`
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`
`
`Ericsson Inc.
`
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
`
`Patent Owner
`
`Patent No. 8,320,337 B2
`Filing Date: January 5, 2010
`Issue Date: November 27, 2012
`
`Title: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING ACK/NACK
`
`Inter Partes Review No. IPR2019-00237
`
`
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`UNDER 35 U.S.C. §§ 311-319 AND 37 C.F.R. § 42.100 ET SEQ.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`I.
`
`Preliminary Statement .................................................................................. 1
`
`II. Technological Background ........................................................................... 5
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`3-Bit Field in DCI Format 0 .................................................................. 6
`
`The Dynamic Cyclic Shift Value .......................................................... 7
`
`Cyclic Shifting Reference Signals ...................................................... 10
`
`D. Optimal Dynamic Cyclic Shift Values ................................................ 12
`
`E.
`
`F.
`
`G.
`
`H.
`
`ACK/NACK and the PHICH .............................................................. 14
`
`The Modifier ........................................................................................ 19
`
`Extended Cyclic Prefix ........................................................................ 25
`
`The PHICH Collision Problem ........................................................... 26
`
`1. Modular Arithmetic .................................................................. 27
`
`2.
`
`PHICH Collisions in Extended CP ........................................... 29
`
`I.
`
`Solving PHICH Collisions for Extended Cyclic Prefix ...................... 33
`
`III. The ’337 Patent and the Challenged Claim .............................................. 46
`
`A.
`
`The ’377 Patent ................................................................................... 46
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Representative Embodiment of the ’337 Patent ....................... 47
`
`The ’337 Patent’s Applicant-Admitted Prior Art ..................... 51
`
`Challenged Claim ................................................................................ 52
`
`Priority Date ........................................................................................ 54
`
`Prosecution History ............................................................................. 54
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`IV. Prior Art ....................................................................................................... 56
`
`A.
`
`LTE Release 8 V8.4.0 (LTE V8.4.0) .................................................. 56
`
`i
`
`

`

`B.
`
`TDoc R1-081961 Titled “Mapping of PHICH Resources from
`PUSCH and DM-RS Transmission,” 3GPP TSG RAN WG1
`#53, Qualcomm “Qualcomm-1” ......................................................... 62
`
`V.
`
`Statement of Precise Relief Requested ...................................................... 67
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`Claims for Which Review Is Requested ............................................. 67
`
`Statutory Grounds of Challenge .......................................................... 67
`
`Level of Ordinary Skill ....................................................................... 67
`
`Claim Construction ............................................................................. 67
`
`VI. Claim 10 is Unpatentable ............................................................................ 68
`
`A. Ground #1: Claim 10 is Obvious Under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a)
`Over LTE V8.4.0 in Combination with Qualcomm-1 ........................ 68
`
`1.
`
`A POSITA Would Have Combined LTE V8.4.0 With
`Qualcomm-1 .............................................................................. 68
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`LTE V8.4.0 and Qualcomm-1 Are from the Same
`Field of Endeavor and Are Directly Related .................. 70
`
`A POSITA Would Have Readily Observed the
`Collision Problem with Extended Cyclic Prefix in
`LTE V8.4.0 ..................................................................... 71
`
`A POSITA Would Have Desired to Apply the
`Solutions in Qualcomm-1 to LTE V8.4.0 to Derive
`a Re-Arranged Table That Avoids Collisions in
`Extended Cyclic Prefix Broadcasts ................................ 73
`
`2.
`
`Claim 10 .................................................................................... 82
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`[10pre] A method of transmitting ACK or NACK
`information about data received from a terminal in
`a base station of a wireless communication system,
`the method comprising: .................................................. 83
`
`[10a] transmitting cyclic shift information for a
`reference signal to a terminal; ........................................ 84
`
`ii
`
`

