39%" °'»THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER REFERENCE
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`CD—ROM
`Included
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`Microsoft:
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`Explore;
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`Entries
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`5% Detailed illustrations and diagrams for easy reference
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`«9 Three new appendixes, file extensions,
`and Internet domains
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`93 Searchable text on CD-ROM
`a Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
`lnternet, and more!
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`Unified Patents
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`/ PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052—6399
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`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission (if the publisher.
`‘
`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -— 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`_
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`’
`ISBN 0-7356—0615-3
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1. Computers Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538
`1999
`004'.03—-dc21
`
`'
`
`a
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`99-20168.
`CIP
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`p
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`f,
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`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`456789 MLML 43210
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information
`about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at mspressmicrosoftcom.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and Indeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, Active Platform, ActiveX,
`Authenticode, BackOffice, Directlnput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS—DOS, MSN, NetMeeting,
`NetShow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J++, WebTV, WebTV Network, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States and/or other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone, Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`» The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa-
`tion with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Christey Bahn
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
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`add-on n. 1. A hardware device, such as an expansion
`board or chip, that can be added to a computer to
`eXpand its capabilities. Also called add—in. See also
`open architecture (definition 2). 2. A supplemental
`program that can extend the capabilities of an appli-
`cation program. See also utility program.
`address1 71. 1. A number specifying a location in
`memory where data is stored. See also absolute ad-
`dress, address space, physical address, Virtual ad—‘
`dress. 2. A name or token specifying a particular
`computer or site on the Internet or other network.
`3. A code used to specify an e—mail destination.
`
`address2 vb. To reference a particular storage location.
`addressable cursor n. A cursor programmed so that it
`can be moved to any location on the screen, by
`means of the keyboard or a mouse.
`address book n. 1. In an e—mail program, a reference
`section listing e—mail addresses and individuals’
`names. 2. As a Web page, an informal e—mail or URL
`phone book.
`address bus n. A bus consisting of 20 to 64 separate
`hardware lines, that is used to carry the signals speci—
`fying memory locations for data. See also bus.
`address decoder n. An electronic device that converts
`a numeric address to the electrical signals needed to
`select a specific memory location on one or more
`RAM chips.
`
`addressing n. The process of assigning or referring to
`an address. In programming, the address is typically
`a value specifying a memory location. See also ad-
`dressl.
`
`address mapping table n. A table used by routers or
`DNS (Domain Name System) servers to obtain the
`corresponding IP (Internet Protocol) address of a text
`name of a computer resource, such as the name of a
`host computer on the Internet. Acronym: AMT. See
`also DNS server, IP address, router.
`address mark n. See index mark.
`
`address mask rt A number that, when compared by
`the computer with a network address number, will
`block out all but the necessary information. For ex-
`ample, in a network that uses XXX.XXX..XXXYYY
`and where all computers within the network use the
`same first address numbers, the mask will block out
`XXX.XXX.XXX and use only the significant num—
`bers in the address, YYY. See also address1 (defini-
`tion 2).
`
`address mode n. The method used to indicate an ad—
`
`dress in memory. See also absolute address, indexed
`address, paged address, relative address.
`address modification n. The process of updating an
`address of a location in memory during computation.
`address register n. A register (a high—speed memory
`circuit) that holds an address where specific data can
`be found for the transfer of information. See also
`register.
`address resolution 71. The identification of a
`
`"w
`
`computer’s IP (Internet Protocol) address by finding
`the corresponding match in an address mapping
`table. See also addressmapping table.
`
`Address Resolution Protocol n. See ARP.
`address space n. The total range of memory locations
`addressable by a computer.
`address translation 71. The process of converting one
`kind of address to another, such as a virtual address
`to a physical address.
`ad-hoc network a. A temporary network formed by
`communicating stations or computers in a wireless
`LAN. See also wireless LAN.
`
`ADJ n. Short for adjacent. A Boolean qualifier to
`indicate cases where two instances are adjacent to
`each other. In the case of a search string, “Microsoft
`ADI Wor ” would return only instances where
`“Microsoft” and “Word” are adjacent in the string.
