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`Edited by Harri Holma
`and Antti Toskala
`
`

`

`FOR
`
`Radio Access For Third Generation
`Mobile Communications
`
`Edited by
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Both of Nokia, Finland
`
`JOHN WILEY a SONS, LTD
`Chichester· New York· Weinheim · Brisbane· Singapore· Toronto
`
`

`

`Copyright © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`Baffins Lane, Chichester,
`West Sussex, P019 lUD, England
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`International ( +44) 1243 779777
`
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`Reprinted June 2000
`
`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
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`UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
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`Neither the author(s) nor John Wiley & Sons Ltd accept any responsibility or liability for loss or
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`contained herein, or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use. The author(s) and Publisher
`expressly disclaim all implied warranties, including merchantability -of fitness for any particular
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`
`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all
`instances where John Wiley & Sons is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or
`capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete
`information regarding trademarks and registration.
`
`Other Wiley Editorial Offices
`
`John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue,
`New York, NY 10158-0012, USA
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`WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH
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`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN O 471 72051 8
`
`Produced from PostScript files supplied by the authors.
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at
`least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Abbr. vi11t101\s,, •••• , •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••••••••.•.••.•••••.••.•.••.••.••.••.•.•••.....••.••..••••••• xvii
`
`1 .. Int1"0duction ..................................................................................................................... 1
`Harri Ho/Jna. Antti Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen
`Ll W DMA in Third Generation Syste111s ........................................................................ 1
`1.2
`Air Interfaces and Spectru111 Allocations for Third Generation Sy steins ...................... 2
`L->
`Schedule for Third Generation Systems ........................................................................ 4
`1.4
`Differences bet\.veen WCDMA and Second Generation Air Inte1faces ........................ 5
`LS
`Core Networks .............................................................................................................. 7
`References .............................................................................................................................. 8
`
`2 - UMTS Services and Applications .................................................................................. 9
`Jouni Sa/onen
`2.1
`Intro.duction ................................................................................................................................................. 9
`2.2
`UMTS
`Bearer Service ................................................................................................ .
`10
`2.3
`UMTS
`QoS Classes ................................................................................................... .
`11
`2.3.1
`Con\ ersational Class ...................................................................................... .
`12
`2.3.2
`Streanii,ig Class .............................................................................................. .
`19
`2.3.3
`I nte.,,.acti ve Class ....................................................................................... " ..... .
`20
`Backgrottn.d Class ........................................................................................... .
`2.3.4
`22
`2.4
`Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................... 23
`References ............................................................................................................................ 23
`
`3 - Introouction to W CD MA ............................................................................................. 25
`Peter Muszynski and Harri Holrna
`Introductio.n ............................................................................... _ ................................... 25
`3.1
`3.2
`Summary of Main Parameters in WCDMA ................................................................ 25
`3.3
`Spreading and Despreading ......................................................................................... 28
`3.4
`Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception ......................................................... 30
`Power Con......,ol
`.................................................................... , ............... .
`3.5
`34
`38
`3.6
`Softer an.d Soft Hand overs .... _ ................................. •. •. •. • • • •. • ~ • • • • • • ................................ .
`Re~erences
`............................................................................. 40
`11
`· ·······~·········· ······················ ······
`
`••••••••••••••••••••••••
`
`U'
`
`

