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`Words are included in this Dictionary on the basis of their usage.
`Words that are known to have current trademark registrations are
`shown with an initial capital and are also identified as trademarks.
`No investigation has been made of common-law trademark rights in
`any word, because such investigation is impracticable. The inclusion
`of any word in this Dictionary is not, however, an expression of the
`Publisher’s opinion as to whether or not it is subject to proprietary
`rights. Indeed, no definition in this Dictionary is to be regarded as
`affecting the validity of any trademark.
`Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Miiflin Company. All rights reserved.
`No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
`and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system
`without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company
`unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law.
`Address inquiries to Reference Permissions, Houghton Miiflin
`Company, 211 Berkeley Street, Boston MA 02116.
`
`Illustrations azimuthal equidistant proiection and sinusoidal
`proiection © 1986 by The American Congress on Surveying and
`Mapping.
`
`Library of Congress Coraloging-in—Pubiicatr‘on Data
`
`Webster’s 11 new college dictionary.
`p.
`cm.
`
`lalk. paper]
`iSBN 0-395-770869-9
`1. English language — Dictionaries.
`Riverside University dictionary
`PE 162.8.W55164
`1995
`423 —- (1020
`
`l. Webster’s 11 new
`
`95-5833CIP
`
`For information about this and other Houghton Mifilin trade
`and reference books and multimedia products, visit
`The Bookstore at Houghton MiEflin on the World Wide Web at
`http:f/wwwhmcocomftrader‘.
`
`Printed in the United States
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`
`
`Contents
`
`
`Editorial and Production Staff ......................... vi
`
`Preface ...................................... vii
`
`Elements of the Dictionary ......................... viii
`
`.1 ............................ 1::
`.
`_
`Explanatory Notes .
`Abbreviations Used in this Dictionary .................. xviii
`
`Pronunciation Guide .............................. xx
`
`DICTIONARY ................................... 1
`
`Abbreviations ................................. 1287
`
`Biographical Names ............................. 1299
`Geographic Names .............................. 1374
`Foreign Words and Phrases ......................... 1468
`Four-Year Colleges and Universities ................... 1473
`
`Two-Year Colleges and Universities ................... 1484
`
`A Concise Guide to Style ......................... 1494
`
`Forms of Address ............................... 1501
`
`Table of Measurements ........................... 1509
`
`Periodic Table of the Elements ...................... 1512
`
`Signs and Symbols .............................. 1514
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`l7
`Advent Sunday 0 aero-
`
`Advent Sunday It. The first Sunday of Advent.
`“amen-tut: (Sd-vén’charl n. [ME aventure < OFr. < Lat. adven-
`tor-IS. for, part. of stimulus, no arrive. —sce novamz] l. A hazardous
`undertaking. 2. An unusual Cit—suspenseful experience. 3. Participation
`in hazardous or waiting experiences. 4. A financial speculation or
`business venture. 7v. -tm'erl. ~tur.ing, dunes. — vi. To venture
`or dare : mart. —vr'. To take risks. —odoven’ture-oome (-53:11)
`no“.
`Iv: gyms: ADVENTURE, curatsr, rmtnrrist, VENTURE rr. core mean-
`mg : an exciting, often risky undertaking (our mountain climbing
`adventure)
`.dwen-tur-er (ad-yea! char-at} n. 1. One who adventures. 2. A sol-
`diet of fortune. 3. A financial speculum. 4. One who unsu'upulously
`geeks wealth and social position.
`ad-ven-tlnt-ess {ad-VED'char-is] n. A woman who unscmpulously
`seeks social and financial advancement.
`gamma-moons {ad-VEnfchar-as] ad]. 1. Inclined to undertake new
`and daring Enterprises. 2. Full of hazard or risk. wndaven'tur-ous-
`1
`adv. —nd-ven’tuI-nuo-neas r1.
`minim-b [ad’vurb'] n. [ME adverbs < OFr. 6. Lat. adverbium : ad, to
`+ varbum. word] 1. A part of speech comprising a class of words that
`modify a verb, adiective, or other adverb. 2. A word belonging to this
`class, as slowly in The elephant moves slowly.
