`
`CHI 90 conference Proceedings
`
`
`
`CHI 99
`
`The CHI is the Limit-
`
`Human Factors in Computing Systems
`
`@ Sponsored byACM's Special InterestGroupon Computer—Human Interaction (ACM SIGCHI)
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`001
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`001
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0001
`
`

`

`
`IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
`
`CHI 99
`
`The CHI is the Limit
`
`CHI is the premier international conference on Human—Computer Interaction.
`
`The theme of CHI 99, ”The CHI Is the Limit," poses the questions:
`
`I What are the limiting factors to the success of interactive systems?
`I How can we enable users to overcome those limits?
`
`I What techniques and methodologies do we have for identifying and transcending those limita-
`uons?
`
`I And, just how far can we push those limits?
`
`This volume contains the full text of the technical Papers presented at CHI 99. These technical
`Papers describe the latest cutting—edge and highest quality work in the research and practice of
`Human—Computer Interaction. Topics include:
`
`User Interface Innovations
`
`Technologies for Visual Design
`
`New Interaction Technologies
`
`Programming Techniques and Tools
`
`Intelligent User Interface Agents
`
`Eye-Movements and Gaze
`
`Computer Supported Cooperative Work
`
`Cognitive Models
`
`Virtual Environments
`
`Impact of HCI on Society
`
`Wearable Computers
`
`Audio Interfaces
`
`Collaboration and Groupware
`
`Multimedia Systems and Design
`
`Natural Language Interaction
`
`Education Applications
`
`Information Retrieval
`
`Data Visualization
`
`World Wide Web
`
`A W
`
`.
`Addison
`Wesley
`
`
`
`II
`
`54995
`
`9
`
`80201 485592
`ISBN 0-201-48559-1
`
`$49.95 US
`
`74.95 CANADA
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`002
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`002
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0002
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`sel
`QA76.9
`H85
`C66
`
`21999
`
`Add$on
`Wesley
`
`48559
`
`
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`003
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`003
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0003
`
`

`

`\
`
`ACM SIGCHI
`
`
`
`, the Association for Computing Machinery, is a major
`in advancing the skills and knowledge of Information
`
`nology (IT) professionals and students throughout the
`
`.ACM serves as an umbrella organization offering its
`
`I members a variety of forums in order to fulfill its
`
`bers' needs — the delivery of cutting—edge technical
`
`trmation, the transfer of ideas from theory to practice,
`
`opportunities for information exchange. Providing high
`
`'Iity products and services — world—class journals and
`
`tazines; dynamic special interest groups; numerous
`in event" conferences; tutorials; workshops; local
`
`. cial interest groups and chapters; and electronic forums
`
`ACM is the resource for lifelong learning in the rapidly
`
`nging IT field,
`
`
`
`man-computer interaction process and includes research,
`
`Sign, development, and evaluation efforts for interactive
`
`mputer systems. The focus of SIGCHI is on how people
`
`mmunicate and interact with a broadly— defined range of
`computer systems. SIGCHI serves as a forum for the
`
`xchange of ideas among computer scientists, human
`
`actors scientists, psychologists, social scientists, system
`
`designers, and end users. Over 4,500 professionals work
`together toward common goals and objectives.
`
`
`
`MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
`
`Please contact ACM's Member Services Department
`online: www.acm.org
`
`k.
`
`In USA 81 Canada
`
`Tel: + 1 800 342 6626
`Or: + 1 212 626 0500
`Fax: + 1 2129441318
`
`Email: acmhelp@acm.org
`Write: ACM Member Services Department
`1515 Broadway
`New York, NY 10036 USA
`
`In Europe
`Tel: +44 1865 382338
`Fax: +44 1865 381338
`
`Email: acm_europe@acm.org
`Write: ACM European Service Centre w‘~ a," .
`108 Cowley Road
`Oxford OX4 1 JF UK
`
`ACM SIGCHI web site
`www.acm.org/sigchi
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`qu‘xfiP‘A
`if
`ionic
`
`E i“ ,1
`it
`:1 .f
`i. J
`
`a
`"UN I‘v ER S'TTY
`
` tram.
`i
`new
`
`
`MARK YOUR CALENDAR!
`
`
`CHl 2000
`
`The Hague, The Netherlands
`
`
`1 - 6 April 2000
`
`
`
`
`
`ACM SIGCHI EXECUTIVE
`COMMITTEE
`
`CHAIR
`Michael E. Atwood,
`Drexel University
`EXECUTIVE VICE-CHAIR
`
`Guy Boy, European Institute
`of Cognitive Sciences and
`Engineering
`VICE—CHAIR FOR
`COMMUNICATIONS
`Cathleen Wharton,
`US West INTERPR/SE
`
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`CONFERENCE PLANNING
`Gerrit C. van der Veer,
`Vrije Universiteit
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`FINANCES
`Jean Scholtz, DARPA
`
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`OPERATIONS
`Robert Mack,
`IBM TJ. Watson Research
`Center
`
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`PUBLICATIONS
`Dan R. Olsen, Jr.,
`
`
`
`Brigham Young University
`PAST—CHAIR
`Jim Miller,
`Independent Consultant
`SIGCHI BULLETIN EDITOR
`Steven Pemberton, CW/
`Hans de Graft, KPN Research
`
`SIGCHI ADVISORY BOARD
`Richard I. Anderson,
`Usabi/ity/Design/Discovery
`Adventures
`Allison Druin,
`University of Maryland
`John Karat,
`IBM TJ. Watson Research
`Center
`is...” Mi OT,“ 5”,.
`
`
`
`ACM SIGCHI ADJUNCT
`CHAIRS
`
`Information
`
`Steven Liu, Hauser Design
`
`Organizational Development
`Clare—Marie Karat,
`IBM TJ. Watson Research
`Center
`
`SIGCHI CONFERENCE
`MANAGEMENT
`COMMITTEE
`
`CMC CHAIR
`Gerrit C. van der Veer,
`
`Vrije Universiteit
`Austin Henderson,
`Rivende/ Consulting
`Jim Miller,
`Miramontes Consulting
`Kevin Schofield,
`Microsoft Corporation
`Michael Tauber, University
`of Paderborn
`
`ACM LIAISON
`David S. Riederman, CAE,
`ACM S/GCHi Program Director
`
`
`
`
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`004
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`004
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0004
`
`

