@:)WILEY
`
`Radio Access For Third Generation
`Mobile Communications
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`15.10.02
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`S? 840.-00
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`'i O 1 1 c, 1 0 IJ 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 01 ~,J
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`Edi~ed by H~rri Holma : . j
`and Antt1 Toskala
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`BLACKBERRY 1015
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`WCDMA
`FoRUMTS
`
`_.,, · -'Radio Access For Third Generation
`Mobi le Com munications
`
`Edited by
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Both of Nokia, Finland
`
`■ Explains the key parts of the
`3GPP/WCDMA standard and
`provides guidelines for its
`efficient use
`
`■ Presents network dimensioning
`and coverage and capacity
`planning of WCDMA
`
`Introduces radio resource
`■
`management algorithms in
`the WCDMA network
`
`Examines the coverage and
`■
`capacity of WCDMA up to
`2Mbps using numerous
`simulation results
`
`lntroduces:the TDD (Time
`■
`Divisions Duplex) mode
`
`) ti
`
`\ •i - ·,
`
`'--
`
`Discusses the co-existence
`■
`of TDD and FDD (Frequency
`Divisions Duplex)and high-
`lights their main differences
`
`-~-
`
`-r·;(
`
`of content and applications; ~
`
`Written by leading expe11s in the field t:thts
`practical approach to the key features of:
`WCDMA will have wide-ranging appeal tq
`Research and Development Engineers,
`Practicing Engineers, Cellular Operators,
`Equipment Manufacturers, Frrquency
`Technical Managers and Students on
`Telecommunications courses
`
`VISIT OUR WEB PAG-Ei
`http://www.wiley.co;./
`
`_..~j;l
`· ~.~
`VISIT OUR COMMS'TECH WEBSITE!
`http ://www.wiley.co.u k/commstechf • '
`
`John Wiley ft Sons, Ltd
`Chichester· New York· Weinlwim ·Brisbane· Singapore· Toronto
`
`-
`
`• t .;; •
`
`2
`
`

`

`WCDMA
`FORUMTS
`
`Radio Access For Third Generation
`Mobile Communications
`
`Edited by
`l-farri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Both of Nokia, Finland
`
`JOHN WILEY Et SONS, LTD
`Chichester · New York · Weinheim · Brisbane · Singapore · Toronto
`
`3
`
`

`

`Copyright ~ 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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`West Sussex, PO19 IUD, England
`
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`International (+44) 1243 779777
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`British Library Cataloguing in PllbUcation Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN O 471 72051 8
`
`Produced from PostScript files supplied by the authors.
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at
`least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`4
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`

