1999 Copyright © ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
`electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`International Standard Book Number (ISBN): 0-915552-43-4
`
`Bernard Dubois, Tina M. Lowrey, L. J. Shrum, Marc Vanhuele, Editors
`
`European Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 4
`
`(Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1999)
`
`ii
`
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`Preface
`
`The fourth European Conference of The Association for Consumer Research was held at the campus of Groupe HEC in Jouy-en-Josas,
`France, on June 24-26, 1999. The articles published in this volume represent the papers that were presented at that conference.
`
`One of our primary objectives as co-chairs of this conference was to present a forum for North American and European scholars to
`exchange ideas on research related to consumer behavior. Although scholars on each side of the Atlantic are to some extent aware of the
`others’ efforts, we also realize that they have somewhat different views on the consumer and often come from different research traditions.
`We believe that both the similarities and differences provide ample opportunities for cross-fertilization and collaboration.
`
`In keeping with this objective, the theme for this conference can best be described as “Bridging the Atlantic.” To reach this objective,
`we took specific steps, some new to ACR, to facilitate a true cross-continental exchange. First, we formed a new committee, called the
`Organizing Committee. This committee was comprised of five prominent consumer behavior scholars: two from France (Yves Evrard and
`Gilles Laurent) and three from the U.S. (Elizabeth Hirschman, Don Lehmann, and Itamar Simonson). The committee members had two
`charges: to participate with the four co-chairs in “brainstorming sessions” aimed at increasing cross-Atlantic exchange and to use their
`prominence in the field to encourage and provide incentive to both European and North American scholars to participate in the conference.
`
`A second step we took to facilitate exchange involved the formation of the program committee and the choice of competitive paper
`reviewers. Specifically, we took special care to provide equal representation from Europe and North America, as well as equal
`representation across research philosophies. We also provided explicit encouragement for cross-Atlantic representation in the Call for
`Papers. The program committee, which was charged with reviewing special session proposals, consisted of 33 scholars. In addition, the
`five members of the Organizing Committee served as special session reviewers. For the reviews of the competitive papers, 93 scholars
`provided evaluations and feedback. As the lists on the following pages indicate, we for the most part achieved our objective of equal
`representation. More importantly, as the Conference Program indicates, our primary objective of a cross-Atlantic exchange was also
`achieved: 83% of the special sessions and 81% of the competitive paper sessions had both North American and European representation
`in terms of paper authorship.
`
`These specific tactics to increase representation at this European ACR conference appear to have been successful. We registered 189
`participants, representing 24 different countries. Eighty-six competitive papers were submitted, of which 47 (55%) were accepted and 33
`special session proposals were submitted, of which 18 (55%) were accepted. Given the norm of three papers per special session, the
`program was roughly equally divided between the presentation of special session papers and competitive session papers.
`
`As with any gathering of this magnitude and coordination over such a long distance, many different people can rightly claim that they had
`a hand in the success of the conference. We would like to start by thanking those people who helped in the composition of the conference:
`the reviewers of the competitive papers, the members of the Program Committee, and the members of the Organizing Committee. We
`deeply appreciate your efforts and commitment to the conference objectives.
`
`Of course, no matter how good the product, it is of little use to anyone if it is not properly delivered, and its value is diminished if good
`service is not provided. In both cases, we have many people to thank for insuring excellent delivery and outstanding customer service.
`With respect to the former, we would like to thank Groupe HEC for acting as gracious hosts. The facilities were first-rate, and the up-to-
`date multi-media equipment allowed for just about any type of presentation. In addition, judging from comments from participants, the
`“Barbecue by the Lake” and the dinner cruise on the Seine, both situated in stunningly beautiful locales, were a success.
`
`With respect to customer service, we would like to express our undying gratitude to Michele Raigner and Rachel Fillon. Their help ranged
`from initial contact and correspondence with authors to the minute-by-minute operation of the on-site activities, and they had a helpful
`hand in just about everything in between. In short, they made us look good.
`
`We deeply appreciate having the opportunity to organize this conference. It was a rewarding experience to have been able to interact and
`share ideas with colleagues from all over the world.