`

`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`[10b.1] receiving, from the terminal, the data and a
`reference signal having a cyclic shift value, ................... 85
`
`[10b.2] the cyclic shift value being determined
`based on a dynamic cyclic shift value mapped one-
`to-one to the cyclic shift information for the
`reference signal according to Table 7; and ..................... 87
`
`[10c.1] transmitting, to the terminal, ACK or
`NACK information about the received data
`through a radio resource of a downlink channel, .........106
`
`[10c.2] the radio resource of the downlink channel
`being identified based on a modifier mapped one-
`to-one to the cyclic shift information for the
`reference signal according to Table 8 ...........................106
`
`VII. Conclusion ..................................................................................................109
`
`VIII. Mandatory Notices Under 37 C.F.R. §42.8 .............................................109
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`Real Parties-In-Interest ......................................................................109
`
`Related Matters ..................................................................................109
`
`Lead and Back-Up Counsel ...............................................................110
`
`Service Information ...........................................................................110
`
`IX. Certification Under 37 C.F.R. §42.24(d) .................................................111
`
`X.
`
`Payment of Fees .........................................................................................111
`
`XI. Time for Filing Petition .............................................................................111
`
`XII. Grounds for Standing ................................................................................111
`
`
`
`
`
`
`iii
`
`

`

`Exhibit No.
`1001
`1002
`
`1003
`
`1004
`1005
`
`1006
`1007
`
`1008
`
`1009
`
`1010
`
`1011
`
`1012
`
`1013
`
`1014
`
`Petitioner’s Table of Exhibits
`
`
`Description
`U.S. Patent No. 8,320,337 (“the ’337 Patent”)
`Prosecution File History of U.S. Patent No. 8,320,337 (“’337 File
`History”)
`Declaration of Alexander Haimovich, Ph.D. under 37 C.F.R. §
`1.68
`Curriculum Vitae of Alexander Haimovich, Ph.D.
`Complaint filed December 3, 2018 in Sol IP, LLC v. AT&T
`Mobility LLC, Civil Action No. 2:18-cv-00826 (E.D. Tex.)
`U.S. Patent No. 8,531,962
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation
`(Release 8), 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.4.0 (2008-09) (“36.211 V8.4.0”)
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release 8), 3GPP
`TS 36.213 V8.4.0 (2008-09) (“36.213 V8.4.0”)
`LG Electronics, “Issues with PHICH Modifier,” 3GPP TSG RAN
`WG1 Meeting #53bis in Warsaw, Poland, June 30 ~ July 4, 2008,
`R1-082439
`Qualcomm Europe, “Mapping of PHICH Resources from PUSCH
`and DM-RS Transmission,” 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting # 53
`in Kansas City, USA, May 5-9, R1-081961 (“Qualcomm-1”)
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation
`(Release 8), 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.3.0 (2008-05)
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release 8), 3GPP
`TS 36.213 V8.3.0 (2008-05)
`Declaration of Craig Bishop under 37 C.F.R. § 1.68 (“Bishop
`Decl.”) and related appendices
`Motorola, “PDCCH Formats (A) for Scheduling Grants,” 3GPP
`TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #50bis in Shanghai, China, October 8-
`12, 2007, R1-074000
`
`iv
`
`