`

`Contents
`
`T K
`5103
`.452
`W39
`2000
`ENGI
`
`Preface ................................................................................................................................ xiii
`
`Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. xv
`
`Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xvii
`
`1 - Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
`Harri Holma, Antti Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen
`1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation Systems ........................................................................ 1
`1.2 Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation Systems ...................... 2
`1.3 Schedule for Third Generation Systems ........................................................................ 4
`1.4 Differences between WCDMA and Second Generation Air Interfaces ........................ 5
`1.5 Core Networks .............................................................................................................. 7
`References .............................................................................................................................. 8
`
`2 - UMTS Services and Applications .................................................................................. 9
`Jouni Salonen
`2.1
`Introduction ................................................................................................................... 9
`2.2 UMTS Bearer Service ................................................................................................. I 0
`2.3 UMTS QoS Classes .................................................................................................... 11
`2.3.1 Conversational Class ....................................................................................... 12
`2.3.2 Streaming Class ............................................................................................... 19
`2.3.3 Interactive Class .............................................................................................. 20
`2.3.4 Background Class ............................................................................................ 22
`2.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................... 23
`References ............................................................................................................................ 23
`
`3 - Introduction to WCDMA ............................................................................................. 25
`Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma
`3.1
`Introduction ................................................................................................................. 25
`3.2 Summary of Main Parameters in WCDMA ................................................................ 25
`3.3 Spreading and Despreading ......................................................................................... 28
`3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception ......................................................... 30
`3.5 Power Control ............................................................................................................. 34
`3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers .......................................................................................... 38
`References ............................................................................................................................ 40
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`vi
`
`WCDMA for UMTS
`
`4 - Background and Standardisation of WCDMA .......................................................... 41
`Antti Toskala
`4.1
`Introduction ................................................................................................. ............... 41
`4.2 Background in Europe ................................................................................................. 41
`4.2.J Wideband CDMA ............................................................................................. 42
`4.2.2 Wideband TDMA ............................................................................................. 43
`4.2.3 Wideband TDMAICDMA ................................................................................. 43
`4.2.4 OFDMA ........................................................................................................... 44
`........................................................................................................... 44
`4.2.5 ODMA
`4.2.6 ETSI Selection .................................................................................................. 45
`4.3 Background in Japan ................................................................................................... 45
`4.4 Background in Korea .................................................................................................. 46
`4.5 Background in the United States ................................................................................. 46
`4.5.1 W-CDMA NIA .................. ; ............................................................................... 46
`4.5.2 UWC-136 ......................................................................................................... 46
`4.5.3 cdma2000 ......................................................................................................... 47
`4.5.4 TR46.l ............................................................................................................ 47
`4.5.5 WP-CDMA ....................................................................................................... 47
`4.6 Creation of 3GPP ........................................................................................................ 47
`4.7 Creation of 3GPP2 ...................................................................................................... 49
`4.8 Harmonisation Phase ................................................................................................... 49
`4.9
`IMT2000 Process in ITU ................... : ........................................................................ 50
`4.10 Beyond 3GPP Release-99 ........................................................................................... 51
`References ............................................................................................................................ 52
`
`5 - Radio Access Network Architecture ............................................................................ 53
`Fabio Longoni and Atte Liinsisalmi
`5.1 System Architecture .................................................................................................... 53
`5.2 UTRAN Architecture .................................................................................................. 57
`5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller ......................................................................... 57
`5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station) ............................................................................... 59
`5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces ........................................ 59
`5.3.1 General ........................................................................................................... 59
`5.3.2 Horizontal Layers ............................................................................................ 60
`5.3.3 Vertical Planes ................................................................................. .., .............. 60
`Iu, the UTRAN-CN Interface ..................................................................................... 61
`5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Ju CS ............................................................................ 61
`5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Ju PS ............................................................................ 62
`5.4.3 RANAP Protocol .............................................................................................. 64
`5.4.4 lu User Plane Protocol .................................................................................... 65
`5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces ......................................................................................... 66
`5.5.1 RNC-RNC Interface (fur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling ..................... 66
`5.5.2 RNC-Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling ........................................... 69
`References ............................................................................................................................ 71
`
`5 .4
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`6
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`