`
`Bernard Dubois, Groupe HEC
`Tina M. Lowrey, Rider University
`L. J. Shrum, Rutgers University
`Marc Vanhuele, Groupe HEC
`
`1999 European ACR Conference Co-Chairs/Proceedings Editors
`
`iii
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`Conference Committee
`
`President
`Joseph W. Alba
`
`Conference Chairs
`Bernard Dubois, Groupe HEC, France
`Tina M. Lowrey, Rider University, U.S.A.
`L. J. Shrum, Rutgers University, U.S.A.
`Marc Vanhuele, Groupe HEC, France
`
`Organizing Committee
`Yves Evrard, Groupe HEC, France
`Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Rutgers University, U.S.A.
`Gilles Laurent, Groupe HEC, France
`Don Lehmann, Columbia University, U.S.A.
`Itamar Simonson, Stanford University, U.S.A.
`
`Program Committee
`Gary J. Bamossy, University of Utah
`Patrick Barwise, London Business School
`Rajeev Batra, University of Michigan
`Barbara Bickart, Rutgers University
`Stephen Brown, University of Ulster
`Merrie Brucks, University of Arizona
`Dipankar Chakravarti, University of Colorado
`Christian Derbaix, FUCAM
`Susan Dobscha, Bentley College
`Franz-Rudolph Esch, Justus-Liebig Universitaet Giessen
`Yves Evrard, Groupe HEC
`Hubert Gatignon, INSEAD
`Güliz Ger, Bilkent University
`Kent Grayson, London Business School
`Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Rutgers University
`Morris B. Holbrook, Columbia University
`Alain Jolibert, ESA Grenoble
`Barbara Kahn, University of Pennsylvania
`Gilles Laurent, Groupe HEC
`Don Lehmann, Columbia University
`John A. McCarty, George Mason University
`Joan Meyers-Levy, University of Minnesota
`Hans Muhlbacher, Inst. fur Handel, Absatz & Marketing
`Michael Mulvey, Rutgers University
`R.G.M. Pieters, Tilburg University
`Christian Pinson, INSEAD
`David Schmittlein, University of Pennsylvania
`Sharon Shavitt, University of Illinois
`John F. Sherry, Northwestern University
`Itamar Simonson, Stanford University
`Jan-Benedict Steenkamp, Catholic University of Leuven
`Craig Thompson, University of Wisconsin
`Fred Van Raaij, Erasmus University
`
`iv
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`Competitive Paper Reviewers
`
`Alan R. Andreasen, Georgetown University
`Søren Askegaard, Odense University
`Gulden Asugman, Bogazici University, Bebek
`Philippe Aurier, IAE
`Ingo Balderjahn, University of Potsdam
`Bill Becker, Oregon State University
`Suzanne C. Beckmann, Copenhagen Business School
`Herbert Bless, Universitat Trier
`J.M.M. Bloemer, Limburg University
`Dominique Bouchet, Odense University
`Frédéric F. Brunel, Boston University
`Miriam Catterall, University of Ulster at Jordanstown
`Pierre Chandon, London Business School
`Jennifer E. Chang, Pennsylvania State University
`Arjun Chaudhuri, Fairfield University
`Judy Cohen, Rider University
`Steven Cooke, University of Stirling
`Deborah Cours, California State University-Northridge
`Elisabeth Cowley, University of New South Wales
`Alain D’astous, Ecole des HEC de Montreal
`Janez Damjan, University of Ljubljana
`Moshe Davidow, University of Haifa
`Ravi Dhar, Yale University
`Malene Djursaa, Copenhagen Business School
`Robert East, Kingston University
`Basil G. Englis, Berry College
`Gavan J. Fitzsimons, University of Pennsylvania
`Brenda Gainer, York University
`Meryl Gardner, University of Delaware
`Jim Gentry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
`Dale Griffin, Sussex University
`Pamela E. Grimm, Kent State University
`Andrea Gröppel-Klein, European University Viadrina
`Andreas Herrmann, Universitat Mainz
`Patrick Hetzel, Université Robert Schuman
`Margaret Hogg, UMIST
`Gong-Soog Hong, Purdue University
`Marty Horn, DDB Needham
`Wayne D. Hoyer, University of Texas-Austin
`Ahmad Jamal, Cardiff Business School
`Gita Johar, Columbia University
`Christopher Joiner, Kansas State University
`Philippe Jourdan, ESA Grenoble
`Klaus Peter Kaas, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität
`Jack Kasulis, University of Oklahoma
`James J. Kellaris, University of Cincinnati