`ADN n. See Advanced Digital Network.
`
`Adobe Type Manager 72. Software from Adobe Sys—
`tems, Inc., that manages PostScript fonts on a sys—
`
`tem. Acronym: A'IM. See also PostScript,
`ADP n. See data processing.
`
`ADPCM 11. See adaptive delta pulse code modulation.
`
`‘
`
`ADSL n. Acronym for asymmetric digital subscriber
`line. Technology and equipment allowing high-speed
`digital communication, including video signals,
`. across an ordinary twisted—pair copper phone line,
`with speeds up to 8 Mbps (megabits per second)
`downstream (to the customer) and up to 640 Kbps
`(kilobits per second) upstream. ADSL access to the
`Internet is offered by some regional telephone com—
`panies, offering users faster connection times than
`those available through connections made over stan-
`dard phone lines. Also called asymmetric digital sub-
`scriber loop. Compare SDSL.
`
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`division by zero n. An error condition caused by an
`attempt to divide a number by zero, which is math-
`ematically undefined, or by a number that is suffi-
`ciently near to zero that the result is too large to be
`expressed by the machine. Computers do not allow
`division by zero, and software must provide some
`means of protecting the user from program failure on
`such attempts.
`
`DIX n. Acronym for Digital Intel Xerox, the compa-
`nies that developed the AUI connector for thicknet
`Ethernet cable. See also AUI.
`
`DLC n. Acronym for Data Link Control.»An error—
`correction protocol in the Systems Network Architec-
`ture (SNA) responsible for transmission of data
`between two nodes over a physical link. Supported
`by Microsoft Windows NT and Windows 2000, DLC
`is designed to provide access tol'BM mainframe
`computers and to Hewlett—Packard printers connected
`to the network. See also HDLC, SNA.
`’
`DLCI n. See Data Link Connection Identifier.
`
`.dll n. A file extension for a dynamic—link library. See
`also dynamic-link library.
`DLL It. See dynamic~link library.
`DLP n. Short for Digital Light Processing, a digital
`projection technology developed by Texas Instru-
`ments in which a signal sent from a computer to a
`DLP projector is projected onto a screen by means of
`light reflected from a Digital Micromirror Device, or
`DMD, that consists of thousands of tiny hinged mir-
`rors, each representing one pixel, attached to a chip.
`The chip acts as a bank of switches, one switch per
`mirror. These switches, in turn, rotate the mirrors in
`response to the digital signal to reflect light through
`a projection lens to create the image. DLP projectors
`represent a newer technology than the LCD projec—
`tors also used to display images on screen. See also
`Digital Micromirror Device.
`DLT n. See digital linear tape.
`
`DMA n. See direct memory access; document man-
`agement system.
`
`DMD It. See Digital Micromirror Device.
`
`DMI n. Acronym for Desktop Management Interface.
`A system for managing the configurations and status
`of PCs on a network from a central computer. In
`DMI an agent program runs in the background on
`each machine and returns information or performs
`
`some action (as specified by a file on that machine)
`in response to a query received from the central corn~
`puter. The actions to be performed by the agent may
`include watching for errors and reporting them to the
`central computer as they occur; for example, a printer
`may be set up to report to the central computer when
`paper runs out or jams. DMI was developed by the
`DMTF (Desktop Management Task Force), a consor~
`tium of computer equipment manufacturers, and
`competes with SNMP (although the two can coexist
`on the same system). See also agent (definition 1),
`DMTF. Compare SNMP.
`DML 11. See data manipulation language.
`DMT n. See discrete multitone.
`
`DMTF n. Acronym for Desktop Management Task
`Force, A consortium formed in 1992 to develop stan—
`dards for PC-based stand-alone and networked sys-
`tems based on user and industry needs.
`
`DNA n. See Digital Network Architecture, digital
`DNA, distributed network, Windows DNA.