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`Contents
`
`vii
`
`6 - Physical Layer ............................................................................................................... 73
`Antti Toskala
`6.1
`Introduction ................................................................................................................. 73
`6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels ............................... 74
`6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel.. ........................................................................ 75
`6.2.2 Common Transport Channels .......................................................................... 75
`6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels ......................... 77
`6.2.4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels .......................................................... 78
`6.3 Spreading. and Modulation .......................................................................................... 78
`6.3.1 Scrambling ....................................................................................................... 78
`6.3.2 Channelisation Codes ...................................................................................... 79
`6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation .................................................................. 80
`6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation .............................................................. 85
`6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics ............................................................................. 87
`6.4 User Data Transmission .............................................................................................. 88
`6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel... ............................................................................ 89
`6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing ......................................................................................... 91
`6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel.. .......................... 94
`6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel ..................................................................... 94
`6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel.. ........................................................................ 95
`6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing ..................................................................................... 97
`6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel ............................................................................... 99
`6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission ................................. 100
`6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data ..................................................................... 101
`6.4. JO Coding for TFCI information ........................................................................ 102
`6.5 Signalling .................................................................................................................. 102
`6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) .................................................................. 103
`6.5.2 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) .................................................................... 103
`6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) ................. 104
`6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) .......... 105
`6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission .................... 106
`6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (A/CH) .......................................................... 107
`6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) ................................................................. 107
`6.5.8 Physical Channels for CPCH Access Procedure ........................................... 108
`6.6 Physical Layer Procedures ........................................................................................ 109
`6.6.1 Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure ................................................ 109
`6.6.2 Open Loop Power Control.. ........................................................................... 109
`6.6.3 Paging Procedure .......................................................................................... 110
`6.6.4 RACH Procedure ........................................................................................... 111
`6.6.5 CPCH Operation ........................................................................................... 112
`6.6.6 Cell Search Procedure .................................................................................... 113
`6.6.7 Transmit Diversity Procedure ........................................................................ 114
`6.6.8 Handover Measurements Procedure ............................................................. 115
`6.6.9 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure ................................................. 117
`6.6.10 Other Measurements ...................................................................................... 119
`References .......................................................................................................................... 119
`
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`viii
`
`WCDMA for UMTS
`
`7 - Radio Interface Protocols ........................................................................................... 121
`Jukka Via/en
`......................................................................................................... l 21
`7 .1
`Introduction
`7 .2 Protocol Architecture ................................................................................................ l 2 l
`7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol .......................................................... ............ I 23
`7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture ................................................................................ 123
`7.3.2 MAC Functions .............................................................................................. 124
`7.3.3 Logical Channels ........................................................................................... 125
`7.3.4 Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels ...................... 126
`7.3.5 Example Data Flow through the MAC Layer ................................................ 126
`7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol... ........................................................................... l 28
`7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture ................................................................................. 128
`7.4.2 RLC Functions ............................................................................................... 129
`7.4.3 Example Data Flow through the RLC Layer ................................................. 130
`7 .5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol .................................................................... l 32
`7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture .............................................................................. 132
`7.5.2 PDCP Functions ............................................................................................ 133
`7 .6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol... ............................................................. 133
`7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture ................................................................................ 134
`7.6.2 BMC Functions .............................................................................................. 134
`7.7 The Radio Resource Control Protocol ...................................................................... 135
`7. 7. 1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture ................................................................... 135
`7. 7.2 RRC Service States ......................................................................................... 136
`7. 7.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures ................................................... 138
`References .......................................................................................................................... 15 l
`
`8 - Radio Network Planning ............................................................................................ 153
`Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hiimiiliiinen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipilii and
`Achim Wacker
`8.1
`Introduction ............................................................................................................... 153
`8.2 Dimensioning ... ............... .......................... .................................... ............................ 154
`8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets and Coverage Efficiency ................................................ 155
`8.2.2 Load Factors and Spectral Efficiency ............................................................ 160
`8.2.3 Soft Capacity .... .............................................................................................. 167
`8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning .............................................................................. 171
`8.3.1
`Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction .............................. , .................. 171
`8.3.2 Planning Tool ................................................................................................ 171
`8.3.3 Case Study ...................................................................................................... 173
`8.3.4 Network Optimisation .................................................................................... 177
`8.4 GSM Co-planning ..................................................................................................... 178
`8.5 Multi-operator Interference ............................... , ....................................................... 180
`Introduction ................................................................................................... 180
`8.5. I
`8.5.2 Worst-Case Uplink Calculations ................................................................... 181
`8.5.3 Downlink Blocking ......................................................................................... 183
`8.5.4 Uplink Simulations ......................................................................................... 183
`8.5.5 Simulation Results .......................................................................................... 184
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`Contents
`
`ix
`
`8.5.6 Network Planning with Adjacent Channel Interference ................................ I 84
`References .......................................................................................................................... 186
`
`9 - Radio Resource Management ..... : .............................................................................. 187
`Janne Laakso, Harri Holma and Oscar Salonaho
`9.1
`Interference-Based Radio Resource Management .................................................... 187
`9.2 Power Control ........................................................................................................... 188
`9.2.1 Fast Power Control ....................................................................................... 188
`9.2.2 Out er Loop Power Control ............................................................................ 196
`9.3 Handovers ................................................................................................................. 203
`9.3.1
`Intra-frequency Handovers ............................................................................ 203
`9.3.2 Inter-frequency and Inter-system Handovers ................................................ 210
`9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load .......................................................................... 210
`9.4.1 Uplink Load ................................................................................................... 211
`9.4.1 Downlink Load ............................................................................................... 213
`9.5 Admission Control .................................................................................................... 214
`9.5.1 Admission Control Principle .......................................................................... 214
`9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy ................................... 215
`9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy ............................................ 217
`9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) .......................................................................... 217
`References .......................................................................................................................... 218
`
`10 - Packet Access ............................................................................................................. 221
`Mika Raitola and Harri Halma
`10.1 Packet Data Traffic .................................................................................................... 221
`10.2 Overview of WCDMA Packet Access ...................................................................... 223
`10.3 Transport Channels for Packet Data .......................................................................... 223
`10.3.1 Common Channels ......................................................................................... 224
`10.3.2 Dedicated Channels ....................................................................................... 224
`10.3.3 Shared Channels ............................................................................................ 224
`10.3.4 Common Packet Channel.. ............................................................................. 225
`10.3.5 Selection of Channel Type ............................................................................. 225
`10.4 Example Packet Scheduling Algorithms ................................................................... 226
`10.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 226
`10.4.2 Time Division Scheduling .............................................................................. 226
`10.4.3 Code Division Scheduling .............................................................................. 228
`10.4.4 Transmission Power-Based Scheduling ......................................................... 229
`10.5 Interaction between Packet Scheduler and Other RRM Algorithms ......................... 229
`10.5.1 Packet Scheduler and Handover Control ...................................................... 230
`10.5.2 Packet Scheduler and Load Control (Congestion Control) ........................... 230
`10.5.3 Packet Scheduler and Admission Control ...................................................... 230
`10.6 Packet Data Performance .......................................................................................... 231
`10.6.1 Link-Level Performance ................................................................................. 231
`10.6.2 System-Level Performance ............................................................................. 233
`References .......................................................................................................................... 241
`
`9
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`