`

`
`
`\
`
`ABOUT ACM SIGCHI
`
`ACM, the Association for Computing Machinery, is a major
`force in advancing the skills and knowledge of Information
`Technology (IT) professionals and students throughout the
`world. ACM serves as an umbrella organization offering its
`78,000 members a variety of forums in order to fulfill its
`members’ needs —- the delivery of cutting—edge technical
`information, the transfer of ideas from theory to practice,
`and opportunities for information exchange. Providing high
`quality products and services —— world—class journals and
`magazines; dynamic special interest groups; numerous
`“main event” conferences; tutorials; workshops; local
`special interest groups and chapters; and electronic forums
`— ACM is the resource for lifelong learning in the rapidly
`changing IT field.
`
`The scope of SIGCHI consists of the study of the
`human—computer interaction process and includes research,
`design, development, and evaluation efforts for interactive
`computer systems. The focus of SIGCHI is on how people
`communicate and interact with a broadly- defined range of
`computer systems. SIGCHI serves as a forum for the
`exchange of ideas among computer scientists, human
`factors scientists, psychologists, social scientists, system
`designers, and end users. Over 4,500 professionals work
`together toward common goals and objectives.
`
`MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
`
`Please contact ACM’s Member Services Department
`online: www.acm.org
`
`kc
`
`In USA & Canada
`
`Tel: + 1 800 342 6626
`Or: + 1 212 626 0500
`Fax: + 1 212 9441318
`
`Email: acmhelp@acm.org
`Write: ACM Member Services Department
`1515 Broadway
`New York, NY 10036 USA
`
`In Europe
`Tel: +44 1865 382338
`Fax: +44 1865 381338
`
`Email: acm_europe@acm.org
`Write: ACM European Service Centre
`108 Cowley Road
`Oxford OX4 1 JF UK
`
`Jf‘“"'dif,f’;‘f
`
`ACM SIGCHI EXECUTIVE
`COMMITTEE
`CHAIR
`Michael E. Atwood,
`Drexel University
`EXECUTIVE VICE-CHAIR
`Guy Boy, European Institute
`of Cognitive Sciences and
`Engineering
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`COMMUNICATIONS
`Cathleen Wharton,
`US West lNTERPR/SE
`
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`CONFERENCE PLANNING
`Gerrit C. van der Veer,
`Vrije Universiteit
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`FINANCES
`Jean Scholtz, DARPA
`VICE-CHAIR FOR
`OPERATIONS
`Robert Mack,
`IBM TJ. Watson Research
`Center
`
`VICE—CHAIR FOR
`PUBLICATIONS
`Dan R. Olsen, Jr,
`Brigham Young University
`PAST-CHAIR
`Jim Miller,
`/ndependent Consultant
`SIGCHI BULLETIN EDITOR
`Steven Pemberton, CW!
`Hans de Graft, KPN Research
`SIGCHI ADVISORY BOARD
`Richard |. Anderson,
`Usability/Design/Discovery
`Adventures
`Allison Druin,
`University of Maryland
`John Karat,
`IBM TJ. Watson Research
`Center
`. ....,- M ”1*“.er
`
`
`
`ACM SIGCHI web site
`www.acm.org/sigchi
`
`
`
`
`5
`,0 “d ..
`' T
`;
`"L‘JVN‘WER'S'tTY
`LTBRAR iii-IS
`
`MARK YOUR CALENDAR!
`
`
`
`
`
`ACM SIGCHI ADJUNCT
`CHAIRS
`
`Information
`
`Steven Liu, Hauser Design
`
`Organizational Development
`Clare—Marie Karat,
`iBM TJ. Watson Research
`Center
`
`SIGCHI CONFERENCE
`MANAGEMENT
`COMMITTEE
`CMC CHAIR
`Gerrit C. van der Veer,
`
`l/ri/e Universiteit
`Austin Henderson,
`Rivende/ Consu/ting
`Jim Miller,
`Miramontes Consulting
`Kevin Schofield,
`Microsoft Corporation
`Michael Tauber, University
`of Paderborn
`
`ACM LIAISON
`David S. Riederman, CAE,
`ACM SIGCHI Program Director
`
`
`
`
`
`CHI 2000
`
`The Hague, The Netherlands
`1
`— 6 April 2000
`
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`005
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`005
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0005
`
`