`

`vi
`
`WCDMA for UMTS
`
`4 .. Background and Standardisation of WCDMA .......................................................... 41
`Antti Toskala
`. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 41
`tJ.. on
`.
`n ro uc
`...................................................... •.
`I t d
`4 1
`d · E
`.............................. 41
`ac groun 1n urope ................................... • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
`.
`4 2 B k
`4.2.1 Wideband CDMA ............................................................................................. 42
`4.2.2 Wideband TDMA ............................................................................................. 43
`4. 2.3 Wideband TD MA/CDMA ................................................ ·················· ........... ···· 43
`4 2 4 0 FD MA
`................................ · · .. · · .. · · · · ...... · · .. · · .. · 44
`. .
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`44
`.................................................. .
`. .
`425 ODMA
`························································
`................................................ 45
`4 2 6 ETSI Selection
`.ac. kground 1· n Japan · · · .... ·. ·. · ... · · · ............................... ~ ......................... • • • • • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · 4 5
`. ................................................ .
`.
`4 3 B
`4.4 Background in Korea .................................................................................................. 46
`. ................................................ .
`.
`............................... 46
`4 5 Background l·n the Un1·ted States
`4 5 1 W-CDMA 71. TI A
`..... .. ....... ... .... . .... . ................ 46
`•
`•
`Uwc-136
`.................................................................
`......................................... 46
`4.5.2
`...................................................................
`...................................... 47
`4.5.3
`Cdma2000
`TR46.1 ........................................................................ •·• ................................. . 47
`4.5.4
`.....................................................................
`.................................. 47
`WP-CDMA
`4.5.5
`.............................................................................
`Creatl·on of 3GPP
`... ......................... 47
`4.6
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Creatl·on of 3GPP2
`............................... 49
`4.7
`Harmonisation Phase .................................................................................................... 49
`4.8
`IMT2000 Process in ITU ............................................................................................ 50
`4. 9
`4.10 Beyond 3GPP Release-99 ........................................................................................... 51
`References ............................................................................................................................. 52
`
`lV/r:l. ••••••••••••••••••• •• •••••••• •• •••••••• · •••• • ••••••••••
`
`5 .. Radio Access Network Architecture .................................................................... ., ........ 53
`Fabio Langoni and Atte Lansisalmi
`5 .1 System Architecture .................................................................................................... 5 3
`5.2 UTRAN Architecture .................................................. ~············ .. ········· .. ······· ............... 57
`5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller ......................................................................... 57
`5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station) ............................................................................... 59
`5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces ........................ u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
`5.3.1 General ............................................................................................................... 59
`5.3.2 Horizontal Layers ............................................................................................. 60
`5.3.3 Vertical Planes ............................................................... ., ................................... 60
`Iu, the UTRAN-CN lnterf ace ...................................................................................... ·61
`5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Ju CS ............................................................................ 61
`5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Ju PS ............................................................................ 62
`5. 4. 3 RAN AP Protocol ............................................................................................... 64
`5.4.4 Ju User Plane Protocol ...................................................................................... 65
`5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces·································································~·-····················· 66
`5.5.1 RNC-RNC Interface (lur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling ..................... 66
`5.5.2 RNC-Node B Interface and the NEAP Signalling ........................................... 69
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7· 1
`. ................................. ' ... .
`
`5 .4
`
`.
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`..
`
`VII
`
`6 - Physical Layer ................................................................................................................ 73
`Antti Toskala
`6.1
`Introduction ................................................................................................................. 73
`6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels ............................... 74
`6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel. ......................................................................... 75
`6.2.2 Common Transport Channels .......................................................................... 75
`6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels ......................... 77
`6. 2. 4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels .......................................................... 78
`6.3 Spreading and Modulation .......................................................................................... 78
`6.3.1 Scrambling ....................................................................................................... 78
`6.3.2 Channelisation Codes ...................................................................................... 79
`6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation .................................................................. 80
`6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation .............................................................. 85
`6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics ............................................................................. 87
`6·.4 User Data Transmission .............................................................................................. 88
`6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel. .............................................................................. 89
`6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing ......................................................................................... 91
`6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel ............................ 94
`6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel ..................................................................... 94
`6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel .......................................................................... 95
`6. 4. 6 Downlink Multiplexing ..................................................................................... 97
`6. 4. 7 Downlink Shared Channel ................................................................................ 99
`6.4.8 Forward Access Channelfor User Data Transmission ................................. 100
`6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data ..................................................................... 101
`6. 4. 10 Coding for TFCI information ........................................................................ 102
`6.5 Signalling .................................................................................................................. 102
`6. 5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPI CH) .................................................................. 103
`6.5.2 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) .................................................................... 103
`6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) ................. 104
`6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) .......... 105
`6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission .................... 106
`6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (A/CH) .......................................................... 107
`6.5. 7 Paging Indicator Channel ( PICH) ................................................................. 107
`6.5.8 Physical Channels for CPCH Access Procedure ........................................... 108
`6.6 Physical Layer Procedures ........................................................................................ 109
`6.6.1 Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure ................................................ 109
`6.6.2 Open Loop Power Control ............................................................................. 109
`6.6.3 Paging Procedure .......................................................................................... 110
`6. 6. 4 RA CH Procedure ............................................................................................ 111
`6. 6.5 CPCH Operation .................................... ....................................................... 112
`6. 6. 6 Ce fl Search Procedure ................................................................................... 113
`6.6. 7 Transmit Diversity Procedure ........................................................................ 114
`6. 6. 8 Handover Measurements Procedure ............................................................. 115
`6.6.9 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure ................................................. 117
`6. 6.10 Other Measurements ....................................................................................... 119
`R.ef erences ............................................................................................................................ 119
`
`

