
`
`Handling Spam {Junk Email]I
`
`Abnut File Attaclnnents
`
`155
`
`15‘)
`
`159
`
`Chapter 1' t —i1tatttttg Lists ......................................................... 165
`
`From Aardvark Levers tn- ZZ Top Fans ............................................. 166
`
`Finding the Right List
`
`.......................................................................... 168
`
`Mailing List Basics
`
`Quick Reference to Common Mailing List Commands
`
`169
`
`1'74
`
`Chapter 12— Getti'rtg Along in Lisenet ...................................... I 77
`
`Newsgroup Knitting Scheme ....... . ...................................................... 178
`
`Getting Oriented ................................................................................. 181
`
`Dejaliews: A Usenet Search Engine .................................................. 184
`
`
`Chapter 15 Netscape Messenger and
`
`Collabra Discussions ............................................................... 188
`
`A Look at Netscape Messenger and Collabra
`
`Tips. Tricks. and Hidden Stuff
`
`Messenger and Colluhrzl Quick Reference
`
`188
`
`191
`
`207
`
`
`Chapter I 4 MVSIE Internet Mail ............................................... 21' 7
`
`internet Mail Components
`
`Tips fer Using Internet Mail
`Quick lieference In Internet Mail
`
`Internet Mail Options
`
`218
`
`219
`.229
`
`2.55
`
`Chapter I5-—MSII:‘ Internet News .............................................. 23 7
`
`Internet News Components ................................................................ .238
`
`Getting the Most Out of Internet News ............................................. 2.4]
`
`
`
`t't'i'
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`

`Quick Reference to Internet News
`
`Internet News Options
`
`1:.
`
`1v[fluJlI-e— J1
`
` Part V: File Handling
`
`Chapter I 6— File 'ijes and Extensions .................................. 25.9
`
`Chapter I 7—— F'KP and File Ti'aitsjei‘ ................................... . ..... 263
`
`Zia—i
`Accessing FTP Files Using :1 Web Browser
`Before You Use FTP ........................................................................... lo‘i
`Typical Anonymous FTP Session {Cominanerinei
`267
`A Friendlier FTP for Windows; \Y‘S_FTP
`272
`
`3?:3
`The .netrc File; Auto—login 21nd Macro Definitions
`Fl'P By Email .............................................................. . ........................ 37":
`
`Chapter 18—1??? Con-inmost Reference .................................. .278
`
`FTP Conmizincl—Line Options (UNIX) ................................................. FL)
`FTP Commands
`379
`
`Chapter I9—Ftte Cotttpresston and Archiving ...................... .298
`
`Relevant File Fornmts
`
`Slit}
`
`501}
`WinZip: File Compression-'Archiving for Windows
`502
`[NIX File Compression and Archiving
`lu-Iitcintosh StuiTIt Does it All
`.............................................................. $04
`
`Part VI: Hews-rs and Plug-ins
`
`Chapter 20—Helloer Applications ............................................. 3’09
`
`5510
`Common Helper Apps for Windows
`Configuring Navigator +0 to Use Helper Apps ................................ 513
`Configuring MSTE 5.0 to Use Helper Apps .........................................i 1%
`
`Chapter 2'1 —PZttg—tns and Active): Controls ......................... 5114
`
`Which Plug—ins or AetiveX Controls Do I Need?
`Which Plug—Ins and ActiveX Controls Are Out There?
`
`51%
`511E)
`
`t-‘ttt
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`
`Part VII: Web Authoring
`
`Chapter 23—21mburfngfin‘ {by W???)
`
`........................................ 32 I”
`
`Getting cm 11 Web Server
`Creating and Editing H’I‘ML Documents
`
`HTML Document Structure
`
`3327
`fili)
`
`55E}
`
`Cbnprer .2j—HI1-IL Tags and Arfribures ............................
`
`33 .7
`
`HTML 'J'ag and Attributc Descriptions
`
`55‘
`
`Chapter 24'— C’oim‘A-hmes and Mines .......... . ......................... 566
`
`Color \iilucs
`Color Names
`
`5H1
`513'?
`
`._
`(Simpler .25— Character Emiries ................................................ 36:9
`
`Chapter 26—61mm Applets. and OtherEubm-zcemenfs ....... 3 75
`
`Static GIF Images
`
`GIF Animutinm
`
`Audi” Film;
`
`3.576
`
`31"”
`
`:38.)