`

`Exhibit No.
`1015
`
`1016
`
`1017
`
`1018
`
`1019
`1020
`
`1021
`
`1022
`
`1023
`
`1024
`1025
`1026
`1027
`1028
`
`1029
`
`1030
`
`1031
`
`Description
`Nokia Siemens Networks, Nokia, “Cyclic shift value definition for
`PUSCH demodulation RS,” 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting
`#52bis in Shenzhen, China, Match 31-April 4, 2008, R1-081444
`Samsung, “Clarification on Mapping of Cyclic Shift Field in DCI
`format 0,” 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 #53bis in Warsaw, Poland, June
`30-July 4, 2008, R1-082302
`ETRI, “PHICH resource identification for extended CP,” 3GPP
`TSG RAN WG1 #55 in Prague, Czech Rep., November 10-14,
`2008, R1-084530
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation
`(Release 8), 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.5.0 (2008-12)
`Plaintiff Sol IP’s First Amended Infringement Contentions
`English Translation of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2008-
`0081083 and associated translator declaration
`English Translation of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2008-
`0094491 and associated translator declaration
`English Translation of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2008-
`0101970 and associated translator declaration
`English Translation of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2009-
`0047517 and associated translator declaration
`Korean Patent Application No. 10-2008-0081083
`Korean Patent Application No. 10-2008-0094491
`Korean Patent Application No. 10-2008-0101970
`Korean Patent Application No. 10-2009-0047517
`“Draft Report of 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 #50 v0.2.0,” 3GPP TSG
`RAN WG1 #50bis in Shanghai, China, October 8-12, 2007, R1-
`073896
`Motorola, “PHICH Assignment for MU-MIMO in E-UTRA,”
`3GPP TSG RAN WG1 #50bis in Shanghai, China, October 8-12,
`2007, R1-074002
`Samsung, “Summary of Offline Discussions on EUTRA UL RS,”
`3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #52bis in Shenzhen, China, March
`31-April 4, 2008, R1-081662
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation
`
`v
`
`

`

`Exhibit No.
`
`1032
`
`1033
`
`1034
`
`1035
`
`1036
`
`1037
`
`Description
`(Release 8), 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.0.0 (2007-09)
`Qualcomm Europe, “Structure of PBCH and Location of D-BCH,”
`3GPP TSG RAN WG1 #49bis in Orlando, USA, June 25-29, 2007,
`R1-072728
`“Way forward on PHICH allocation,” 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 #52
`in Sorrento, Italy, February 11-15, 2008, R1-081071
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation
`(Release 8), 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.2.0 (2008-03)
`3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
`Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release 8), 3GPP
`TS 36.213 V8.2.0 (2008-03)
`Qualcomm Europe, “Details of the UL Demodulation RS,” 3GPP
`TSG RAN 1 #50 in Athens, Greece, August 20-24, 2007, R1-
`073253
`Correspondence regarding consent to file infringement contentions
`under seal at the PTAB
`
`
`
`vi
`
`

`

`
`
`CASES
`
`Table of Authorities
`
`Page(s)
`
`In re Beattie,
`974 F.2d 1309, 1311 (Fed.Cir.1992) .......................................................................................74
`
`PAR Pharm., Inc. v. TWI Pharm., Inc.,
`773 F.3d 1186, 1198 (Fed. Cir. 2014) .....................................................................................74
`
`In re Fulton,
`391 F.3d 1195, 1200 (Fed. Cir. 2004) .....................................................................................74
`
`Dow Chem. Co. v. Sumitomo Chem. Co.,
`257 F.3d 1364, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2001) .....................................................................................68
`
`Phillips v. AWH Corp.,
`415 F.3d 1303, 1312-13 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) ...............................................................68
`
`Unwired Planet, LLC v. Google Inc.,
`841 F.3d 995, 1001 (Fed. Cir. 2016) .......................................................................................73
`
`STATUTES
`
`35 U.S.C. §102(b) .................................................................................................................. passim
`
`35 U.S.C. § 103(a) ................................................................................................................. passim
`
`35 U.S.C. §§ 311-319 ......................................................................................................................1
`
`OTHER AUTHORITIES
`
`37 C.F.R. §42.8 ....................................................................................................................109, 110
`
`37 C.F.R. §42.24(d) .....................................................................................................................111
`
`37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b) ....................................................................................................................67
`
`37 C.F.R. § 42.100 et seq. ................................................................................................................1
`
`37 C.F.R. §42.101(b) ...................................................................................................................111
`
`
`
`vii
`
`