`
`DNS n. 1. Acronym for Domain Name System. The
`hierarchical system by which hosts on the Internet
`have both domain name addresses (such as
`bluestemprairienetorg) and IP addresses (such as
`192.1734). The domain name address is used by
`human users and is automatically translated into the
`numerical IP address, which is used by the packet—
`routing software. DNS names consist of a top-level
`domain (such as .eom, .org, and .net), a second—level
`domain (the site name of a business, organization,
`or individual), and possibly one or more subdomains
`(servers within a second-level domain). See also do—
`main name address, IP address. 2. Acronym for
`Domain Name Service. The Internet utility that
`implements the Domain Name System. DNS servers,
`also called name servers, maintain databases contain—
`ing the addresses and are accessed transparently to the
`user. See also Domain Name System (definition 1),
`DNS server.
`
`DNS name server 12. See DNS server.
`
`DNS server 11. Short for Domain Name System
`server, a computer that can answer Domain Name
`System (DNS) queries. The DNS server keeps a data-
`base of host computers and their corresponding IP
`addresses. Presented with the name apex.com, for
`example, the DNS server would return the IP address
`
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`maintains order as network users request files and
`make changes to them. To deal with the tasks of han~
`dling multiple—sometimes simultaneous—requests
`for files, a file server contains a processor and control-
`ling software as well as a disk drive for storage. On
`local area networks, a file server is often a computer
`with a large hard disk that is dedicated onlyfito the task
`of managing shared files. Compare disk server.
`file sharing 71. The use of computer files on networks,
`’ wherein files are stored on a central computer or a
`server and are requested, reviewed, and modified by
`more than one individual. When a file is used with
`
`different programs or different computers, file shar—
`ing can require conversion to a mutually acceptable
`format. When a single file is shared by many people,
`access can be regulated through such means as pass—
`word protection, security clearances, or file looking
`to prohibit changes to a file by more than one person
`at a time.
`
`file size n. The length of a file, typically given in
`
`bytes. A computer file stored on disk actually has
`two file sizes, logical size and physical size. The
`logical file size corresponds to the file’s actual size——
`the number of bytes it contains. The physical size
`refers to the amount of storage space allotted to the
`file on disk. Because space is set aside for a file in
`blocks of bytes, the last characters in the file might
`not completely fill the block (allocation unit) re— .
`served for them. When this happens, the physical size
`is larger than the logical size of the file.
`
`filespec n. See file specification (definition 1).
`file specification n. 1. Abbreviated filespec. The path
`to a file, from a disk drive through a chain of direc-
`tory files to the filename that serves to locate a par-
`ticular file. 2. A filename containing wildcard
`characters that indicate which files among a group of
`similarly named files are requested. 3. A document
`that describes the organization of data within a file.
`
`file structure 72. A description of a file or group of
`files that are to be treated together for some purpose.
`Such a description includes file layout and location
`for each file under consideration.
`
`file system 71. In an operating system, the overall
`structure in which files are named, stored, and orga—
`nized. A file system consists of files, directories, or
`folders, and the information needed to locate and
`access these items. The term can also refer to the
`
`portion of an operating system that translates re-
`
`quests for file operations from an application pro-
`gram into low-level, sector-oricntcd tasks that can be
`understood by the drivers controlling the disk drives.
`See also driver.
`
`file transfer n. The process of moving or transmitting
`a file from one location to another, as between two
`
`programs or over a network.
`File Transfer Protocol 71. See FTP1 (definition 1).
`
`file type 11. A designation of the operational or struca
`tural Characteristics of a file. A file’s type is often
`identified in the filename, usually in the filename
`extension. See also file format.
`
`fill1 n. In computer graphics, the colored or patterned
`“paint" inside an enclosed figure, such as a circle.
`The portion of the shape that can be colored or pat-
`terned is the fill area. Drawing programs commonly
`offer tools for creating filled or nonfilled shapes; the
`user can specify color or pattern.
`fill2 vb. To add color or a pattern to the enclosed por-
`
`.
`tion of a circle or other shape.
`film at 11 A phrase sometimes seen in newsgroups.