`
`Part WU: Internet Relay Chat
`
`Cbaprer 2 7— I! '5 Aims? (Sim! ............................. . ........................ 5637
`
`An [RC {3.111511 Course
`
`588
`
`Chapter 28—1136 Command Re? erenc'e ................... . ............... 395L
`
`6105501}! .................................................................. . ......................... 405
`
`Jude-r ...................... . ....................................... _. ................................. 4173’
`
`
`
`ix
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`
`
`Foreword
`
`[:1 199] when l was writing The Whole [uremia titers Guide and (Lhtaiog. George
`Bush Was president of the 125.. the Gulf War Was being fought. real networking
`was done by IBM computers using something called SNA. and the Internet was
`t'ieWed as an unreliable academic plaything. The Internet had perhaps 10.00”
`users. who used progntnts like telnet. fly. and star"! to do work. Most of them were
`computer geeks or scientists who Were dragged onto the -.\.-'et kicking and scream—
`ing to get their research done.
`
`'l'here was virtually no documentation about how to use the Internet at the time
`'I‘t‘acy LaQuey-I’arker tauthor of The [i'iFt-Z’E'HPI Chispcmiou) and 1 each started writ-
`ing a hook to help people understand and use the Internet. Each of these hooks
`spent as much time trying to convince the reader that the Internet was good. use-
`ful and the thing of the future as it did trying to tell you how to use it. Most peo—
`ple still did not believe.
`
`Now everyone helieyes. The internet has penneated out culture. Home still don't
`think it's got,:d hut all you need to do is turn on the '1"? to hear, "To find out how
`to he a contestant. see http:/fnnms’sonycom." It has become the basis of so much
`corporate nenyorking that it look me about ten minutes to rememher the acronym
`553:1. Gone are the arcane command lines. aithouglt they are still documented in
`the hundreds of hooks still arailahie about the Internet.
`
`Yet with cotnmereial success comes new complexity. The Wish is so easy to use
`and so extensible that everyone is hoping to make a hock tacrually millions of
`them] by producing new things for it, When I did my first resource catalog we had
`to look hard and wide to find not I good Sites. Now you can find hundreds of thou-
`sands with the help of search sites. When you arrive. the site will tell you need :1
`new a new plug—in. the next version of a browser. or java. “Push“ technology is
`now the rage. Suddenly the internet isn‘t so simple any more.
`
`Most people can get hy as long as they limit themselves to familiar sites. but the
`fun of the Internet is the lack ol" limits. People no longer need internet promotion.
`they get that everywhere: TV. posters. vwork. anti especially their kids. What they
`
`si
`
`——
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`IJHN'HM m (5
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`[1: wk,
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`
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`f": Wyn THU!
`
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`
`
`Preface
`
`With everything being written and said about the Internet. it‘s still difficult to get a
`clear picture of what the thing's about and what you can get out of it. If you've
`explored the Net for a while. you‘ve. very likely encountered some of the various
`services it makes available. such as the world Wide Web. electronic mail. Usenet
`news. and chat. You might think of the Internet as a glue that binds 'Ll‘lt'St‘ interre-
`lated. yet independent. modes of communication—much in the same way that
`telephone lines are used for conversation. faxing. modem connections. credit card
`verification. etc.
`
`At this point. tiust about! everyone and her mother knows about email. a quick.
`cheap method of sending messages across the globe. The \‘i’orld Wide Web repre-
`sents some of the fancier technology available on the Net. The Web is sort of a
`hybrid between a research libran.’ and an entertainment channel—letting you
`access f and publisht multimedia documents tie. documents that contain test,
`sound. images. video. etc). Usenet news is a forum for people all over the world
`to discuss their common interests, Chat is a facility that lets people have interactive
`discussions with friends and online acquaintances. Although each of these services
`is distinct. they all
`involve communication. and they‘re all made possible by the
`Internet.
`
`It isn't possible to cataloa;r everything that‘s out there on the Internet. Given the
`vast amount of information and its rapidly changing nature.
`this kind of catalog
`wouldn‘t eyen be particularly helpful. You're a lot better off knowing how to find
`out what‘s out there and how to access it el'i'ectiyely.
`
`That's where the current book comes in. We've tried to rope together some gen—
`eral information about the various services you can access on the Net. as well as
`to provide a reference to the tools and tricks that will help you get the most out of
`them. The book moves quickly because there‘s a lot of ground to cover. If you
`already have a basic understanding of the Net and what's ('J'LII there.