`

`I.
`
`Preliminary Statement
`
`Petitioner Ericsson Inc. (“Ericsson”) respectfully requests inter partes
`
`review and cancellation of claim 10 of U.S. Patent No. 8,320,337 (“the ’337
`
`Patent”) under 35 U.S.C. §§311-319 and 37 C.F.R. § 42.100 et seq.
`
`to two values—the “modifier” ((cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020) ) and the “dynamic cyclic shift value”
`((cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`
`The ’337 Patent claims an allegedly novel method for mapping a 3-bit field
`
`).
`
`
`
`The ’337 Patent’s mapping scheme purportedly solves the problem of collisions in
`
`a transmission mode called extended cyclic prefix that is not actually used in LTE.
`
`The ’337 Patent’s mapping scheme is an obvious modification of the prior
`
`art’s mapping scheme. Before the ’337 Patent, the prior art LTE standard (“LTE
`
`V8.4.0”) disclosed mapping the 3-bit field to the modifier and dynamic cyclic shift
`
`value according to the following table.
`
`1
`
`

`

`The prior art LTE V8.4.0 also disclosed that collisions occur in extended cyclic
`
`
`
`prefix when the dynamic cyclic shift values, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`modifiers, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020), that differ by four. That is, a collision occurs when any of the
`values in the middle (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020) column differ by four. In the prior art mapping scheme,
`
`, {0, 3, 6, 9} are mapped to
`
`the dynamic cyclic shift values {0, 3, 6, 9} are mapped to modifiers {0, 2, 4, 6}.
`
`The modifiers, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020), “0” and “4” differ by four, and “2” and “6” differ by four.
`
`
`
`It is therefore obviously apparent that the prior art mapping scheme causes
`
`collisions in extended cyclic prefix.
`
`2
`
`

`

`
`
`A prior art LTE contribution by Qualcomm (“Qualcomm-1”) discloses the
`
`solution. Qualcomm-1 proposes a mapping scheme where the number of dynamic
`
`, range from 0-7 as opposed to 0-10. Nevertheless,
`
`Qualcomm-1 resolves the collision problem by rearranging the dynamic cyclic
`
`cyclic shift values, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`shift values, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`
`, from an ascending order to an order where they are mapped to
`
`modifiers that do not differ by four.
`
`
`
`Qualcomm-1 Original Mapping
`
`Qualcomm-1 Rearrangement
`
`The ’337 Patent applies Qualcomm-1’s prior art solution. It rearranges the
`
`dynamic cyclic shift values, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`3, 6, 9} are mapped to modifiers, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020), that do not differ by four.
`
`, from an ascending order to an order where {0,
`
`3
`
`

`

`
`
`Prior Art Mapping
`
`’337 Patent Obvious Rearrangement
`
`Qualcomm’s rearrangement technique predictably solves the collision problem
`
`when applied to LTE V8.4.0’s. When dynamic cyclic shift values, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`corresponding modifiers, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020), differ by four. Qualcomm-1’s solution applied to
`
`9} are assigned to the table modified by Qualcomm-1, no longer do the
`
`, {0, 3, 6,
`
`LTE V8.4.0 solves the collision problem and renders the ’337 Patent obvious.
`
`
`
`In sum, the ’337 Patent observes a readily apparent problem and solves it
`
`with a well-known prior art solution for the same problem. The ’337 Patent claims
`
`
`
`4
`
`

`

`nothing more than the obvious rearrangement of values in one column to align with
`
`values in another column that do not differ by four, as taught by the prior art. For
`
`these reasons and those discussed in more detail in this Petition, claim 10 of the
`
`’337 Patent is obvious.
`
`
`
`This Petition, supported by the Declarations of Alexander Haimovich (Ex-
`
`1003) and Craig Bishop (Ex-1013), explains in greater detail why there is a
`
`reasonable likelihood that claim 10 of the ’337 Patent is unpatentable as obvious to
`
`a person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) in view of the prior art cited
`
`herein, the knowledge and understanding of a POSITA, and the ’337 Patent itself.
`
`Accordingly, Petitioner asks that the Board institute a trial for inter partes review
`
`of claim 10 of the ’337 Patent and cancel this claim as unpatentable.
`
`II. Technological Background1
`
`In co-pending patent infringement actions, Patent Owner Electronics and
`
`Telecommunications Research Institute, by and through its licensing agent Sol IP,
`
`LLC (collectively, “ETRI”), has alleged that claim 10 is “essential to certain LTE
`
`Standards, including LTE Release 8 (and later)” and technical specifications 3GPP
`
`TS 36.211 and 3GPP TS 36.213. Ex-1005, 51. ETRI further alleges that the ’337
`
`
`1 This Technological Background section is supported by the Declaration of
`
`Alexander Haimovich.
`
`5
`
`

