STANDARD
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`OF MACHINE DESIGN
`
`Joseph E. Shigley Editor in chief
`Late Professor Emeritus
`The University of Michigan
`Ann Arbor, Michigan
`
`Charles R. Mischke Editor in chief
`Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering
`Iowa State University
`Ames, Iowa
`
`Second Edition
`
`McGraw-Hill
`New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota
`Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
`Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
`Sydney Tokyo Toronto
`
`CoolIT's Exhibit No. 2033
`IPR2020-00747 - Page 001
`
`

`

`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Standard handbook of machine design / editors in chief, Joseph E.
`Shigley, Charles R. Mischke. — 2nd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-07-056958-4
`1. Machine design—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
`II. Mischke, Charles R.
`Edward.
`TJ230.S8235 1996
`621.815—dc20
`McGraw-Hill
`A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies
`
`I. Shigley, Joseph
`
`95-50600
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
`Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the
`United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
`reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data
`base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the pub-
`lisher.
`
`4 5 6 7 8 90 DOC/DOC 9 0 1 0 9
`
`ISBN 0-07-056958-4
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Harold Crawford, the editing
`supervisor was Bernard Onken, and the production supervisor was
`Pamela Pelton. It was set in Times Roman by North Market Street Graphics.
`Printed and bound by R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
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`Hill, 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011. Or contact your local book-
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`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by The
`McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ( "McGraw-Hill") from sources
`believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its
`authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any informa-
`tion published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors
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`
`This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10%
`postconsumer waste.
`
`CoolIT's Exhibit No. 2033
`IPR2020-00747 - Page 002
`
`

`

`26.4 PERMEABILITYPROPERTIES
`For a material to be impervious to a fluid, a sufficient density to eliminate voids
`which might allow capillary flow of the fluid through the construction must be
`achieved. This requirement may be met in two ways: by compressing the material to
`fill the voids and/or by partially or completely filling them during fabrication by
`means of binders and fillers. Also, for the material to maintain its impermeability for
`a prolonged time, its constituents must be able to resist degradation and disintegra-
`tion resulting from chemical attack and temperature of the application [26.2].
`Most gasket materials are composed of a fibrous or granular base material, form-
`ing a basic matrix or foundation, which is held together or strengthened with a
`binder. The choice of combinations of binder and base material depends on the com-
`patibility of the components, the conditions of the sealing environment, and the
`load-bearing properties required for the application.
`Some of the major constituents and the properties which are related to imper-
`meability are listed here.
`
`26.4.1 Base Materials—Nonmetallic
`Cork and Cork-Rubber. High compressibility allows easy density increase of the
`material, thus enabling an effective seal at low flange pressures. The temperature
`limit is approximately 25O0F (1210C) for cork and 30O0F (1490C) for cork-rubber
`compositions. Chemical resistance to water, oil, and solvents is good, but resistance
`to inorganic acids, alkalies, and oxidizing environments is poor. These materials con-
`form well to distorted flanges.
`Cellulose Fiber. Cellulose has good chemical resistance to most fluids except
`strong acids and bases. The temperature limitation is approximately 30O0F (1490C).
`Changes in humidity may result in dimensional changes and/or hardening.
`Asbestos Fiber. This material has good heat resistance to 80O0F (4270C) and is
`noncombustible. It is almost chemically inert (crocidolite fibers, commonly known
`as blue asbestos, resist even inorganic acids) and has very low compressibility. The
`binder dictates the resistance to temperature and the medium to be sealed.
`Nonasbestos Fibers. A number of nonasbestos fibers are being used in gaskets.
`Some of these are glass, carbon, aramid, and ceramic. These fibers are expensive and
`are normally used only in small amounts. Temperature limits from 750 to 240O0F
`(399 to 13160C) are obtainable. Use of these fillers is an emerging field today, and
`suppliers should be contacted before these fibers are specified for use.
`
`26.4.2 Binders and Fillers
`Rubber. Rubber binders provide varying temperature and chemical resistance
`depending on the type of rubber used. These rubber and rubberlike materials are
`used as binders and, in some cases, gaskets:
`1. Natural This rubber has good mechanical properties and is impervious to
`water and air. It has uncontrolled swell in petroleum oil and fuel and chlori-
`nated solvents. The temperature limit is 25O0F (1210C).
`
`CoolIT's Exhibit No. 2033
`IPR2020-00747 - Page 003
`
`