`

`CHI 99 Conference Proceedings
`
`
`
`CHI 99
`
`The CHI is the Limit
`
`Human Factors in Computing Systems
`
`
`EDITORS
`
`Marian G. Williams, Conference and Technical Program Co—Chair
`
`Mark W. Altom, Conference and Technical Program Co—Chair
`
`Kate Ehrlich, Papers Co-Chair
`
`William Newman, Papers (Io-Chair
`
`ASSOCIATE EDITOR
`
`Steven Pemberton
`
`CONFERENCE ON HUMAN FACTORS IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS
`
`I
`
`Sponsored by ACM's Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (ACM SIGCHI)
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`006
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`006
`
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`
`

`

`Papers
`
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`pp. 00. 1999
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`007
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`007
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0007
`
`

`

`vlll 09 I'd—LU IVIHI
`
`IUUU
`
`table Of Contents
`
`vii
`
`viii
`
`ix
`
`XV
`
`17
`
`25
`
`32
`
`4O
`
`48
`
`56
`
`64
`
`
`
`Society Welcome
`
`Co-Chairs' Welcome
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`Committees
`
`Technical Program Overview
`
`Papers: Groupware
`
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 11:30 AM —1:00 PM
`
`An Empirical Study of How People Establish Interaction:
`Implications for CSCW Session Management Models
`Steinar Kristoffersen, Norwegian Computing Center
`Fredrik Ljungberg, Viktoria Institute
`
`Chat Circles
`
`Fernanda B. Viegas, Judith S. Donath: MIT Media
`Laboratory
`
`Social, Individual & Technological Issues for Groupware
`Calendar Systems
`
`Leysia Palen, University of Colorado, Boulder
`
`Papers: Alternatives to QWERTY
`
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 11:30 AM — 1:00 PM
`
`The Design and Evaluation of a High-Performance Soft
`Keyboard
`
`|. Scott MacKenzie, Shawn X. Zhang: University of Guelph
`
`Non-Keyboard QWERTY Touch Typing: A Portable Input
`Interface for the Mobile User
`
`72
`
`8O
`
`88
`
`96
`
`104
`
`112
`
`Papers: Social Foundations and Impacts of HCl
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 2:30 PM — 4:30 PM
`
`Socially Translucent Systems: Social Proxies, Persistent
`Conversation, and the Design of "Babble"
`
`Thomas Erickson, David N. Smith, Wendy A. Kellogg, Mark
`Laff, John T. Richards: IBM TJ. Watson Research Center
`Erin Bradner, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center and
`University of California at Irvine
`
`The Elements of Computer Credibility
`
`B...I: Fogg, Persuasive Technology Lab, Stanford University
`Hsiang Tseng, Ouattro Consulting
`
`A Better Mythology for System Design
`Jed Harris, Austin Henderson: PIiant Research
`
`Papers: Wearable and Tangible Audio
`
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 2:30 PM — 4:30 PM
`
`Nomadic Radio: Scaleable and Contextual Notification for
`Wearable Audio Messaging
`
`Nitin Sawhney, Chris Schmandt: MIT Media Laboratory
`
`Tangible Progress: Less is More in Somewire
`Audio Spaces
`
`Andrew Singer, Debby Hindus, Lisa Stifelman,
`Sean White: Interval Research Corporation
`
`Whisper: A Wristwatch Style Wearable Handset
`Masaaki Fukumoto, NTT DoCoMo Multimedia Lab
`Yoshinobu Tonomura, NTT Human Interface Labs
`
`Papers: Collaborative and Multimedia Systems