`

`Patent is infringed by operating mobile devices in accordance with LTE Release 8.
`
`Id. at 52. Ericsson disagrees. Nevertheless, the patentability analysis contained in
`
`this petition is based on ETRI’s allegation that practicing LTE Release 8, and in
`
`particular 36.211 and 36.213, infringes the claims of the ’337 Patent.
`
`A.
`
`3-Bit Field in DCI Format 0
`
`Before one can understand the obvious solution claimed by the ’337 Patent,
`
`certain LTE concepts must be explained. In an LTE system, the terminal (i.e., a
`
`cell phone) and the base station (i.e., the cell tower) are constantly transmitting
`
`back and forth. Figure 3 from the ’337 Patent provides a flowchart helpful for
`
`illustrating the various transmissions relevant to this petition.
`
`First, in an LTE system, the base station transmits to the terminal radio link
`
`control information.
`
`6
`
`

`

`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`This radio link control information is called downlink control information (“DCI”)
`
`format 0 in LTE. Ex-1001, 5:23-26; Ex-1008, 51. It was well-known before the
`
`’337 Patent that DCI format 0 contains information for the terminal to
`
`communicate with the base station. Id; Ex-1003, ¶52. One important piece of
`
`information transmitted by the base station to the terminal is “the 3-bit uplink
`
`demodulation references symbol (DMRS) cyclic shift . . . indicated in the PDCCH
`
`with DCI format 0.” Ex-1008, 51. This 3-bit field is called the “cyclic shift field.”
`
`B.
`
`The Dynamic Cyclic Shift Value
`
`The first thing the terminal does with the 3-bit cyclic shift field is determine
`
`a cyclic shift value.
`
`7
`
`

`

`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`But, in LTE, the 3-bit field is not directly mapped to the cyclic shift value. Instead,
`
`the 3-bit field is mapped one-to-one to a value called the “dynamic cyclic shift
`
`The dynamic cyclic shift value is denoted in LTE by the variable (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`
`value.” Ex-1007, 25.
`
`
`
`. Id;
`
`Ex-1001, 5:61-63. In version 8.4.0 of the LTE standard (“LTE V8.4.0”), available
`
`before the ’337 Patent, the dynamic cyclic shift value is mapped to the 3-bit field
`
`according to Table 5.5.2.1.1-1, reproduced below.
`
`8
`
`

`

`
`Ex-1007, 25
`
`For example, if the base station transmits a 3-bit field of “010” to the
`
`
`
`
`
`terminal, the terminal will use Table 5.5.2.1.1-1 to determine a dynamic cyclic
`
`shift value of “3.”
`
`
`
`Ex-1007, 25 (Annotated)
`
`9
`
`

`

`
`
`The terminal calculates the cyclic shift value for the reference signal using
`
`the dynamic cyclic shift value, (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020)
`(cid:4666)(cid:2870)(cid:4667)
`1003, ¶56; Ex-1001, 5:49-55 (“n(cid:3030)(cid:3046) may denote the cyclic shift value for the
`
`, according to the following equations. Ex-
`
`reference signal”).
`
`
`
`Ex-1007, 24
`
`C. Cyclic Shifting Reference Signals
`
`After the terminal uses the dynamic cyclic shift value to calculate the cyclic
`
`shift value, the terminal cyclic-shifts a reference signal.
`
`10
`
`