`An allusion to a brief newsbreak on TV that refers
`
`to a top news story that will be covered in full on
`the 11 o’clock news, it is used sarcastically to ridi-
`cule a previous article’s lack of timeliness or news—
`worthiness. See also newsgroup.
`"
`
`film recorder n. A device for capturing on 35—mm
`film the images displayed on a computer screen.
`' film ribbon 11. See carbon ribbon.
`
`filter n. 1. A program or set of features Within a pro—
`gram that reads its standard or designated input,
`transforms the input in some desired way, and then
`writes the output to its standard or designated output
`destination. A database filter, for example, might flag
`information of a certain age. 2. In communications
`and electronics, hardware or software that selectively
`passes certain elements of a signal and eliminates or
`minimizes others. A filter on a communications net-
`
`work, for example, must be designed to transmit a
`certain frequency but attenuate (dampen) frequencies
`above it (a lowpass filter), those below it (a highpass
`filter), or those above and below it (a bandpass fil—
`ter). 3. A pattern or mask through which data is
`passed to weed out specified items. For instance, a
`filter used in e-mail or in retrieving newsgroup mes-
`sages can allow users to filter out messages from
`other users. See also e-mail filter, mask. 4. In com-
`
`
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`I/O port a. See input/output port.
`
`I/O processor n. See input/output processor.
`IO.SYS \I-O’-sis‘,, I—O’-dot—sis‘\ n. One of two hidden
`system files installed on an MS-DOS startup disk.
`IO.SYS in IBM releases of MS—DOS (called
`IBMBIOCOM) contains device drivers for peripher-
`als such as the display, keyboard, floppy disk drive,
`hard disk drive, serial port, and real—time clock. See
`also MSDOS.SYS.
`
`IP 11. Acronym for Internet Protocol. The protocol
`within TCP/1P that governs the breakup of data mes-
`sages into packets, the routing of the packets from ‘
`sender to destination network and station, and the
`reassembly of the packets into the original data mes—
`sages at the destination. IP runs at the internetwork
`layer in the TCP/IP model—equivalent to the net—
`work layer in the 180/081 reference model. See also
`ISO/OSI reference model, TCP/fl). Compare TCP.
`IP address 11. Short for Internet Protocol address. A
`32—bit (4~byte) binary number that uniquely identifies '
`a host (computer) connected to the Internet to other
`Internet hosts, for the purposes of cominunication
`through the transfer of packets. An IP address is ex—
`pressed in “dotted quad” format, consisting of the
`decimal values of its 4 bytes, separated with periods;
`for example, 127.0.0.1. The first 1, 2, or 3 bytes of
`the IP address identify the network the host is con-
`nected to; the remaining bits identify the host itself.
`The 32 bits of all 4 bytes together can signify almost
`231, or roughly 4 billion, hosts. (A few small ranges
`within that set of numbers are not used.) Also called
`Internet Protocol number, IP number. See also host,
`IANA, ICANN, InterNIC, IP, packet (definition 2).
`Compare domain name.
`
`,
`
`IPC n. See interprocess communication.
`
`'
`IPL It. See initial program load.
`IP multicasting n. Short for Internet Protocol
`multicasting. The extension of local area network
`multicasting technology to a ’I’CP/IP network. Hosts
`send and receive multicast datagrams, the destination
`fields of which specify IP host group addresses rather
`than individual IP addresses. A host indicates that it
`is a member of a group by means of the Internet
`Group Management Protocol. See also datagram,
`Internet Group Membership Protocol, IP, MBONE,
`multicasting.
`
`I
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`248
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`IPng \I’peng\ n. Acronym for Internet Protocol next
`
`generation. A version of Internet Protocol (IP) devel-
`Oped by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
`Improvements over the original Internet Protocol
`include better security and an increased IP address
`size of 16 bytes. See also IETF, IP, IP address.
`IP number 7;. See IP address. -
`
`.
`
`p
`
`IPP n. See Internet Printing Protocol.
`
`IP spoofing n. The act ofdnserting a false sender IP I
`address into an Internet transmission in order to gain
`unauthorized access to a computer system. See also
`IP address, spoofing.