`this book
`should have you accessing those resources quickly and effectively.
`
`xiii
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`Contents
`
`This book is for the new and eager Internet user. [or the seasoned surfer who
`occasionally needs to remember shortcuts or syntax. and for everyone in hetween.
`The hook is separated into eight parts. as t'olloss's:
`
`Part One, Getting Oriented
`
`in an ad—hoc
`If you're iust getting started on the Internet. or if you burned it
`manner las most of us did}. Part One gives a fast-moving ovcryicw of lhc Net
`and helps clarify ht‘iw eyeiydling fits together.
`
`Part Two. i'onr Bronser inside—0m
`
`is their Web browser. In Part
`their primary Internet tool
`For most people,
`Two, we cover Netscape Navigator {version M11! and Microsoft Internet
`Explorer f version 5.02}. the two most widely used hrowsers.
`
`Part Three. Finding Stays?
`Now the fun part. In Part Three we point you to sites of general interest. and
`explain how to use the search engines that help you find sites related to your
`own personal interests.
`
`Part Four. Ett'ctronic glint! arid Listener Nett's
`
`Email is arguably the most essential Internet service. News is less prominent
`in the public eye. yet is also one of die backbone services of the Internet. Pan
`Four has tips on how to get along in entail and news. including coverage of
`"'netiquette.“ and how to use the email and news programs distributed with
`your browser.
`
`Pan Five. Fife Hondifng
`When you strip at try all the hells and whistles, you'll find that the Internet is
`fast about sharing files from one system to another. While many of the tools
`covered in this hook manage most file types automatically.
`it freqUently hap—
`pens that you have to figure out file management yoursell'. Part Five covers
`the various file types, how to transfer them with FTP. and how to WUI'k with
`compressed and archiyed files.
`
`Part Six. Hefpers and Ping-ins
`Your Web browser has been designed to deal automatically with many types
`ol“ files. but occasionally you need to dig up another application to read
`incoming data. Part Six covers helper applications, which are external applica—
`tions your browser can call upon to handle particiuar files. and plug-ins.
`which are helper apps that are incorporated directly into the browser.
`
`Part Seven. “5’st Authoring
`On the Web. you aren't ct‘infined to being a user; you can also publish your
`own 1Web documents. In Part Seven we discuss how to create HTML files. and
`
`also give a brief introduction to incorporating static images. animation. and
`even Java applets into your page.
`
`Part Eight. Internet Retro Chat
`Chat aliows users to Communicate with each other with an immediacy not
`available Willi other lntcmet services In Part Eight. we give an ovcn'icn' and
`reference to Internet Relay Chat thC},
`
`
`
`.t‘it' Profit Ice
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`

`Convention-s Used in This Boole
`
`The following typographical Conventions are used in this hook:
`
`Bold
`
`is used for URLs and Menu names.
`
`Letter Gothic
`
`is used to indicate computer examples.
`
`Italic
`is used to indicate filenames and command names and emphasis.
`
`Requestfor Comments
`
`\‘t'e invite you to help us improve this book. If you have an idea that could make
`this a more useful quick reference. or if you find a bug in an example or an error
`in the text. let us know hi; writing:
`
`inc.
`
`G'Rei‘ly S Associates.
`10L Morris Street
`Sebastopol. CA
`954T2
`1-8GD—998-9938 (in the U.S. or Eanadai
`1-?D?-829-0515 tinternationalrlncal}
`1-?DF-829-0104 rtssi
`
`You can also send us messages electronically. To be put on the mailing list or
`request a catalog. send email to nuts-@orei'fafi'rom. To ask technical questions or
`comment on a book. send email to butalarjiresrious@orei£{12mm.
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`in making this hook happen. Thanks to Linda
`Many people were instrumental
`Mui. my pal and the developmental editor of this book. Thanks also to Tim
`O‘Reilly for his general wisdom and editorial guidance.
`
`Claireinarie Fisher O'Leaiy managed the arduous production process and put up
`with my schedule-slipping and other antics to boot.
`for which no amount of
`thanks are sufficient.
`
`Frank Willison managed litany of us with an even hand and a sense of humor.
`long after mine was exhausted.
`
`Steve Kleinedler did a fine copyedit. while taking delays and obstacles in stride.