`Tina Kiesler, New York University
`Jill Klein, INSEAD
`
`Ingeborg Astrid Kleppe, Norwegian School of Economics and
`Business Administration
`Simon Ulrik Kragh, Copenhagen Business School
`Anand Kumar, Southern Illinois University
`Sharmistha Law, University of Toronto at Scarborough
`Rob Lawson, University of Canterbury
`Jonathan Lee, University of Pittsburg
`Veronica Liljander, Swedish School of Economics and Business
`Administration
`Dale Littler, UMIST
`Harri Luomala, University of Vaasa
`Pauline Maclaran, Queen’s University of Belfast
`Judith Madill, Carleton University
`Naresh K. Malhotra, Georgia Tech University
`David Marsden, Napier University
`Fiona Mclean, University of Stirling
`David Mick, University of Wisconsin
`Steve Oakes, University of Central Lancashire
`Peter P. Oppenheim, University of Ballarat
`Cele Otnes, University of Illinois
`Lisa Peñaloza, University of Colorado
`Michel Pham, Columbia University
`Diane M. Phillips, St. Joseph’s University
`Melvin Prince, Quinnipiac University
`Sanjay Putrevu, University of Western Australia
`S. Ratneshwar, University of Connecticut
`Salvador Ruiz, Universidad de Murcia
`Joel Saegert, University of Texas-San Antonio
`Michael Saren, University of Strathclyde
`Pam Scholder Ellen, Georgia State University
`Jan Schoormans, Delft University of Technology
`Jonathan Schroeder, University of Rhode Island
`Michael Sherrard, University of Aukland
`Aviv Shoham, Israel Institute of Technology
`Thomas F. Stafford, Texas Women’s University
`Mia Stokmans, Tilburg University
`Nader Tavassoli, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
`Paula M. Tidwell, University of South Australia
`Volker Trommsdorff, Technische Universität Berlin
`Rajiv Vaidyanathan, University of Minnesota
`Pierre Valette-Florence, Université Pierre Mendes
`Stijn M. J. Van Osselaer, University of Chicago
`Alladi Venkatesh, University of California-Irvine
`Julian Vieceli, Deakin University
`Pierre Volle, University Paris-Dauphine
`Luc Warlop, Kuleuven
`Klaus Wertenbroch, Yale University
`Patti Williams, New York University
`
`v
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`Table of Contents and Conference Program
`
`Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................... iii
`
`Conference Committees ....................................................................................................................................................................... iv
`
`Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
`
`ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH
`EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 1999
`
`June 24-26
`Jouy-en-Josas, France
`
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`SESSION 1
`9:45 a.m. - 11:15 a.m.
`
`1.1
`
`Special Session: Lifestyle, Values and Psychographics: Perspectives from Around the World
`
`Chair:
`
`Lynn R. Kahle, University of Oregon, U.S.A.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Lifestyle, Values and Psychographics: Perspectives from Around the World ........................................................................................ 1
`Lynn R. Kahle, University of Oregon, U.S.A.
`
`Gender Differences in Values, Aspirations, and Lifestyles: A Study of Singapore Consumers
`Kau Ah Keng, National University of Singapore
`Kwon Jung, National University of Singapore
`Tan Soo Jiuan, National University of Singapore
`Jochen Wirtz, National University of Singapore
`
`A Critical Examination of Time-Integrated Lifestyle Conceptualization: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
`Pierre Valette-Florence, Universites a l’ Ecole Superieure des Affaires de Grenoble, France
`
`Consumer Dreams and Nightmares: A Web-Mediated Study of Lifestyle Aspirations
`Basil G. Englis, Berry College, U.S.A.
`Michael R. Solomon, Auburn University, U.S.A.
`
`Recent Developments in Social Adaptation Theory: An Integrative Review
`Lynn R. Kahle, University of Oregon, U.S.A.