`

`-
`
`JI
`
`viii
`
`WCDMA for UMTS
`
`7 - Radio Interface Protocols ........................................................................................... 121
`Jukka Vialen
`......................................................................................................... 121
`7.1
`Introduction
`7.2 Protocol Architecture ......................................... ....................................................... 121
`7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol.. .................................................................. .. 123
`7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture ................................................................................ 123
`7.3.2 MAC Functions .............................................................................................. 124
`7.3.3 Logical Channels ........................................................................................... 125
`7.3.4 Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels ...................... 126
`7.3.5 Example Data Flow through the MAC Layer ................................................ 126
`7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol.. ..................................................... ....................... 128
`7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture ................................................................................. 128
`7.4.2 RLC Functions ............................................................................................... 129
`7.4.3 Example Data Flow through the RLC Layer ................................................. 130
`7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol.. .................................................................. 132
`7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture .............................................................................. 132
`7.5.2 PDCP Functions ............................................................................................ 133
`7 .6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol.. .............................................................. 133
`7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture ................................................................................ 134
`7.6.2 BMC Functions .............................................................................................. 134
`7.7 The Radio Resource Control Protocol ...................................................................... 135
`7. 7.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture ................................................................... 135
`7. 7.2 RRC Service States ......................................................................................... 136
`7. 7.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures ................................................... 138
`References ............................................................................................ .............................. 151
`
`8 - Radio Network Planning ............................................................................................ 153
`Harri Halma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppa Hamalainen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipila and
`Achim Wacker
`8.1
`Introduction ..................... .......................................................................................... 153
`8.2 Dimensioning ............................................................................................................ 154
`8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets and Coverage Efficiency ................................................ 155
`8.2.2 Load Factors and Spectral Efficiency ............................................................ 160
`8.2.3 Soft Capacity .................................................................................................. 167
`8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning .................................. ............................................ 171
`8.3.1
`Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction ................................................. 171
`8.3.2 Planning Tool ................................................................................................ 171
`8.3.3 Case Study ...................................................................................................... 173
`8.3.4 Network Optimisation ...................... .............................................................. 177
`8.4 GSM Co-planning ..................................................................................................... 178
`8.5 Multi-operator Interference ....................................................................................... 180
`8.5.1
`Introduction ................................................................................................... 180
`8.5.2 Worst-Case Uplink Calculations ................................................................... 181
`8.5.3 Downlink Blocking ......................................................................................... 183
`8. 5.4 Uplink Simulations ......................................................................................... 183
`8.5.5 Simulation Results .......................................................................................... 184
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`ix
`
`8.5.6 Network Planning with Adjacent Channel Interference ................................ 184
`References···················································~·······'····················· ............................................ 186
`
`9 - Radio Resource Management .................................................................................... 187
`Janne Laakso, Harri Holma and Oscar Salonaho
`9 .1
`Interference-Based Radio Resource Management .................................................... 187
`9 .2 Power Control ........................................................................................................... 188
`9.2.1 Fast Power Control .......................................................................................... 188
`9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control ............................................................................ 196
`9 .3 Handovers .................................................................................................................... 203
`Intra-frequency Handovers ............................................................................ 203
`9. 3.1
`9.3.2 Inter-frequency and Inter-system Handovers ................................................ 210
`9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load .......................................................................... 210
`9.4.1 Uplink Load ......................................................................... _ .......................... 211
`9.4.1 Downlink Load ...................................................................................... , .......................... 213
`9 .5 Admission Control ......................................................................................................................... 214
`9.5.1 Admission Control Principle .......................................................................... 214
`9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy ................................... 215
`9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy ............................................ 217
`9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) .......................................................................... 217
`References ........................................................................................................................................................................... ~ .... 21.8
`
`10 - Packet Access ........................................................................................•.•..........•......• 221
`Mika Raitola and Harri Holma
`10 .. 1 Packet Data Traffic ............................................................................................................................ 221
`10.2 Overview of WCDMA Packet Access ...................................................................... 223
`10.3 Transport Channels for Packet Data ........................................................................... 223
`10.3.1 Common Channels .......................................................................................... 224
`10.3.2 Dedicated Channels ....................................................................................... 224
`10. 3. 3 Shared Channels ............................................................................................ 224
`10.3.4 Common Packet Channel ............................................................................... 225
`10.3.5 Selection of Channel Type ............................................................................. 225
`10.4 Example Packet Scheduling Algorithms ................................................................... 226
`10.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 226
`10.4.2 Time Division Scheduling .............................................................................. 226
`10. 4. 3 Code Division Scheduling .............................................................................. 228
`10.4.4 Transmission Power-Based Scheduling ......................................................... 229
`10.5 Interaction between Packet Scheduler and Other RRM Algorithms ......................... 229
`10.5.1 Packet Scheduler and Handover Control ...................................................... 230
`10.5.2 Packet Scheduler and Load Control (Congestion Control) ........................... 230
`10.5.3 Packet Scheduler and Admission Control ...................................................... 230
`10.6 Packet Data Performance .......................................................................................... 231
`10.6.1 Link-Level Peiforrnance ................................................................................. 231
`10.6.2 System-Level Peiformance ............................................................................. 233
`References .................................................................................................................. ., ...................... 24·1
`
`