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 4:30 PM — 6:00 PM
`
`Mikael Goldstein, Robert Book, Gunilla Alsio, Silvia Tessa:
`Ericsson Radio Systems AB
`
`120
`
`i-Land: An Interactive Landscape for Creativity and
`Innovation
`
`Implications for a Gesture Design Tool
`Allan Christian Long, Jr., James A. Landay,
`Lawrence A. Rowe: University of California at Berkeley
`
`Paper: Object Manipulation Studies in Virtual
`Environments
`
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 11:30 AM —1:00 PM
`
`Object Manipulation in Virtual Environments: Relative Size
`Matters
`
`Yanqing Wang, Christine L. MacKenzie:
`Simon Fraser University
`
`Exploring Bimanual Camera Control and Object
`Manipulation in 3D Graphics Interfaces
`Ravin Balakrishnan, University of Toronto
`Gordon Kurtenbach, Alias/Wavefront
`
`Towards Usable VR: An Empirical Study of User Interfaces
`for lmmersive Virtual Environments
`
`Robert W. Lindeman, John L. Sibert, James K. Hahn:
`George Washington University
`
`128
`
`136
`
`144
`
`Norbert A. Streitz, Jorg GeiISIer, Torsten Holmer, Shin’ichi
`Konomi, Christian MUIIer-Tomfelde, Petra Rexroth,
`Peter Seitz: German National Research Center for
`Information Technology
`Wolfgang Reischl, Ralf Steinmetz:
`German National Research Center for Information
`Technology and Darmstadt School of Design
`
`Logjam: A Tangible Multi-Person Interface for
`Video Logging
`
`Jonathan Cohen, Meg Withgott, Philippe Piernot:
`Interval Research Corporation
`
`TmeCompression: Systems Concerns, Usage,
`and Benefits
`
`Nosa Omoigui, Liwei He, Anoop Gupta, Jonathan Grudin,
`Elizabeth Sanocki: Microsoft Research
`
`Papers: Characters and Agents
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 4:30 PM ~ 6:00 PM
`
`SWEETPEA: Software Tools for Programmable Embodied
`Agents
`
`Michael Kaminsky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
`Paul Dourish, W. Keith Edwards, Anthony LaMarca,
`Michael Salisbury, Ian Smith: Xerox Pa/o Alto ‘
`Bes‘Efi'bCeebtfi'ok's Exhibit No. 1007
`008
`
`
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`008
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0008
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`\
`
`
`
`CHI 99 15—20 MAY 1999
`
`152 Sympathetic Interfaces: Using a Plush Toy to Direct
`Synthetic Characters
`Michael Patrick Johnson, Andrew Wilson, Bruce Blumberg,
`Christopher Kline, Aaron Bobick: MIT Media Laboratory
`
`159 Principles of Mixed-Initiative User Interfaces
`Eric Horvitz, Microsoft Research
`
`Papers: Progress in Drawing and CAD
`
`TUESDAY, 18 MAY, 4:30 PM ~ 6:00 PM
`
`Papers: Gaze and Purpose
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 9200 AM — 10:30 AM
`
`238 Combining Observations of Intentional and Unintentional
`Behaviors for Human-Computer Interaction
`
`Yoshinori Kuno, Tomoyuki Ishiyama, Satoru Nakanishi,
`Yoshiaki Shirai: Osaka University
`
`246 Manual and Gaze Input Cascaded (MAGIC) Pointing
`Shumin Zhai, Carlos Morimoto, Steven Ihde: IBM Almaden
`Research Center
`
`167 An Exploration into Supporting Artwork Orientation in the
`User Interface
`
`254
`
`Inferring Intent in Eye-Based Interfaces: Tracing Eye
`Movements with Process Models
`
`George W. Fitzmaurice, Ravin Balakrishnan,
`Gordon Kurtenbach, Bill Buxton: Alias/Wavefront
`
`175 An Alternative Way of Drawing
`
`Roope Raisamo, University of Tampere