`
`vi
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`1.2
`
`Special Session: The Status and Future of a Semiotic Perspective on Consumer Behavior: Research,
`Education, and Practice
`
`Chair:
`
`David Mick, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`The Status and Future of a Semiotic Perspective on Consumer Behavior: Research, Education, and Practice .................................... 4
`David Mick, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A.
`
`An Outline of Findings From a Global Review of Semiotic Consumer Research
`David Glen Mick, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A.
`James E. Burroughs, Rutgers University, U.S.A.
`Patrick Hetzel, Université Robert Schuman, France
`Mary Yoko Brannen, San Jose State University, U.S.A.
`
`Don’t Tell My Students I Am A Semiotician, They Think I Am An Auditor in a Bordello . . .
`Benoît Heilbrunn, E.M. Lyon, France
`
`Commercial Semiotics: Selling It In Without Selling Out
`Virginia Valentine, Semiotic Solutions
`
`1.3
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Cross-Cultural Advertising
`
`Chair
`
`Franz-Rudolf Esch, Justus Liebig Universitaet, Giessen
`
`Presentation of US and UK Advertising in Journal and Tabloid Sunday Newspapers: Cross-Cultural Content
`Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
`Mark A. P. Davies, University of Loughborough, U.K.
`Melvin Prince, Pace University, U.S.A.
`
`Content Analysis in Cross-Cultural Advertising Research: Limitations and Recommendations ......................................................... 13
`Dawn B. Lerman, The City University of New York, U.S.A.
`Michael A. Callow, The City University of New York, U.S.A.
`
`A Visual Esperanto? The Pictorial Metaphor in Global Advertising ................................................................................................... 17
`Michael A. Callow, The City University of New York, U.S.A.
`Leon G. Schiffman, The City University of New York, U.S.A.
`
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`SESSION 2
`11:30 a.m. – 1:00 p.m.
`
`2.1
`
`Special Session: Symbols of Our Time: Current Research on Products as Symbols
`
`Chair:
`
`Kent Grayson, London Business School, U.K.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Symbols of Our Time: Current Research on Products as Symbols ....................................................................................................... 21
`Kent Grayson, London Business School, U.K.
`
`vii
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`The “Symbolization” of Brands: A Sociocultural Investigation of Consumers and the Transformation of Brand Symbols
`Jennifer E. Chang, Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A.
`
`A Purpose for Consumption? Exploring the Contrast Between Functional and Symbolic Purchase Meanings
`Mark Ligas, University of Connecticut, U.S.A.
`
`A Symbol Is Just a Symbol? Indexicality and Irreplaceable Special Possessions
`Kent Grayson, London Business School, U.K.
`David Shulman, Lafayette College, U.S.A.
`
`2.2
`
`Special Session: Cross-Cultural Explorations of Aspects of the Self
`
`Chair:
`
`Deborah Cours, California State University–Northridge, U.S.A.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Cross-Cultural Explorations of Aspects of the Self ............................................................................................................................... 22
`Deborah Cours, California State University–Northridge, U.S.A.
`
`Examining Forced Social Comparisons: Effects of Ethnicity and Gender ........................................................................................... 24
`Therese Louie, University of Washington, U.S.A.
`Deborah Cours, California State University–Northridge, U.S.A.
`
`Involuntary Loss of Extended Self of Victims of Great Hanshin Earthquake and Northridge Earthquake .......................................... 28
`Hiromi Ikeuchi, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan
`Takehiro Fujihara, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan
`Itsuko Dohi, International Buddhist University, Japan
`
`Positive Illusions, Success and Consumption: A Romanian Investigation ............................................................................................ 37
`Anastasia M. Luca, UCLA, U.S.A.
`Deborah Cours, California State University–Northridge, U.S.A.