`X
`
`WCDMA for UMTS
`
`11- Physical Layer Performance .................................................................................... 243
`Harri Ho/ma, Markku Juntti and Juha Ylitalo
`11. l Introduction ............................................................................................................... 243
`11.2 Coverage ................................................................................................................... 243
`11.2.1 Uplink Coverage ............................................................................................ 244
`11.2.2 Random Access Channel Coverage ............................................................... 252
`11.2.3 Downlink Coverage ....................................................................................... 253
`11.2.4 Coverage Improvements ................................................................................ 254
`11.3 Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 255
`1 J.3./ Downlink Orthogonal Codes ......................................................................... 255
`11.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity ......................................................................... 260
`11.3.3 Capacity Improvements ................................................................................. 263
`11.4 High Bit Rates ........................................................................................................... 264
`11.4.1 Inter-path Interference ................................................................................... 265
`11 .4.2 Multipath Diversity Gain ............................................................................... 267
`11.4.3 Feasibility of High Bit Rates .......................................................................... 268
`11.5 Performance Enhancements ...................................................................................... 270
`I 1.5. 1 Antenna Solutions .......................................................................................... 270
`11.5.2 Multi-user Detection ...................................................................................... 276
`References .......................................................................................................................... 279
`
`12 - UTRA TDD Mode ..................................................................................................... 283
`Otto Lehtinen, Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Heli Viiiitiijii
`12. l Introduction ............................................................................................................... 283
`12.1.1 Time Division Duplex (TDD) ......................................................................... 283
`12.2 UTRA TDD Physical Layer ...................................................................................... 285
`12.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels .................................................................. 286
`12.2.2 Modulation and Spreading ............................................................................ 286
`12.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format .................................. 287
`12.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures ........................................................ 292
`12.3 UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation ........................................................................ 296
`/2.3./ TDD-TDD Interference ................................................................................. 296
`12.3.2 TDD and FDD Co-existence .......................................................................... 298
`12.3.3 Unlicensed TDD Operation ........................................................................... 30/
`12.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference ...................................................... 301
`12.4 Concluding Remarks on UTRA TDD .......................................................... --: ............ 301
`References .......................................................................................................................... 302
`
`13 - Multi-Carrier CDMA in IMT-2000 ......................................................................... 303
`Antti Toskala
`13.1 Introduction ............................................................