`
`183 The Strategic Use of CAD: An Empirically Inspired,
`Theory-Based Course
`Suresh K. Bhavnani, Bonnie E. John, Ulrich Flemming:
`Carnegie Mellon University
`
`Papers: Programming Techniques and Issues
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 9:00 AM — 10:30 AM
`
`191
`
`Implementing Interface Attachments Based on
`Surface Representations
`Dan R. Olsen, Jr., Scott E. Hudson, Thorn Verratti, Jeremy
`M. Heiner, Matt Phelps: Carnegie Mellon University
`
`199 A Visual Medium for Programmatic Control of Interactive
`Applications
`Luke 8. Zettlemoyer, Robert St. Amant: North Carolina
`State University
`
`207
`
`Should We Leverage Natural-Language Knowledge?
`An Analysis of User Errors in a Natural-Language-Style
`Programming Language
`Amy Bruckman, Elizabeth Edwards: Georgia Institute
`of Technology
`
`Papers: Touching, Pointing, and Choosing
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 9:00 AM —10:30 AM
`
`215 Testing Pointing Device Performance and User
`Assessment with the ISO 9241, Part 9 Standard
`
`Sarah A. Douglas, Arthur E. Kirkpatrick: University
`of Oregon
`I. Scott MacKenzie, University of Guelph
`
`223 Touch—Sensing Input Devices
`
`Ken Hinckley, Mike Sinclair: Microsoft Research
`
`231 The Hotbox: Efficient Access to a Large Number of
`Menu—items
`
`Gordon Kurtenbach, George W. Fitzmaurice,
`Russell N. Owen, Thomas Baudel: Alias/Wavefront
`
`Dario D. Salvucci, Carnegie Mellon University
`
`Papers: Foundations for Navigation
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 11:30 AM —1:00 PM
`
`262 Direct Combination
`Simon Holland, Open University
`Daniel Oppenheim, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
`
`270 Footprints: History-Rich Tools for Information Foraging
`Alan Wexelblat, Pattie Maes: MIT Media Laboratory
`
`278 Design Guidelines for Landmarks to Support Navigation in
`Virtual Environments
`
`Norman G. Vinson, National Research Council, Canada
`
`Papers: Working with People Near and Far
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 11:30 AM — 1:00 PM
`
`286
`
`Single Display Groupware: A Model for Co—Present
`Collaboration
`
`Jason Stewart, University of New Mexico
`Benjamin B. Bederson, Allison Druin: University of
`Maryland
`
`294 The GAZE Groupware System: Mediating Joint Attention in
`Multiparty Communication and Collaboration
`Roel Vertegaal, University of Twente
`
`302 Video Helps Remote Work: Speakers Who Need
`to Negotiate Common Ground Benefit from Seeing
`Each Other
`
`Elizabeth S. Veinott, Judith Olson, Gary M. Olson:
`University of Michigan
`Xiaolan Fu, Chinese Academy of Sciences
`
`Papers and Video Paper: Stories and Narratives
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 2:30 PM — 4:00 PM
`
`310 Designing Multimedia for Learning: Narrative Guidance and
`Narrative Construction
`
`Lydia Plowman, Scottish Council for Research in Education
`Rosemary Luckin, University of Sussex
`Diana LauriIIard, Matthew Stratfold, Josie Taylor:
`Open University
`
`318
`
`Interactive 3D Sound Hyperstories for Blind Children
`Mauricio Lumbreras, Jaime Sanchez: University of Chile
`
`
`
`
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`009
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`009
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0009
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`