`

`X
`
`WCDMA for lJMTS
`
`11 - Physical Layer Performance ..................................................................................... 243
`Harri Halma, Markku Juntti and Juha Ylitalo
`11 . l Introduction ............................................................. ··· ...... ··· ........... · ................. ......... 243
`11.2 Coverage ................................................................................................................... 243
`11.2.1 Uplink Coverage ............................................................................................ 244
`11.2.2 Random Access Channel Coverage ............................................................... 252
`11.2.3 Downlink Coverage .......... '. ............................................................................ 253
`11.2.4 Coverage Improvements ................................................................................ 254
`11 .3 Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 255
`11.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes ......................................................................... 255
`11.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity ......................................................................... 260
`11.3.3 Capacity Improvements ................................................................................. 263
`11.4 High Bit Rates .................................................................................... ····················· .. 264
`11.4.1 Inter-path Interference ................................................................................... 265
`11.4.2 Multipath Diversity Gain ................................................................. •············· 267
`11.4.3 Feasibility of High Bit Rates .......................................................................... 268
`1 1.5 Performance Enhancements ...................................................................................... 270
`11.5.1 Antenna Solutions .......................................................................................... 270
`11.5.2 Multi-user Detection ...................................................................................... 276
`References ........................................................................ .................................................. 279
`
`12 - UTRA TDD Mode ...................................................................................................... 283
`Otto Lehtinen, Antti Toskala, Harri Halma and Heli Vaataja
`12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 283
`12.1.1 Time Division Duplex (TDD) ......................................................................... 283
`12.2 UTRA TDD Physical Layer.. .................................................................................... 285
`12.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels .................................................................. 286
`12.2.2 Modulation and Spreading ............................................................................ 286
`12.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format .................................. 287
`12.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures ........................................................ 292
`12.3 UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation ........................................................................ 296
`12.3.1 TDD-TDD Interference ................................................................................. 296
`12.3.2 TDD and FDD Co-existence .......................................................................... 298
`12.3.3 Unlicensed TDD Operation ........................................................................... 301
`12.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference ...................................................... 301
`12.4 Concluding Remarks on UTRA TDD ....................................................................... 301
`References .......................................................................................................................... 302
`
`13 - Multi-Carrier CDMA in IMT-2000 ......................................................................... 303
`Antti Toskala
`................................................................................................................
`303
`13 .1 Introduction
`13.2 Logical Channels ....................................................................................................... 304
`13.2.1 Physical Channels .......................................................................................... 305
`13.3 Multi-Carrier Mode Spreading and Modulation ....................................................... 305
`13.3.1 Uplink Spreading and Modulation ............