`

`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`Reference signals are pilot signals transmitted by the terminal to the base station.
`
`Ex-1003, ¶¶40-41. The base station uses the received reference signal to estimate
`
`channel characteristics. Id. Put simply, the base station knows what a reference
`
`signal should look like—it is a reference. Id. The base station compares the
`
`received reference signal to what the reference signal should look like. Id. Based
`
`on this comparison, the base station can determine the quality of the radio
`
`connection between it and the terminal. Id.
`
`Reference signals are cyclic shifted to avoid interference between different
`
`terminals. It was well-known before the ’337 Patent that multiple users can
`
`transmit data at the same time using the same frequency in an LTE system. Ex-
`
`11
`
`

`

`1003, ¶¶34-37; Ex-1014, 2. This is called Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple
`
`Output (“MU-MIMO”). However, when multiple terminals transmit reference
`
`signals simultaneously in MU-MIMO, the reference signals are likely to interfere
`
`with each other. Ex-1003, ¶42. A cyclic shift is a complex mathematical operation
`
`that can make one reference signal less likely to interfere with another. Ex-1003,
`
`¶¶44-49. This is called making the reference signals “orthogonal.”
`
`D. Optimal Dynamic Cyclic Shift Values
`
`In LTE V8.4.0 and beyond, there are 12 possible dynamic cyclic shift values
`
`quantized into eight dynamic cyclic shift values according to the following table.
`
`Ex-1007, 24-25.
`
`
`Ex-1007, 25
`
`The base station assigns a cyclic shift value to a terminal by transmitting a 3-bit
`
`
`
`field. The terminal interprets the 3-bit field using Table 5.5.2.1.1-1 to determine its
`
`12
`
`

`

`assigned dynamic cyclic shift value. Even though cyclic shifts of “1,” “5,” “7,”
`
`“11,” and “12” exist, they cannot be assigned since they are not mapped to the 3-
`
`bit field according to Table 5.5.2.1.1-1.
`
`Prior to the ’337 Patent, it was known that “the cyclic shift orthogonality
`
`[(i.e., separation)] is optimized . . . when the used cyclic shifts are equally spaced
`
`and as widely separated as possible.” In other words, assigning terminals dynamic
`
`cyclic shift values that are as separated as possible minimizes the likelihood of
`
`interference. Since there are twelve possible dynamic cyclic shift values, the
`
`optimal cyclic shift separation is determined by dividing 12 (the number of
`
`available cyclic shifts) by the number of terminals simultaneously transmitting. Ex-
`
`1003, ¶56.
`
`
`
`If, for example, four terminals are simultaneously transmitting, the optimal
`
`12 (cid:4666)(cid:1872)(cid:1867)(cid:1872)(cid:1853)(cid:1864) (cid:1856)(cid:1877)(cid:1866)(cid:1853)(cid:1865)(cid:1861)(cid:1855) (cid:1855)(cid:1877)(cid:1855)(cid:1864)(cid:1861)(cid:1855) (cid:1871)(cid:1860)(cid:1861)(cid:1858)(cid:1872)(cid:1871)(cid:4667)
`4 (cid:4666)(cid:1872)(cid:1857)(cid:1870)(cid:1865)(cid:1861)(cid:1866)(cid:1853)(cid:1864)(cid:1871) (cid:1872)(cid:1870)(cid:1853)(cid:1866)(cid:1871)(cid:1865)(cid:1861)(cid:1872)(cid:1872)(cid:1861)(cid:1866)(cid:1859)(cid:4667) (cid:3404)3 (cid:4666)(cid:1867)(cid:1868)(cid:1872)(cid:1861)(cid:1865)(cid:1853)(cid:1864) (cid:1871)(cid:1857)(cid:1868)(cid:1853)(cid:1870)(cid:1853)(cid:1872)(cid:1861)(cid:1867)(cid:1866)(cid:4667)
`
`separation between dynamic cyclic shift values is
`
`. Because the optimal dynamic cyclic shift separation is 3 values, the optimal
`
`dynamic cyclic shifts for the four terminals are {0, 3, 6, 9}. In the case of three
`
`terminals, the optimal separation is 123(cid:3404)4
`
`13
`
`