`adaverebi-nl [id-vur’bé-al) adj. Of, relating to, or used as an adverb.
`_ad-ver’bi-nl-Iy adv.
`5d var-bum [ad vur’bom} adv [14L] Word for word.
`ad-verosar-i-al [dd'var—sdr’é-oll adf. Relating to or characteristic
`of an adversary.
`adwer-sar-y [ad'var-ser'E) 21., pi. -ies. [ME adversan'e < Lat. ad-
`versarius. enemy c adversus, against. —see mucosa] One who op-
`poses another, esp. with animosity.
`ad-ver-sa-tive [Edvvur’ao-tlvl adj. [Lac adversativus < cdversorr'.
`to oppose < adversus. against. —sce ontascl Expressing antithesis
`or opposition <rhe adversative coniuncrion “but"> —ad-vor’ao-
`tive n. —ad-ver'es-tivc-ly adv.
`sdaverse (id-vflrs’, id'vdrs’} adj. [ME ( OFr. drivers «.1 Lat. adver-
`rus, ppart. of advertera. to turn toward : ad-. toward + vortere.
`to
`tut-11.] 1. Actively opposed : annoomsnc <an adverse reaction> 2.
`Failing to promote one‘s interests or welfare <ad'verss living condi-
`tions) 3. In an opposite or opposing direction or position 4. 30!. Far:-
`ing the main stem. -ad-vme’1y adv. —ad-vcrac’ncas n.
`advvcr-si-ty (id-yfir’sI-té] n., pl. dies. 1. A state of affliction or
`hardship : MISFOETUNE. 2. An instance of misiortune.
`ad-vertl (ad-iron" ) vi. wen-ed, warning, warts. [ME od-
`verten < OPr. overtir. to notice < Lat. advertere. to turn toward. — see
`onveasc] To call attention : allude or refer.
`ail-uteri;z (ad’vurt'l n. Chiefly Brit. An advertisement.
`ad-vor-tiae [ad’var-tiz'} v. -tised, ~tie-ing, ~tia-ea. {ME adver—
`tisers. to notify < OFT. avertr'r. avertiss-. to notice. —scs ADVERTL]
`—v.t. 1. To melee public announcement oi, esp. to proclaim the qual-
`ities or advantages of so as to increase sales <ad'vertise a new prod-
`uct> 2. To make generally known (advertise onc's desire to bargain)
`3. Archaic. To worn or notify. wvi. 1. To call the attention of the
`public to a product or business. 2. To inquireorr seek in a public notice,
`as in a newspaper. —ud’oer-tio'er n.
`adovor-tiseument (ad’var-tiz’mom, ad-vfir’tIs-, -t‘lz-} n. A notice
`designed to attract public attention or patronage.
`addict-tithing [ad’var-ti’zing] n. 1. The act of calling public at—
`tention to a product or business. 2. The business of preparing and dis-
`tributing advertisements. 3. Advertisements as a whole.
`std-vice (ad—vis’ ] n. [ME avis < CPL. view < Med. Lat. advises : Lat.
`ad-, to + visurn, something seen 4: victim. to see] 1. Opinion about a
`course of action : COUNSEL. 2. often advices. Information or report,
`esp. when communicated Iron] a distance : INTELLIGENCE.
`udovisca-ble (ad-vi'za-bal) adj. Prudent : expedient <not admsable
`to travel now> —ad-via'a-bil’i4ty, ad-vis'a-ble-nesa n.
`—ndoyis’a-b17 adv.
`adovise (id-viz } v. -Vi$ed. -Vii-ifl3, Wis-es. [ME arisen < OFI.
`aviser < avis. View. —soe ADVICE] —vt. 1. To offer advice to. 2. To
`recommend or suggest. 3. To inform or notify. usage: The use of ad-
`vise meaning "to inform“ or “to notify” is best restricted to business
`or legal writing. — vi. 1. To take counsel : CONSULT. 2. To offer advice.