`IP switching n. A technology developed by Ipsilon
`Networks (Sunnyvale, Calif.) that enables a sequence
`of IP packets with a common destination to be trans—
`mitted over a high—speed, high-bandwidth Asynchro-
`nous Transfer Mode~(ATM) connection.
`
`IPv6 n. Short for Internet Protocol version 6. A pro—
`posed next generation for the Internet Protocol, cur-
`rently version 4, which wasintroduced in September
`1995 by the Internet Engineering Task Force and
`formerly known as IPng. See also IP, IPng.
`IPX n. Acronym for Internetwork Packet Exchange.
`The protocol in Novell NetWare that governs ad—
`dressing and routing of packets within and between
`LANs. IPX packets can be encapsulated in Ethernet
`packets or Token Ring frames. IPX operates at 180/,
`081 levels 3 and 4 but does not perform all the font:—
`tions at those levels. In particular, IPX does not guar-
`antee that a message will be complete (no lost
`packets); SPX has that job. See also Ethernet (defmi—
`tion 1), packet, Token Ring network. Compare SPX'
`(definition 1).
`,
`
`IRC channel, maintained by an IRC server, transmits
`
`IPX/SPX n. Acronym for Internetwork Packet Ex—
`change/Sequenced Packet Exchange The network
`and transport level protocols used by Novell
`NetWare, which together correspond to the combi-
`nation of TCP and IP in the TCP/[P protocol suite.
`IPX is a connectionless protocol. that handles ad-
`dressing and routing of packets: SPX, which runs
`above IPX, ensures correct delivery. See also IPX,
`SPX (definition 1).
`IR 11. See infrared.
`
`v
`
`IRC n. Acronym for Internet Relay Chat. A service
`that enables an Internet user to participate in a con—
`versation on line in real time with other users. An
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`numbers often include an M (male) or P (plug). For
`example, a male DB —25 connector might be labeled
`DB—25M or DB—25P. See the illustration. Compare
`female connector.
`
`
`
`Male connector.
`
`MAN n. Acronym for metropolitan area network. A
`high—speed network that can carry voice, data, and
`images at up to 200 Mbps or faster over distances of
`up to 75 km. Based on the network architecture, the
`transmission speed can be higher for shorter dis-
`tances. A MAN, which can include one or more
`LANs as well as telecommunications equipment such
`as microwave and satellite relay stations, is smaller
`than a wide area network but generally operates at a
`higher speed. Compare LAN, wide area network.
`
`managed service provider n. A business that supplies
`remote access services to individuals and enterprises.
`Managed service providers offer remote connections,
`network management, user support, security, and
`applications hosting. Acronym: MSP. Compare ISP.
`Management Information Services n. See Informa—
`tion Services.
`
`management information system n. A computer—
`based system for processing and organizing informa-
`tion so as to provide various levels of management
`within an organization with accurate and timely in—
`formation needed for supervising activities, tracking
`progress, making decisions, and isolating and solving
`problems. Acronym: MIS.
`
`Management Information Systems 71. See Informa—
`tion Services.
`
`manager n. Any program that is designed to perform
`a certain set of housekeeping tasks related to com-
`puter operation, such as the maintenance of files. On
`the Macintosh, Manager (with a capital M) is used in
`the names of various separate portions of the com-
`puter’s operating system that handle input, output,
`and internal functions (e.g., File Manager and
`Memory Manager).
`
`Manchester coding n. A method of encoding data
`used in communications, such as on some LANs, that
`
`combines both data and timing signals in a stream of
`transmitted bits. See also phase encoding.
`Mandelbrot set n. See fractal.
`
`man-machine interface 11. The set of commands, dis-
`plays, controls, and hardware devices enabling the
`human user and the computer system to exchange
`information. See also user interface.
`
`man pages 11. Online documentation for UNIX com—
`mands and programs and the UNIX library routines
`available for use in C programs. These documents,
`also found in the UNIX Programmer’s Manual, can
`be displayed on a user’s terminal or printed using the
`Command man.