`Seth Maislin did a hang—up job on the index. Elissa Haney and Gabe Weiss pro—
`vided production assistance.
`
`Thanks to Edie Freedman for designing the cover. as well as hammering out some
`problems with the internal presentation. The tireless Lenny Muellner made. these
`refinements possible with his terrific formatting work. Thanks also to Robert
`Romano for creating the illustnitions under a good deal of pressure.
`
`Thanks to John Files. Nicole Gipson Arigo. and Nancy Wolfe Rotary for handling
`the quality assurance checks hefore this thing went to print.
`
`————.—-——
`
`P113 'ace
`
`11'
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`tn Sheryl Ax-i'uch for managing the numerous prtfluetinn staff members
`Thankfi
`involved in this. project. which entailed :1 number hf diffi cult constraints.
`
`(EH5: Ambient. (mt! Ofbe‘i'EHhflHt‘iL
`Kiersten Llnnner wrote the hulk nf Chapter 2f),
`merits. which appears in Part Seven. 11"th Authoring Much of the HTML reference
`material in this same part was adapted from work done by Chuck Museiunr: :lT‘ILl
`Bill Kennedy: for The HTIUI Handbook and Stephen Spainhuur fur il‘tJh-‘Lliisrt=i' in a
`Nutshell r both published hy O'Reilly t4: ASSUL‘ldIBS}.
`
`'l'im O'Reflly. Frank \‘i-‘illisnn. Mike LHLIlelt'h. Kiei'sten Gunner. and lies-
`Thanks It:
`siea Fern: llekmnn for providing essential] review comments.
`
`I'd also like to thank my family and friemla for putting up with me for the pilfil few
`mnnlhs. and in general.
`
`xt‘z' Refine
`
`
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`PA RT I
`
`Getting Oriented
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`This material may be protected by Copyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code)
`
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`

`

`The Internet; the Web, and Everything
`‘I'elevision prt'igrams
`These days.
`there are few topics hotter than the Internet.
`cover it. newspapers and magazines write about it
`t and puhlish over it as well).
`even the President and Vice President of the United States have cut a presence on
`the Net. They and other self-appointed visionaries call it the "information super-
`highway.“ which sounds pretty good. but doesn't tell anybody very much.
`If you really have no idea what the Internet is. and if the World Wide Web sounds
`like. a hostile takeover attempt by a group of spiders. this is the section for you. ll"
`you already have a (hairy?) leg up on the web hut don't always understand every-
`thing you encounter. the illustrated part of this chapter may still he helpful.
`The simplest definition of the Internet is that
`it's the largest computer network in
`the world. A January [99" estimate set the Internet at 16.1 million "hosts” (or com—
`puters). Two years earlier. the estimate was only 4.8 million hosts.‘
`
`Technically speaking. the Internet Is actually a network of many smaller networks
`that exist all over the world, hut this organization is as invisible to the user as the
`telephone companies who coopenite to help us place international calls.
`
`Keep in mind that in order to be considered an Internet host. a computer must be
`connected to the network at all times. and thus he accessible to other computers.
`Most universities have at
`least one computer that
`is a legitimate Internet host.
`whereas a personal computer (PC! you use to connect to the Net fro-n]
`time to
`time doesn't qualify.
`
`A networked computer is also commonly called a .‘t‘t’rt-‘é’l‘ because it provides some
`kind of service or information.
`Internet servers are classified by the typetsl of
`informatirm they offer. A mail server provides electronic mail. A World Wide T\‘II-"cb
`server prt'ivides so—called lopen'ex.’ documents tmore about the Welt in a minutei.
`A Welt server works by way of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. or HTTP. and is
`thus more specifically called an HTTP server. An FTP server makes files accessihie
`to users via the File Transfer Protocol. Technically, a single computer can act as a
`number of different servers. For example. a host might he both a mail and an
`HTTP server.
`
`There are many different ways to get access to the Internet. Many littsinesscs. unis
`vcrsities. schools.
`lihraries. and other organizations are connected to the Net. If
`you're connected to the Internet courtesy of an organization. they've prol'iably also
`provided you with software to explore and use the Net's resources.
`
`If you want to obtain Internet access for yourself or your organization. you have
`more connection options than you’ll want to think about. \Vifli this industry hoomu
`ing. there ar , a growing nlimher of Internet Sen-ice Providers LIE-it‘s} for both orga—
`nizations and individuals. You‘ve probably seen the television ads offering 1!) free
`hours of Internet access if you'll try a particular service.