`

`bf” 53 l'O—ZU |V|/-\Y IHUB
`
`Table of Contents
`
`326 Designing PETS: A Personal Electronic Ieller of Stories
`Allison Druin, Jaime Montemayor, Jim Hendler, Britt
`McAlister, Angela Boltman, Eric Fiterman, Aurelie Plaisant,
`Alex Kruskal, Hanne Olsen, Isabella Revett, Thomas
`Plaisant Schwenn, Lauren Sumida, Rebecca Wagner:
`University of Maryland
`
`Papers: Profiles, Notes, and Surfaces
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 2:30 PM— 4:00 PM
`
`330 Visual Profiles: A Critical Component of Universal Access
`Julie A. Jacko, University of Wisconsin-Madison
`Max A. Dixon, Florida International University
`Robert H. Rosa, Jr., Ingrid U. Scott, Charles J. Pappas:
`University of Miami School of Medicine
`
`338 NotePaIs: Lightweight Note Sharing by the Group, for the
`Group
`
`Richard C. Davis, James A. Landay, Victor Chen,
`Jonathan Huang, Rebecca B. Lee, Francis C. Li,
`James Lin, Charles B. Morrey Ill, Ben Schleimer:
`University of California at Berkeley
`Morgan N. Price, Bill N. Schilit: FX Palo Alto Laboratory
`
`346
`
`Flatland: New Dimensions in Office Whiteboards
`
`Elizabeth D. Mynatt, Georgia Institute of Technology
`W. Keith Edwards, Anthony LaMarca: Xerox Palo Alto
`Research Center
`Takeo lgarashi, University of Tokyo
`
`Papers: Tagging and Tracking Objects in Physical Uls
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 2:30 PM— 4:00 PM
`
`354 Palette: A Paper Interface for Giving Presentations
`Les Nelson, Satoshi Ichimura, Elin Ronby Pedersen:
`FX Pa/o Alto Laboratory
`Lia Adams, Lia Adams Consulting
`
`362 TouchCounters: Designing Interactive Electronic Labels for
`Physical Containers
`
`Paul Yarin, Hiroshi lshii: MIT Media Laboratory
`
`370 Bridging Physical and Virtual Worlds with Electronic Tags
`Roy Want, Kenneth P. Fishkin, Anuj Gujar,
`Beverly L. Harrison: Xerox PARC
`
`Papers: Augmented Surfaces
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 4:30 PM— 6:00 PM
`
`378 Augmented Surfaces: A Spatially Continuous Work Space
`for Hybrid Computing Environments
`Jun Rekimoto, Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc,
`Masanori Saitoh, Keio University
`
`402
`
`410
`
`418
`
`426
`
`434
`
`442
`
`450
`
`458
`
`466
`
`Papers: Cognitive Models of Screen Interaction
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 2:30 PM— 4:00 PM
`
`Eye Tracking the Visual Search of Click-Down Menus
`
`Michael D. Byrne, John R. Anderson, Scott Douglass,
`Michael Matessa: Carnegie Mellon University
`
`Cognitive Modeling Demonstrates How People Use
`Anticipated Location Knowledge of Menu Items
`
`Anthony J. Hornof, David E. Kieras: University of Michigan
`
`Learning and Performing by Exploration: Label Quality
`Measured by Latent Semantic Analysis
`Rodolfo Soto, University of Colorado
`
`Papers: Tools for Building Interfaces and
`Applications
`
`WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY, 2:30 PM— 4:00 PM
`
`MOBILE: User-Centered Interface Building
`Angel R. Puerta, Eric Cheng, Tunhow Ou, Justin Min:
`RedWha/e Software and Stanford University
`
`The Context Toolkit: Aiding the Development of Context—
`Enabled Applications
`
`Daniel Salber, Anind K. Dey, Gregory D. Abowd: Georgia
`Institute of Technology
`
`Getting More Out of Programming-By—Demonstration
`Richard G. McDaniel, Brad A. Myers: Carnegie Mellon
`University
`
`Papers: Vision and Fitts’ Law
`
`THURSDAY. 20 MAY, 9:00 AM— 10:30 PM
`
`Navigation as Multiscale Pointing: Extending Fitts' Model
`to Very High Precision Tasks
`Yves Guiard, CNRS & Université de la Mediterranee
`Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, Université de Paris Sud
`Deni Mottet, Université de Poitiers
`
`Authoring Animated Web Pages Using ’Contact Points'
`Pete Faraday, Microsoft
`Alistair Sutcliffe, City University
`
`Performance Evaluation of Input Devices in Trajectory—
`based Tasks: An Application of The Steering Law
`Johnny Accot, Centre d’Etudes de la Navigation Aerienne
`and IBM Almaden Research Center
`Shumin Zhai, IBM Almaden Research Center
`
`Papers: Learning and Reading
`
`THURSDAY 20 MAY. 9:00 AM— 10:30 PM
`
`386 Urp: A Luminous-Tangible Workbench for Urban Planning
`and Design
`
`473
`
`John Underkoffler, Hiroshi lshii: MIT Media Laboratory,
`Tangible Media Group
`
`394 PingPongPIus: Design of an Athletic-Tangible Interface for
`Computer-Supported Cooperative Play
`Hiroshi lshii, Craig Wisneski, Julian Orbanes, Ben Chun,
`Joe Paradiso: MIT Media Laboratory
`
`481
`
`Symphony: A Case Study in Extending Learner—Centered
`Design Through Process Space Analysis
`Chris Quintana, Jim Eng, Andrew Carra, Hsin-Kai Wu,
`Elliot Soloway: University of Michigan
`
`The Reader’s Helper: A Personalized Document Reading
`Environment
`
`Jamey Graham, Ricoh Silicon Valley, Inc.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`010
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`010
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0010
`
`