`

`. Therefore, {0, 4, 8} are the dynamic cyclic shift values that provide the greatest
`
`resistance to interference. Id. And in the case of two terminals, the optimal
`
`dynamic cyclic shift values are separated by six and are {0, 6}. Id.
`
`E. ACK/NACK and the PHICH
`
`After the terminal determines a dynamic cyclic shift value according to
`
`Table 5.5.2.1.1-1 and cyclic-shifts a reference signal based on the dynamic cyclic
`
`shift value, LTE V8.4.0 teaches that the terminal transmits to the base station data
`
`and the cyclic-shifted reference signal. Ex-1007, 11.
`
`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`14
`
`

`

`The base station uses the received reference signal to estimate the characteristics of
`
`the connection between the base station and the terminal. Ex-1003, ¶¶38-40.
`
`Further detail of this process is not relevant to the ’337 Patent.
`
`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`The base station also decodes the data it receives and determines whether it
`
`received that data successfully or whether there was an error in the transmission.
`
`Ex-1003, ¶¶57-58.
`
`
`
`15
`
`

`

`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`Before the ’337 Patent, it was well-known that the base station generates an
`
`ACK (“acknowledgement”) if it is able to successfully receive and decode the data
`
`sent by the terminal. Ex-1007, 57. However, if an error occurs during decoding, the
`
`base station will generate a NACK (“negative acknowledgement”). Id. An ACK
`
`tells the terminal that the base station successfully received the data and that the
`
`terminal can begin transmitting the next chunk of data. Ex-1003, ¶58. A NACK
`
`tells the terminal that there was an error during the transmission and that the
`
`terminal needs to send the data again. Id.
`
`16
`
`

`

`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`Once the base station generates an ACK or NACK, it must convey this
`
`information to the terminal. It was well-known before the ’337 Patent that LTE
`
`transmits ACK/NACK information from the base station to the terminal on a
`
`Physical Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Channel (“PHICH”). Ex-1007, 57
`
`(“The PHICH carries the hybrid-ARQ ACK/NACK.”).
`
`The PHICH can be thought of as a grid. On the y-axis is a variable called the
`
`PHICH group number. On the x-axis is a variable called the PHICH sequence
`
`index.
`
`17
`
`

`

`Simplified PHICH
`
`
`
`Each terminal must know where within the PHICH to find its ACK/NACK
`
`information.
`
`
`
`It was well-known before the ’337 Patent that the terminal locates its
`
`specific ACK/NACK information using the PHICH group number and PHICH
`
`sequence index. Ex-1007, 57. In an LTE system, “[a] PHICH resource [(i.e.,
`
`), where (cid:1866)(cid:2900)(cid:2892)(cid:2893)(cid:2887)(cid:2892)
`(cid:2917)(cid:2928)(cid:2925)(cid:2931)(cid:2926) is the
`
`ACK/NACK)] is identified by the index pair ((cid:1866)(cid:2900)(cid:2892)(cid:2893)(cid:2887)(cid:2892)
`(cid:2917)(cid:2928)(cid:2925)(cid:2931)(cid:2926),(cid:1866)(cid:2900)(cid:2892)(cid:2893)(cid:2887)(cid:2892)
`(cid:2929)(cid:2915)(cid:2927)
`PHICH group number and (cid:1866)(cid:2900)(cid:2892)(cid:2893)(cid:2887)(cid:2892)
`(cid:2929)(cid:2915)(cid:2927)
`
` is the orthogonal sequence index within the
`
`group.” Id. The PHICH group number and sequence index act as coordinates that
`
`allow the terminal to locate its specific ACK/NACK information.
`
`18
`
`