`
`2.3
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Advertising Format and Persuasion
`
`Chair:
`
`Christian Derbaix, FUCAM, Belgium
`
`Examining the Relationship Between Background Musical Tempo and Perceived Duration Using Different Versions
`of a Radio Ad ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
`Steve Oakes, University of Central Lancashire, England
`
`When Does Source Credibility Exert It’s Influence on Beliefs: At Encoding or at Retrieval? ............................................................. 45
`Sharmistha Law, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Canada
`
`2.4
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Consumption Context Effects
`
`Chair:
`
`Pierre Volle, Université Paris–Dauphine, France
`
`A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Retail Crowding ........................................................................................................................ 51
`Delphine Dion, Rennes University, France
`
`Play That One Again: The Effect of Music Tempo on Consumer Behaviour in a Restaurant .............................................................. 58
`Clare Caldwell, University of Strathclyde, Scotland
`Sally A. Hibbert, University of Strathclyde, Scotland
`
`viii
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`The Impact of Shopping Motives on Store-Assessment ......................................................................................................................... 63
`Andrea Gröppel-Klein, European University Viadrina, Germany
`Eva Thelen, Leopold Franz University, Austria
`Cristoph Antretter, Leopold Franz University, Austria
`
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`SESSION 3
`2:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.
`
`3.1
`
`Special Session: In the Mood: The Influence of Emotional State on Consumers’ Consumption Behaviors
`
`Chairs:
`
`Jacqueline J. Kacen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A.
`Susanne Friese, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`In the Mood: The Influence of Emotional State on Consumers’ Consumption Behaviors .................................................................... 73
`Jacqueline J. Kacen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A.
`Susanne Friese, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
`
`Schemas and Scripts for the Self-Regulation of Emotions Through the Consumption of Goods
`Suzanne C. Beckmann, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
`
`An Exploration of Mood-Regulating Consumer Buying Behavior
`Jacqueline J. Kacen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A.
`Susanne Friese, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
`
`Gender and Compensatory Consumer Behavior: The Case of Addictive Buying
`Lucia A. Reisch, Universität Hohenheim, Denmark
`
`3.2 Competitive Paper Session: The Purchase-Possession-Consumption-Evaluation Link
`
`Chair:
`
`Peter Oppenheim, University of Ballarat, Australia
`
`Time and Preference: Assessing Future Utility ..................................................................................................................................... 77
`Eloise Coupey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, U.S.A.
`Erin Sandgathe, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, U.S.A.
`
`A Regret Theory Approach to Assessing Customer Satisfaction When Alternatives are Considered ................................................... 82
`Andreas Herrmann, University of Mainz, Germany
`Frank Huber, University of Mannheim, Germany
`Christine Braunstein, University of Mainz, Germany
`
`The Evaluation of Consumers’ Product Assortments ............................................................................................................................ 89
`Erica Van Herpen, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
`Rik Pieters, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
`
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`3.3
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Buying Motives
`
`Chair:
`
`Paula Tidwell, University of South Australia, Australia
`
`Product Conspicuousness and Buying Motives as Determinants of Reference Group Influences ....................................................... 97
`Pamela E. Grimm, Kent State University, U.S.A.
`Jagdish Agrawal, California State University–Hayward, U.S.A.
`Paul S. Richardson, Loyola University of Chicago, U.S.A.
`
`Investigating Situational Effects in Wine Consumption: A Means-End Approach ............................................................................. 104
`Jean-Marie Aurifeille, Université de la Réunion, France
`P.G. Quester, The University of Adelaide, Australia
`John Hall, Victoria University, Australia
`Larry Lockshin, University of South Australia, Australia
`
`Consumer Grocery Search: Dimensions and Segments ...................................................................................................................... 112
`Sanjay Putrevu, University of Western Australia, Australia
`Kenneth R. Lord, Mercer University, U.S.A.
`
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1999
`
`SESSION 4
`4:15 p.m. – 5:45 p.m.
`
`4.1
`
`Special Session: Evaluative Formation Processes: Antecedents, Influences, and Consequences
`
`Chair:
`
`Joseph R. Priester, University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Evaluative Formation Processes: Antecedents, Influences, and Consequences ................................................................................. 119
`Joseph R. Priester, University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`
`Culture, Reasons and Compromise in a Consumer Choice Dilemma: Chinese and American Cultures Bring
`Different Reasons to Mind
`Donnel A. Briley, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
`Michael Morris, Stanford University, U.S.A.
`Itamar Simonson, Stanford University, U.S.A.
`
`The Effect of Expecting to Evaluate on Quality and Satisfaction Evaluations
`Chezy Ofir, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
`Itamar Simonson, Stanford University, U.S.A.