`

`fifi-
`
`CHI 99 15—20 MAY 1999
`
`
`
`\
`
`Table of Contents
`
`568
`
`576
`
`584
`
`592
`
`600
`
`608
`
`Papers: Speech and Multimodal Interfaces
`
`THURSDAY, 20 MAY, 2:30 PM — 4:00 PM
`
`Patterns of Entry and Correction in Large Vocabulary
`Continuous Speech Recognition Systems
`Clare—Marie Karat, Christine Halverson, John Karat:
`IBM TJ. Watson Research Center
`Daniel Horn, University of Michigan
`
`Mutual Disambiguation of Recognition Errors in a
`Multimodal Architecture
`
`Sharon Oviatt, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and
`Technology
`
`Model—Based and Empirical Evaluation of Multimodal
`Interactive Error Correction
`
`Bernhard Suhm, Alex Waibel: Carnegie Mellon University/
`Universitéit Karlsruhe
`Brad Myers, Carnegie Mellon University
`
`Papers: Advances in User Participation
`
`THURSDAY, 20 MAY, 2:30 PM — 4:00 PM
`
`Cooperative Inquiry: Developing New Technologies for
`Children with Children
`
`Allison Druin, University of Maryland
`
`Projected Realities: Conceptual Design for Cultural Effect
`William Gaver, Anthony Dunne: Royal College of Art
`
`Customer-Focused Design Data in a Large, Multi-Site
`Organization
`Paula Curtis, Tammy Heiserman, David Jobusch,
`Mark Notess: Hewlett Packard Company
`Jayson Webb, R&R Research, Inc.
`
`489 VR's Frames of Reference: A Visualization Technique for
`Mastering Abstract Multidimensional Information
`Marilyn C. Salzman, Chris Dede: George Mason University
`R. Bowen Loftin, University of Houston
`
`Papers: Navigation and Visualization
`
`THURSDAY, 20 MAY, 11:30 AM — 1:00 PM
`
`496
`
`FotoFile: A Consumer Multimedia Organization and
`Retrieval System
`Allan Kuchinsky, Celine Pering, Michael L. Creech, Dennis
`Freeze, Bill Serra: Hewlett Packard Laboratories
`Jacek Gwizdka, University of Toronto
`
`504 Hyper Mochi Sheet: A Predictive Focusing Interface for
`Navigating and Editing Nested Networks through 3 Multi-
`focus Distortion-Oriented View
`
`Masashi Toyoda, Etsuya Shibayama: Tokyo Institute of
`Technology
`
`512 Excentric Labeling: Dynamic Neighborhood Labeling for
`Data Visualization
`
`Jean—Daniel Fekete, Ecole des Mines de Nantes
`Catherine Plaisant, University of Mary/and
`
`Papers: Virtual Reality and Embodiment
`
`THURSDAY, 20 MAY, 11:30 AM —1:00 PM
`
`520 Embodiment in Conversational Interfaces: Rea
`
`J. Cassell, T. Bickmore, M. Billinghurst, L. Campbell,
`K. Chang, H. Vilhjalmsson, H. Yan: MIT Media Laboratory
`
`528 Emotional Interfaces for Interactive Aardvarks: Designing
`Affect into Social Interfaces for Children
`
`Erik Strommen, Microsoft Corporation
`Kristin Alexander, Know/edge Kids Enterprises
`
`536 Bridging Strategies for VR-Based Learning
`Tom Moher, SteIIan Ohlsson, Andrew Johnson,
`Mark Gillingham: University of Illinois at Chicago
`
`Papers: Organizing Information on the Web
`
`THURSDAY, 20 MAY, 11:30 AM -1:00 PM
`
`544 The Tangled Web We Wove: A Taskonomy of WW Use
`Michael D. Byrne, Bonnie E. John, Neil S. Wehrle:
`Carnegie Mellon University
`David C. Crow, Trilogy Development Group
`
`552 An Empirical Evaluation of User Interfaces for Topic
`Management of Web Sites
`Brian Amento, AT&T Labs - Research and Virginia
`Polytechnic Institute
`Will Hill, Loren Terveen, Peter Ju: AT&T Labs - Research
`Deborah Hix, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
`
`560 Visualizing Implicit Queries for Information Management
`and Retrieval
`
`Mary Czerwinski, Susan Dumais, George Robertson, Susan
`Dziadosz, Scott Tlernan, Maarten van Dantzich: Microsoft
`Research
`
`
`
`
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`
`011
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`011
`
`Snap Inc. Ex. 1007 Page 0011
`
`