`
`mantissa n. 1. In calculations that have;logarithms,
`the positive decimal fraction of a common (base~10)
`logarithm. Forexample, the common logaiithm of 16
`is 1.2041; the characteristic, or whole-number por—
`tion, of the logarithm is 1 (the logarithm of 10), and
`the mantissa, or fractional portion, is .2041 (the loga—
`rithm of 1.6). See also characteristic, logarithm.
`2. In floating—point notation, the portion expressing
`the significant digits of a number. For example, the
`floating~point representation of 640,000 is 6.4E+05.
`The mantissa is 6.4; the exponent (E+05) shows the
`power of 10 to which 6.4 is raised. See also floating—
`point notation.
`1
`
`map1 It. Any representation of the structure of an ob
`ject. For example, a memory map describes the lay—
`out of objects’in an area of memory, and a symbol
`map lists the associations between symbol names and
`memory addresses in a program. See also image map.
`
`map2 vb. To translate one value into another. For ex—
`ample, in computer graphics one might map a three—
`dimensional image onto a sphere. In reference to
`virtual memory systems, a computer might translate
`(map) a virtual address into a physical address. See
`also Virtual memory.
`
`MAPI \ma’pe\ n. Acronym for Messaging Application
`Programming Interface. The Microsoft interface
`specification that allows different messaging and
`workgroup applications (including e—mail, voice
`mail, and fax) to work through a single client, such
`as the Exchange client included with Windows 95
`and Windows NT. See also application programming
`interface.
`
`mapped drives n. 1. In the Windows environment,
`network drives that have been assigned local drive
`letters and are locally accessible. 2. Under UNIX,
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`Unified Patents
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`Exhibit 1008
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`Page 7 of 11
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`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1008
`Page 7 of 11
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`I
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` 1‘751fI Iatio if": Iffliii
` rive, ,.
`:
`
`relational algebra n. A collection of rules and opera-
`tors that permit relations (tables) to be manipulated.
`Relational algebra is usually described as having the
`following operators: SELECT, PROJECT, PROD—
`UCT, UNION, INTERSECT, DIFFERENCE, JOIN
`(or INNER JOIN), and DIVIDE. In a relational data-
`base, relational algebra is used to develop procedures
`to build new relations based on the existing relations.
`relational calculus TL In database management, a
`nonprocedural method for manipulating relations
`(tables). There are two families of relational calcu-
`lus: domain calculus and tuple calculus. The two
`families of relational calculus are mathematically
`equivalent to each other and to relational algebra.
`Using either family, one can formulate a description
`of a desired relation, based on the existing relations
`in the database.
`
`relational database nsA database or database man— -
`agement system that stores information in tables—
`rows and columns of data—and conducts searches by
`using data in' specified columns of one (able to find
`additional data in another table. In a relational data—
`base, the rows of a table represent records (collec-
`tions of information about separate items) and the
`columns represent fields (particular attributes of a
`record). In conducting searches, a relational database
`matches information from a field in one table with
`information in a corresponding field of another table
`to produce a third table that combines requested data
`from both 'tables. For example, if one table contains
`the fields EMPLOYEE—1D, LAST-NAME, FIRST-
`NAME, and HIRE—DATE, and another contains the
`fields DEPT, EMPLOYEE—ID, and SALARY, a rela-
`tional database can match the EMPLOYEE-ID fields
`in the two tables to find such information as the names
`
`’
`
`of all employees earning a certain salary or the de-
`partments of all employees hired after a certain date.
`In other words, a relational database uses matching
`values in two tables to relate information in one to
`information in the other. Microcomputer database
`products typically. are relational databases. Compare
`flat-file database, inverted-list database.
`
`relational database management system n. See rela— ‘
`tional database.
`
`relational expression n. An expression that uses a
`relational operator such as “less than” or “greater
`than” to compare tWo or more expressions. A rela-
`tional expression resolves to a Boolean (true/false)
`value. See also Boolean, relational operator.