`
`Influencing Consideration and Choice: The Role of Evaluative Formation Processes
`Joseph R. Priester, University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`Dhananjay Nayakankuppam, University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`
`4.2
`
`Special Session: Views of the New World From the Old: European Visions of the American West
`
`Chair:
`
`Gary J. Bamossy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and University of Utah, U.S.A.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Views of the New World From the Old: European Visions of the American West ............................................................................. 121
`Gary J. Bamossy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and University of Utah, U.S.A.
`x
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`

`“It’s the Vastness of the Place…” British Travelers and Tourists in the American West
`Margaret K. Hogg, UMIST , U.K.
`
`The Myth of the Wild West in Advertising
`Søren Askegaard, Odense University, Denmark
`Diana Storm, Odense University, Denmark
`
`Where Does the Marlboro Man Live?
`Gary J. Bamossy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam and University of Utah, U.S.A.
`Janeen Arnold Costa, University of Utah, U.S.A.
`Tom Rood, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
`
`4.3
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Nutrition, Safety, and Health
`
`Chair:
`
`Deepak Sirdeshmukh, Case Western Reserve University, U.S.A.
`
`The Perceived Risks and Benefits of Genetically Modified Food Products: Experts versus Consumers ........................................... 123
`Joachim Scholderer, University of Potsdam, Germany
`Ingo Balderjahn, University of Potsdam, Germany
`Lone Bredahl, The MAPP Centre, Denmark
`Klaus G. Grunert, The MAPP Centre, Denmark
`
`Explaining Consumer Attitudes to Genetic Modification in Food Production ................................................................................... 130
`Lone Bredahl, MAPP, Aarhus School of Business, Denmark
`
`Extending Two Cognitive Processing Scales–Need for Cognition and Need for Evaluation–for Use in a Health Intervention ........ 135
`Michael Sherrard, University of Auckland, New Zealand
`Ronald Czaja, North Carolina State University, U.S.A.
`
`
`FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999
`FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999
`
`FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999
`
`SESSION 5
`9:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.
`
`5.1
`
`Special Session: Dealing with Consumer Discontent
`
`Chairs:
`
`Zeinep Gürhan-Canli, University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`Niraj Dawar, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Dealing with Consumer Discontent .................................................................................................................................................... 143
`Niraj Dawar, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
`
`Withholding Consumption: A Social Dilemma Perspective on Consumer Boycotts
`Sankar Sen, Temple University, U.S.A.
`Zeynep Gürhan-Canli, University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`Vicki Morwitz, New York University, U.S.A.
`
`The Effectiveness of Corporate Responses to Boycotts: Nike’s Defense of Labor Practices
`Jill G. Klein, INSEAD, France
`
`xi
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`The Impact of Product-Harm Crises on Brand Equity: The Moderating Role of Consumer Expectations
`Niraj Dawar, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
`Madan Pillutla, HKUST, Hong Kong
`
`5.2
`
`Special Session: Ethical Issues in Social Sector Marketing
`
`Chair:
`
`Gary J. Bamossy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and University of Utah, U.S.A.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Ethical Issues in Social Sector Marketing ........................................................................................................................................... 145
`Gary J. Bamossy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and University of Utah, U.S.A.
`
`A Framework for the Ethical Management of Public Health and Social Issues
`Michael Rothschild, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A.
`
`Alliances for Social Benefit: Being Good While Doing Good
`Alan R. Andreasen, Georgetown University, U.S.A.
`Minette Drumwright, University of Texas–Austin, U.S.A.
`
`Applying Integrative Social Contracts Theory to Ethical Issues in Social Marketing
`N. Craig Smith, Georgetown University, U.S.A. and INSEAD, France
`
`5.3
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Memory and Learning
`
`Chair:
`
`Philippe Jourdan, Université de Grenoble, France
`
`A New Typology of Brand Image ........................................................................................................................................................ 147
`Michaël Korchia, ESSEC, France
`
`Primacy Effects: When First Learned is Best Recalled ....................................................................................................................... 155
`Elizabeth Cowley, University of New South Wales, Australia
`
`Analogical Reasoning about New Product Introductions by Experts and Novices ............................................................................ 161
`Michelle L. Roehm, Wake Forest University, U.S.A.