`adovised (rid-vizd’] adf. l. Considered (ill-advisedD 2. Irilormed.
`ad-visved-I'y (advvi’zId-lé) adv. With careful consideration.
`ad-vi-aoe (ad-yi'zél n. One that is advised.
`ad-v‘ise-ment {ad—viz’mant} n. Careful consideration.
`ad-vis-er also ntl-vi-sor (ad-vi’zar) n. 1. One who advises. 2. A
`person who offers advice, esp. professionally or officially. a. A teacher
`who advises students in academic and personal matters.
`fld-vi-so-ry [dd-vi’za-ré} adj. 1. Empowered to advise (an advisory
`council> 2. Of, relating to, or containing advice (an advisory memo)
`—n.. pl. -riea. A report, as on the weather, giving information and
`up a warning
`ad-‘vn-ca-cy (ad’va-ka-sé] 11. Active support, as of a cause.
`
`ad-vo-cate (id’va‘két’l Vt. «cat-ed. -cat-ing, -cates. [< ME
`o'oboot
`ouout
`tlrtlrin
`ththis
`ncut
`{nurse
`yyoung
`yuT: abuse
`zhviaion
`anbout,
`item,
`edible,
`gallop,
`circus
`
`advocat, lawyer < OFr. avocat < Lat. advocatus, ppart. of advocate.
`to summon for counsel : ad, to + vacate. to call.] To speak in favor
`of: RECOMMEND. —n. (-ldt, -k§t’). 1. One who supports or defends a
`cause (an advocate of equal rights) 2. One who pleads in anodrcr’s
`behalf, esp. a lawyer. —sd’vo-ca'tor r].
`ad-vow.snn {ad-vou’zanl n. [ME ovouson < 0R avueson < Med.
`Lat. advocatio < Lat. advocario. a summoning < advocate. to sum—
`mon. —see ADVOCATE] The right to present a vacant henelice in Eng-
`lish ecclesiastical law.
`alloy-tum (dd'i—tom) n.. pl. -ta (-ta) [Lat. < Gk. aduton < adutos,
`not to be entered : as. not + dueirt. to enter] The sanctum in an an-
`cient rem le.
`adz or n It {adzl n. [ME riders < OE adorn] An axlike tool with a
`curved blade at right angles to the handle, used for shaping wood.
`adozuoki bean (ad-zdo’ké) n.
`[I. ozulti, red bean] A plant, Phase-
`oltrs angularis. with yellow flowers and pads yielding edible seeds,
`widely cultivated as a food crop in Asia.
`rust spore armed in a chainlike series in an aecium.
`ae-ci-o-spore (E’se-a-spot', -spt'ir’, -5hé-) rr. [section] + sonar] A
`Berni-um [é’sé-am, é’shé-l n, pl. -c.i-n [-sé-a, -sl:lé-al [NI-at, < Gk.
`at'Io'a, injury < marker, injurious] A cuplike structure in rust fungi
`containing chains of aecio
`es. —ae' ci-al (E'séqi, -she-} adj.
`a-euies [i—e’dézi 11., p1. codes. [NLat. Aedcs. genus name < Gk.
`midis, unpleasant : 5-. not + solos. pleasant] A mosquito of the genus
`Males. as A. aegypu'. that transmits yellow fever and dengue.
`ne-dile {é’dil'l n. [Lat astii'lr's < trades. house] A magistrate in one
`cient Rome in charge of public works and games, police, and the grain
`supply.
`Ae-gevan tI-ié’an} ad]. 01. relating to, or designating the Bronze Age
`civilization that flourished in the Aegean area.
`Are-gens ié’id‘os, E’ié-asl rr. [Lat. < Gk. Algeria] Git. Myth. A king
`of Athens and the father of Theseus.
`neg-i: (ag’ar) is. [ON] Norse Myth. The god of the sea.
`ae-gis [é’szJ 11. [ML < Gk. aigis] 1. Git. Myth. The shield of Zeus,
`lent by him to Athena, 2. Protection. 3. Sponsorship.