`
`relational model n. A data model in which the data is
`organized in relations (tables). This is the model
`implemented in most modern database management
`systems.
`'
`
`relational operator n. An operator that allows the
`programmer to compare two (or more) values or ex-
`pressions. Typical relational operators are greater
`than (>), equal to (=), less than (<), not equal to (<>),
`greater than onequal to (>=), and less than or equal
`to (<=). See also relational expression.
`relational structure n. The record organization used
`in the implementation of a relational model.
`
`relative address n. A location, as in a computer’s
`memory, that is specified in terms of its distance
`(displacement or offset) from a starting point (base
`address). A relative address is typically computed
`by adding an offset to the base. In everyday terms,
`this is similar to creating the address 2001 Main
`Street, in which the base is the 2000 block of Main
`Street and the offset is 1, which specifies the first
`house from the beginning of the block. Also called
`indirect address.
`
`relative coordinates it. Coordinates that are defined
`
`1
`
`~
`
`in terms of their distance from a given starting point,
`rather than from the origin (intersection of two axes).
`For example, from a starting point on the screen, a
`square defined by relative coordinates can be drawn
`as a series of lines, each representing a displacement
`in distance and direction from the end of the preced-
`ing point. The entire square can be redrawn at another
`location simply by changing the coordinates of the
`starting point rather than by recalculating the coordi—
`nates ofeach corner with reference to the origin. See
`the illustration. Compare absolute coordinates.
`
`z
`
`Point at relative
`coordinate (2,3)
`/ from the point
`below
`
`.
`
`
`
`Relative coordinates.
`
`relative movement n. 1. Motion whose distance and
`direction are relative to a starting point. For example,
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`Unified Patents
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`Exhibit 1008
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`Page 8 of 11
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`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1008
`Page 8 of 11
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`reset button n. A device that restarts a computer with-
`out turning offits power. Compare big red switch.
`resident font 11. See internal font.
`
`and pasted from one program into another, typically
`by a specialized utility program Called a resource
`editor.
`
`resident program n. See TSR.
`resistance It. The ability to impede (resist) the flow of
`electric current. With the exception of superconduc—
`tors, all substances have a greater or lesser degree of
`resistance. Substances with very low resistance, such
`as metals, conduct electricity well and are called con—
`ductors. Substances with very high resistance, such
`as glass and rubber, conduct electricity poorly and
`are called nonconductors or insulators.
`
`resistor 11. A circuit component designed to provide a
`specific amount of resistance to current flow.
`resize vb. To make an object or space larger or
`smaller. Also called scale.
`resolution 71. 1. The fineness of detail attained by a
`printer or a monitor in producing an image. For print—
`ers that form characters from small, closely spaced
`dots, resolution is measured in dots pertinch, or dpi,
`and ranges from about 125 dpi for low-duality dot-
`matrix printers to about 600 dpi for some laser and
`ink-jet printers (typesetting equipment can print at
`resolutions of over 1,000 dpi). For a Videovdisplay,
`the number of pixels is determined by the graphics
`mode and video adapter, but the size of the display
`depends on the size and adjustment of the monitor;
`hence the resolution of a video display is taken as the
`total number of pixels displayed horizontally and
`vertically. See also high resolution, low resolution
`2. The process of translation between a domain name
`address and an IP address. See also DNS, IP‘address.
`
`resolve vb. 1. To match one piece of information to
`another in a database or lockup table. 2. To find a
`setting in which no hardware conflicts occur. 3. To
`convert a logical address to a physical address or vice
`Versa. 4. To convert an Internet domain name to its
`corresponding IP address. See also DNS, IP address.
`
`resource n. 1. Any part of a computer system or a
`network, such as a disk drive, printer, or memory,
`that can be allotted to a program or a process while it
`is running. 2. An item of data or code that can be used
`by more than one program or in more than one place
`in a program, such as a dialog box, a sound effect, or
`a font in a windowing environment. Many features in
`a program can be altered by adding or replacing re-
`sources without the necessity of recompiling the pro-
`gram from source code. Resources can also be copied
`
`resource allocation n. The process of d