`

`Papers
`
`Socially Translucent Systems: Social Proxies,
`Persistent Conversation, and the Design of “Babble”
`Thomas Erickson, David N. Smith, Wendy A. Kellogg,
`Mark Laff, John T. Richards, Erin Bradnerl
`
`CHI 99 15-20 MAY 1999
`
`IBM T .J . Watson Research Center
`
`PO. Box 704
`
`Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
`+1 914 784—7826
`snowfall@acm.org, dnsmith@watson.ibm.com, wkellogg@us.ibm.com,
`mrl@us.ibm.com, jtr@watson.ibm.com, ebradner@ics.uci.edu
`
`ABSTRACT
`We take as our premise that it is possible and desirable to
`design systems that support social processes. We describe
`Loops, a project which takes this approach to supporting
`computer-mediated
`communication
`(CMC)
`through
`structural and interactive properties such as persistence and a
`minimalist graphical
`representation of users and their
`activities that we call a social proxy. We discuss a
`prototype called “Babble” that has been used by our group
`for overa year, and has been deployed to six other groups
`at the Watson labs for about
`two months. We describe
`usage experiences, lessons learned, and next steps.
`
`Keywords
`Conversation, Discourse, Awareness, Social Activity,
`Computer-Mediated Communication, CMC,
`IRC, Chat,
`CSCW, Social Computing, Design, Visualization
`
`INTRODUCTION
`In the building where our group works there is a door that
`opens from the stairwell into the hallway. This door has a
`small design flaw: opened quickly, it is likely to slam into
`anyone who is about to enter from the other direction. In an
`attempt to fix this problem, a small sign was placed on the
`door: it reads, “Please Open Slowly.” As you might guess,
`people soon ceased noticing the sign and its effectiveness
`decreased markedly.
`We would like to contrast this solution with one of a
`different sort: putting a glass window in the door. The glass
`window approach means that the sign is no longer required.
`As people approach the door they can see whether there is
`anyone on the other side. This is effective for three reasons:
`First, as humans. we are perceptually attuned to movement
`and human faces and figures, and notice and react to them
`more readily than we notice and interpret a printed sign.
`Second, the glass window supports a perceptually based
`
`Permission to make digital or hard copies ol'all or part of this work for
`personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies
`are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that
`copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy
`otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists,
`requires prior spcci tic permission and/or a fee.
`CHI '99 Pittsburgh PA USA
`Copyright ACM 1999 0—201-48559-1/99/05...$5.00
`
`I don’t open the door quickly because I know
`awareness:
`that you’re on the other side. This awareness brings our
`social rules into play to govern our actions: we have been
`raised in a culture which frowns upon slamming into other
`people (except in narrowly defined, culturally recognized
`situations). Finally, there is a third, and somewhat subtler
`reason for the efficacy of the glass window. Suppose that I
`don’t care whetherl harm others: nevertheless,
`I am still
`likely to open the door slowly because I know that you
`know that I know you’re there, and therefore I will be held
`accountable for my actions. This distinction is useful
`because, while accountability and awareness are generally
`entwined in the physical world, they are not necessarily
`coupled in the digital realm.
`We call systems which provide perceptually-based social
`cues which afford awareness and accountability “Socially
`Translucent Systems.” In such systems we believe it will
`be easier for users to carry on coherent discussions;
`to
`observe and imitate others’ actions;
`to engage in peer
`pressure;
`to create,
`notice,
`and conform to
`social
`conventions. We see social
`translucence as a fundamental
`requirement
`for
`supporting
`communication
`and
`collaboration. This brings us to the issue of translucence.
`Why Socially Translucent Systems? Because there is a vital
`tension between privacy and visibility. Neither is inherently
`good or bad: each supports and inhibits certain types of
`behavior (for example, the perceived validity of elections
`depends