`Derrick S. Boone, Wake Forest University, U.S.A.
`Harper A. Roehm, Jr., Wake Forest University, U.S.A.
`
`5.4
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Affect and Stress
`
`Chair:
`
`Lutz Hildebrandt, Humboldt University, Germany
`
`Process Tracing of Affective Reactions Elicited by Commercials: Assessing the Explanatory Power of the Outputs
`of the Feelings Monitor and of the Coding of Facial Expressions ..................................................................................................... 166
`Christian Derbaix, LABACC, FUCAM, Belgium
`Ingrid Poncin, LABACC, FUCAM, Belgium
`
`Irritation-, Stress-, and Dejection-Alleviative Consumption: Initial Tests of Working Hypotheses ................................................... 174
`Harri T. Luomala, University of Vaasa, Finland
`
`Sources of Consumers’ Stress and Their Coping Strategies ............................................................................................................... 182
`Mita Sujan, Penn State University, U.S.A.
`Harish Sujan, Penn State University, U.S.A.
`James R. Bettman, Duke University, U.S.A.
`Theo M.M. Verhallen, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
`xii
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` Snap's Exhibit No. 1025
`011
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`

`

`
`FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999
`FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999
`
`FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1999
`
`SESSION 6
`11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
`
`6.1
`
`Special Session: Aesthetics and Consumption
`
`Chair:
`
`Benoît Heilbrunn, E. M. Lyon, France
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`Aesthetics and Consumption ............................................................................................................................................................... 188
`Benoît Heilbrunn, E. M. Lyon, France
`
`The Mediating Role of Product Aesthetics Evaluation on Attitude Formation
`Frédéric F. Brunel, Boston University, U.S.A.
`
`Aestheticization of the Present Using the Past: A Socio-Semiotic Analysis of Some Service Places in Contemporary Markets
`Patrick Hetzel, Robert Schuman University, Strasbourg, France
`
`Writing Pictures/Taking Fieldnotes: An Exploration of the Properties and Relative Roles of Fieldnotes and Photographs
`in Studying Market Aesthetics
`Lisa Peñaloza, University of Colorado, U.S.A.
`Julien Cayla, University of Colorado, U.S.A.
`
`6.2
`
`Special Session: New Insights Into Measuring Attitudes and Intentions: Implications for Survey Design,
`Data Analysis, and Consumer Behavior
`
`Chair:
`
`Barbara Bickart, Rutgers University-Camden, U.S.A.
`
`SPECIAL SESSION SUMMARY
`New Insights Into Measuring Attitudes and Intentions: Implications for Survey Design, Data analysis, and Consumer
`Behavior .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 191
`Barbara Bickart, Rutgers University-Camden, U.S.A.
`
`Hong Kong 1997 in Context
`Priya Raghubir, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
`Gita Johar, Columbia University, U.S.A.
`
`How Response Styles Weaken Correlations from Rating Scale Surveys
`Eric Greenleaf, New York University, U.S.A.
`Barbara Bickart, Rutgers University-Camden, U.S.A.
`Eric Yorkston, New York University, U.S.A.
`
`The Mere-Measurement Effect: Why Does Measuring Purchase Intentions Change Actual Purchase Behavior?
`Vicki G. Morwitz, New York University, U.S.A.
`Gavan J. Fitzsimons, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
`
`xiii
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` Snap's Exhibit No. 1025
`012
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`

`

`6.3
`
`Competitive Paper Session: Influencing Choice: a Comparison of Three Types of Media
`
`Chair:
`
`Boris W. Becker, Oregon State University, U.S.A.
`
`The Influence of Warnings on Product Placements ............................................................................................................................ 193
`Michelle Bennett, University of Western Australia, Australia
`Anthony Pecotich, University of Western Australia, Australia
`Sanjay Putrevu, University of Western Australia, Australia
`
`A Study of Individual Factors Explaining Movie Goers’ Consultation of Film Critics ...................................................................... 201
`Alain d’Astous, École des HEC, Canada
`
`MMM as a Phenomenon of the Russian Consumer Culture .....................................................