`
`* These estimates were tirade by Mark LtJ'lll‘lr of Network Wirard-s, Etienlo Park. {Zilliihrni-a. The results of
`the sun'eys are availahle on the World Wide Welt at the I'm. http:/wamnwcom. or in the mile directory
`at the. FTE’ site ftp.nw.cor|1.
`I If this all sounds like gibberish. check out (Iliapter +. Internet Aqlrfn-zqriigJ
`
`4' Chapter I — A tiring Glossary of'rhe Downer
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`Alt‘terica Online lAOLl, Compusen-‘e. and Prodigy are among the premier services
`that are intended primarily for individuals who want
`to connect
`to the. Internet
`using a perst'mal computer and a modem. These sen'ices are Ye _' appealing
`because they offer a “plug—'n'—play“ solution; you simply pop in the disk or CT)-
`RDM they give you. follow some simple installation instructions. and you're on the
`Net before you know it. They even provide an integrated software package that
`lets you take advantage of the Nets resources. as well as certain resources they
`provide specifically for their own subscribers. Voila]
`
`the resources provided by services like 'Lht‘S‘ are
`that
`Keep in mind. hrmet'er.
`more heavily weighted towards their own offerings—both in software and infor-
`mational content. You can use a more mainstream browsing program. such as
`Netscape Nat-'igator. with a service like AOL, but it requires you to mess around a
`bit with configuration files, specifically something called a \‘i’insock file.
`
`As- an alternative. ther ' are many [SPs that offer connection time at a bargain rate.
`and let you sort out your own software needs. A Web site known as “The List" lets
`you search through :1
`list of tl'tousands of 1595 in the [7.5. and elsewhere. The
`address of this site is:
`
`http:L-’www.tleel ist..::om.f
`
`\‘I'e'll see how addresses play a role in the course of the chapter.
`
`What Cam the Internet Dofor Me?
`
`So. there’s this worldwide computer network. Great. But what do people really do
`on the Internet? XVI-ell.
`they exchange email. participate in discussion groups
`tltnovt'n as tlett'sgroupsl. socialize tone forum for such activities being call-Cd
`"chart. retrieve data files. and access all sorts of information in a wide variety of
`formats.
`
`The types of information available on the Internet are as diverse as the people
`interested in it. You can log on to many libraries. take a tour of the \‘i-hite House.
`read literature. magazines. and newspapers. look at maps. get a weather forecast.
`review Supreme Court decisions. get travel advice. exchange recipes, vie ' paint—
`ings. find out the latest baseball trades. learn about the em'ironment. shop. listen
`to music. see the Net version of movies. you name it.
`
`\‘l'ltere does all this infortrtalion come from? Everywhero. Because not only can just
`about anyone access into on the Net. they can also publish it. The Internet has no
`central authority? There is no organization. In one sense. you can Lhink of the
`Internet as a vast and growing online library in which anyone can publish any-
`thing they want.
`t'nl‘nrtunately.
`there are plenty of people who publish material
`others might consider offensive. Fortunately, as in other media. those people are
`in the minority. However. as with any other infomtation. you should definitely
`consider the source before accepting something you read on the Internet as the
`truth,
`
`llIL‘FL’ llll'n't: been L'htlllufiflt‘h. TH
`" 'l'l‘te I‘it'st Al‘i‘tentlttlenl pni'lucts our [median Iii electronic expression. litll
`learn more about this issue. use your browser to go to htth/ww:ya.lmu.contl and select the following
`links in this order.
`1 Society and Culture. 3 Civil Rights. A. Censorship. and J. Censorship and the Net.
`
`
`
`The itttw'ttet. the it"eh. and Everything
`
`5
`
`C:
`3...".n:
`:1..
`tn
`
`Ema-3‘s
`
`‘3.
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`Most of the {more useful] information available on the Internet exists in a variety
`of forms to allow people with different computer hardware and sofht'at'e to access
`it. At the low end oi" the spectrum are simple text files accessible by a variety of
`tried—and-tnte methods. such as FTP, Gopher. and “VAIS. These programs are the
`old war horses of Internet information distribttt ion and access.
`
`The high end of the spectrum. the kind of information that is drawing people onto
`the Net.