`Aegis-thus (I—jis'thas) :1 [lat < Git. Aigr'sthosl Git. Myth. The
`son of Tbyestes and lover of Clytemnestm.
`—aer:n:ia cuff. var. of -EMIA.
`Ae-ne-ae (I-ne’csl 11. [Lap < Gk. ammo] The Trojan hero of Vir-
`gil's Aeneid, son of Anal-rises and Aphrodite and reputed ancestor of
`the Romans, who escaped the pillage of Troy and wandered for seven
`years before settling in Italy.
`a-e-ne-oue or a-eone-ue [a-e'ne-as) adj. [Lat census, of bronze <
`ass, bronze] Having a brassy or golden-green color.
`Aeundivan (E-fi’lE-an, Afil’yanj mil. 1. Of or relating to Aeolis or its
`people. ‘2. Cir. Myth. Of or relat'in to Aeolus. 3. aeoIian. var. of m-
`man. —n 1. A member of one o the major Greek tribes that settled
`in central Greece, Lesbos. and Aeolis. 2. Aeolic.
`Aeolian harp n. A boxlike musical instrument having stretched
`strin
`that sound when wind passes over them.
`Ae-D vic {ééi’i’k} n. A group of dialects of ancient Greek spoken by
`the Aeolians.
`ae‘ol-i-pile (e-ol'a-pil'] n. [< Lat. Aeoli pyl'ae. gates of Aeolus : Aee
`olns. Aeolus + pyiae, gates < Git. puie‘. gate] An ancient
`rototypal
`steam engine consisting oi a cylindrical or s herical vessel
`itted with
`circumferential exhaust icts and mounts
`to permit free rotation
`about the steam inlet axis.
`Ae-o-lus [E’s-lac} n. liar. < Git. Aioios < oiolos. nimble] t. Git.
`Myth. The god of the winds. 2. A king ol Thessaly and ancestor of the
`Aeolians.
`aeron {Uoufi clan) 11. var of con.
`ae-u-ni-an (é-é'ne-enl ad‘f. var. of EONIAN.
`aenpy-nr-nis ié'pé‘ur’nisl n. [NLat. Aepyomr's. genus name : Git.
`aipys, high + Gk. arm's. bird] Any of an extinct genus of large flight-
`1ess birds of Madagascar
`ae-quor-in té-kwor’in, é‘ltwor'd n. [NLat. Aequorea. jellyfish ge-
`uus + -m.] A protein secreted by jellyfish that interacts with seawater
`to produce hioluminescent light.
`neo— pref. var. of aeno—.
`seer-ate [array] vt. alt-ed. mat-ins, «11.25. 1. To supply or charge
`{liquid} with a gas, es . to charge with carbon dioxide. 2. To expose to
`the circulation 01 air or purification. 3. To supply {blood} with oxygen.
`sierra-tor (ar’a’tarl n. One that aerated.
`aer-i-al (ér’e-al, zi-ir'e-al) adj. ]< Lat. aerius 4: Gk. aerios are, air]
`1. Of, in, or caused by the air. 2. inhabiting the air. 3. Imposineg high
`: tom. 4. Suggestive ofair. 5. Imaginary : unaubstautial. 6. Of, for, or
`by aircralt. 7. Bot. Growing in the air rather than in soil or under water
`(aerial roots} —rr. [ar’é-al). An antenna.
`act-.i-al-ist (fir'é-a-iist} n. An acrobat who performs high above the
`ground, as on a tightrope or mi eze.
`aerial ladder n. An extensib e ladder, esp. one mounted on a fire
`e
`e.
`agile also oer-y (air’é, fir’é, ir'é} 11., pl. -i|:s. [Med Lat. nen'o <
`OFr. rite] l. The nest of a predatory bird, as an eagle, built on a high
`place. 2. A house or stronghold built on a height.
`aero- or oer—pref. [ME < D'Fr. < Lat. < Gk. < air, air.] 1. a. Air:
`atmosphere (aeroballisticsb- b. Gas (aerosol) 2. Aviation (aeronau-
`tics)
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