`

`For example, if a terminal is assigned a PHICH group number of “6” and a
`
`PHICH sequence index of “3,” it can locate its ACK/NACK information on the
`
`PHICH as shown below.
`
`Simplified PHICH
`
`
`
`F.
`
`The Modifier
`
`Before the terminal can receive ACK/NACK information, it must identify
`
`where the ACK/NACK is located. In other words, the terminal must determine the
`
`“coordinates” of its ACK/NACK information (e.g., the PHICH group number and
`
`sequence index).
`
`19
`
`

`

`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`It was well-known before the ’337 Patent that the terminal determines the
`
`ACK/NACK coordinates using a value called the “modifier.” Ex-1008, 52-53. In
`
`LTE, the modifier is denoted by the variable (cid:1866)(cid:3005)(cid:3014)(cid:3019)(cid:3020). Ex-1001, 7:33-35. Just like
`
`the dynamic cyclic shift value, the modifier is mapped one-to-one to the 3-bit
`
`cyclic shift field transmitted by the base station in DCI format 0.
`
`In LTE V8.4.0, the modifier is mapped to the 3-bit field according to Table
`
`9.1.2-2 in technical specification 36.213.
`
`20
`
`

`

`
`Ex-1008, 53
`
`For example, if the base station transmits a 3-bit field of “010” to the terminal, the
`
`
`
`terminal will use Table 9.1.2-2 to determine a modifier value of “2.”
`
`Ex-1008, 53 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`The terminal uses the modifier to calculate the PHICH group number and sequence
`
`index according to the following equations:
`
`
`
`21
`
`

`

`Ex-1008, 52 (Annotated)
`
`Now that the terminal knows its PHICH group number and sequence index,
`
`it can locate its ACK/NACK information on the PHICH.
`
`Ex-1001, Fig. 3 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`Back to the example, if a terminal receives a 3-bit field of “010” in LTE V8.4.0, it
`
`will determine a modifier value of “3” according to Table 5.5.2.1.1-1. Ex-1007, 25.
`
`Ignoring all other variables for simplicity, the terminal will determine a PHICH
`
`group number of “3” and a sequence index of “3.” The terminal will therefore
`
`know where within the PHICH to look for and receive its ACK or NACK
`
`information.
`
`22
`
`

`

`Simplified PHICH
`
`
`
`There are two important points that must be noted here. First, the PHICH
`
`group number and sequence index equations, reproduced below, both use a modulo
`
`operation.
`
`Ex-1008, 52 (Annotated)
`
`
`
`Second, because the modifier and dynamic cyclic shift value are both mapped to
`
`the same 3-bit cyclic shift field, the two values are linked. As depicted below in the
`
`combined LTE V8.4.0 mapping scheme, in LTE V8.4.0, the modifier is mapped to
`
`the 3-bit field according to Table 9.1.2-2 in 36.213 and the dynamic cyclic shift
`
`23
`
`

`

`value is mapped to the same 3-bit field according to Table 5.5.2.1.1-1 in 36.211.
`
`The combined mapping scheme from Tables 9.1.2-1 and Tables 5.5.2.1.1-1 can be
`
`seen below.
`
`LTE V8.4.0 Mapping Scheme
`
`
`
`Because the dynamic cyclic shift value and modifier are linked to the same
`
`3-bit field, selection of one necessarily selects the other. If, for example, a base
`
`station assigns a dynamic cyclic shift value of “” to a terminal, the base station
`
`must transmit the cyclic shift field “011” to the terminal. By transmitting “011” to
`
`the terminal, the base station is also assigning that terminal a modifier value of “3.”
`
`When the base station selects a dynamic cyclic shift value, it necessarily selects a
`
`modifier based on LTE V8.4.0’s mapping scheme. This process is depicted below.
`
`24
`
`

`

`
`
`LTE V8.4.0 Mapping Scheme
`
`G. Extended Cyclic Prefix
`
`Extended cyclic prefix (“extended CP”) is a broadcast mode that is intended
`
`for broadcast scenarios where the risk of error from large delay spread is high. Ex-
`
`1003, ¶¶79-80. Extended cyclic prefix broadcasts were well-known before the ’337
`
`Patent. Ex-1007, 57-58. However, extended