`is hypertext [and hypermediaJ—files that can incorporate text. graphic
`images. audio and video tracks. and most importantly. dynamic connections. or
`links. to related files all over the Net. The sum of all the hypertext and hypermedia
`connected via the Internet form what is known as the World Wide Web {some-
`times abbrm-‘iated W’. or "the Ebb“). The Web lets you move among linked
`documents stored on host computers that may be 't"l;'f'_tr" distant From one another. It
`is currently the most poWerFul and flexible Internet navigation system around.
`
`What does all this mean in practice? Well. you can read a hypertext hie. look at its
`illustrations. and even listen to it. if that's how it's set up. You can Follow its links
`where your curiosity takes yt'iu. Unlike traditional file organization in which there
`is a set hierarchy. hypertext files are linked logically. How you nan-'igate the File
`system largely depends on how you personally perceive the information. No mat—
`ter where these links may take you. you can always retrace your steps. You can
`also save any of the information you want on your local system,
`
`Here's a more concrete example. Let's say we've accessed a hypertext file contain—
`ing an article about dolphins. maybe distributed in one oi“ the growing number of
`online magazines. The hypertext file would undOubtedly include text about dol-
`phins. and pictures of them, of course, it might also prm‘ide a link you can select
`to hear some of the sounds a dolphin makes, During the course of the article, it
`might also provide hypertext links to other information about dolphins, Perhaps
`you can click on the word ”anatomy" and retrieve a document containing anatomi—
`cal diagrams, Following links. you might be able to read about related species.
`navigation using sonar. or die study of dolphin intelligence. Maybe you can link to
`a society that protects dolphins. or even book an Earthwateh voyage to study them
`yourself.
`
`Those Funny Looking Names
`
`Just as you need an email address so people can conuuunicate with you. files on
`the Internet need an address so people can access them. A file's address is more
`formally known as its L’irffiiirm Resource Locat‘or. or i To! Admittedly this is not the.
`friendliest handle. but the Intemet addressing system is simpler than the term URI.
`suggests.
`
`Even if you 're a complete novice. you'ye undoubtedly seen some Internet
`addresses on billboards. in print ads. and on television. Many otganiZations. espe—
`cially in the media. have begun to make themselves accessible via email and the
`World Wide TWeb. As a matter of fact.
`if you've seen a televisit‘in magazine pmgram
`recently. they‘ve probably closed with an ar tane list of symbols beginning with the
`letters "http:.-'.-'n-"t\-‘w.“ This is the address of dieir Web site: "http" stands for "hyper—
`text transfer protocol." die technology behind the Web. The "many” is obvious. A
`
`—_—-—_—'—I—-—_———
`6 Chatter I — A flitting Glossary of the Internet
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`TV shmy‘s Web address would probably then give the name of their prognun. fol—
`lowed hy the suffix “.com“——whicli indicates the; are a commercial enterprise.
`
`This son of naming scheme may sound complicated. hut there is actually a fairly
`limited set or eompratents and a simple logic to using them. For a more systematic
`look. see Chapter -+. hireme! strait-{155mg
`
`By now you're probably getting the idea that the Internet is making its way into
`many areas of our daily lives. If you've never had access to Internet before. it may
`seem like yet another layer of complication in our already complex modern world.
`Don't fall into that trap. The Internet is a tool and it can work for you in ways you
`haven‘t yet imagined. First. however. you have to get onto it.
`
`Sc:
`35"“
`:13.at:ca
`
`a.“
`
`Tbe World’s Fastest Internet Tour
`
`This hook can‘t take you on a comprehensive tour of the Internet any more than a
`doctor can examine every cell
`in your hotly. There‘s too much territory. and
`nohody cares ahout all of it. But the current section should gire you an idea of the
`general kinds of information that exist out there. as n'eli as some of the tools and
`skills you'll need to access it.
`
`The most important piece of software you'll need is called a Mouser. a program
`that lets you visit different sites on the Net and display their offerings on your mm
`computer. You visit a site by supplying the hroxx'ser with an address. or LTRL. At
`the address is a file. or docmnenr. you can View in the hrowser window. in order
`for you to see the document. the browser makes a copy of it on your local com—
`puter li.e.. it dou‘ttlmtti's the file-l.
`
`hpecifically. hrowsers are intended to let you access resources on the World \‘i'ide
`Kath—the hypertext files discussed earlier in diis chapter. l-lrnvever. you can use a
`browser to access other types of file systems as well. More ahout this later.
`
`