`

`TABLE 26.1 Basic Physical and Mechanical Characteristics
`
`Basic six-digit
`number
`First numeral
`
`Second numeral
`
`Third numeral
`
`Basic characteristic
`Type of material (the principal fibrous or paniculate reinforcement
`material from which the gasket is made) shall conform to the
`first numeral of the basic six-digit number as follows:
`O = not specified
`1 = asbestos or other inorganic fibers (type 1)
`2 = cork (type 2)
`3 = cellulose or other organic fibers (type 3)
`4 = fluorocarbon polymer
`9 = as specified!
`Class of material (method of manufacture or common trade
`designation) shall conform to the second numeral of the basic
`six-digit number as follows:
`When first numeral is 1, for second numeral
`O = not specified
`1 = compressed asbestos (class 1)
`2 = beater addition asbestos (class 2)
`3 = asbestos paper and millboard (class 3)
`9 = as specifiedf
`When first numeral is 2, for second numeral
`O = not specified
`1 = cork composition (class 1)
`2 = cork and elastomeric (class 2)
`3 «= cork and cellular rubber (class 3)
`9 = as specified!
`When first numeral is 3, for second numeral
`O = not specified
`1 = untreated fiber — tag, chipboard, vulcanized fiber, etc.
`(class 1)
`2 = protein treated (class 2)
`3 = elastomeric treated (class 3)
`4 = thermosetting resin treated (class 4)
`9 = as specified!
`When first numeral is 4, for second numeral
`O = not specified
`1 = sheet PTFE
`2 = PTFE of expanded structure
`3 = PTFE filaments, braided or woven
`4 = PTFE felts
`5 = filled PTFE
`9 = as specified!
`Compressibility characteristics, determined in accordance with
`8.2, shall conform to the percentage indicated by the third
`numeral of the basic six-digit number (example: 4 = 15 to 25%):
`O = not specified
`5 « 20 to 30%
`1 = O to 10%
`6 = 25 to 40%
`2 = 5tol5%t
`7 « 30 to 50%
`3 = 10 to 20%
`8 = 40 to 60%
`4 = 15 to 25%
`9 = as specified!
`
`CoolIT's Exhibit No. 2033
`IPR2020-00747 - Page 004
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`

`Fifth numeral
`
`TABLE 26.1 Basic Physical and Mechanical Characteristics (Continued)
`Fourth numeral
`Thickness increase when immersed in ASTM no. 3 oil,
`determined in accordance with 8.3, shall conform to the
`percentage indicated by the fourth numeral of the basic six-digit
`number (example: 4 = 15 to 30%):
`O = not specified
`5 = 20 to 40%
`1 = Oto 15%
`6 = 30 to 50%
`2 - 5 to 20%
`7 = 40 to 60%
`3 = 10 to 25%
`8 = 50 to 70%
`4 = 15 to 30%
`9 = aspecifiedf
`Weight increase when immersed in ASTM no. 3 oil, determined in
`accordance with 8.3, shall conform to the percentage indicated
`by the fifth numeral of the basic six-digit number (example: 4 =
`30% maximum):
`O = not specified
`5 = 40% max.
`1 = 10% max.
`6 = 60% max.
`2 = 15% max.
`7 = 80% max.
`3 = 20% max.
`8 = 100% max.
`4 = 30% max.
`9 = as specifiedf
`Weight increase when immersed in water, determined in
`accordance with 8.3, shall conform to the percentage indicated
`by the sixth numeral of the basic six-digit number (example: 4
`= 30% maximum):
`O = not specified
`5 = 40% max.
`1 = 10% max.
`6 = 60% max.
`2 = 15% max.
`7 = 80% max.
`3 = 20% max.
`8 = 100% max.
`4 = 30% max.
`9 = as specified!
`fOn engineering drawings or other supplement to this classification system. Suppliers of gasket materials
`should be contacted to find out what line call-out materials are available. Refer to ANSI/ASTM Fl04 for
`further details (Ref. [26.1]).
`JFrom 7 to 17% for type 1, class 1 compressed asbestos sheet.
`
`Sixth numeral
`
`2. Styrene/butadiene This rubber is similar to natural rubber but has slightly
`improved properties. The temperature limit also is 25O0F (1210C).
`3. Butyl This rubber has excellent resistance to air and water, fair resistance to
`dilute acids, and poor resistance to oils and solvents. It has a temperature limit
`of 30O0F (1490C).
`4. Nitrile This rubber has excellent resistance to oils and dilute acids. It has good
`compression set characteristics and has a temperature limit of 30O0F (1490C).
`5. Neoprene This rubber has good resistance to water, alkalies, nonaromatic
`oils, and solvents. Its temperature limit is 25O0F (1210C).
`6. Ethylene propylene rubber This rubber has excellent resistance to hot air,
`water, coolants, and most dilute acids and bases. It swells in petroleum fuels and
`oils without severe degradation. The temperature limit is 30O0F (1490C).
`7. Acrylic This rubber has excellent resistance to oxidation, heat, and oils. It has
`poor resistance to low temperature, alkalies, and water. The temperature limit
`is 45O0F (2320C).
`
`CoolIT's Exhibit No. 2033
`IPR2020-00747 - Page 005
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`

`

`TABLE 26.2
`Identification, Test Method, and Significance of Various Properties Associated
`with Gasket Materials
`
`Property
`
`Test method
`
`Significance in gasket applications
`
`Scalability
`Heat resistance
`Oil and water immersion
`characteristics
`Antistick characteristics
`Stress vs. compression and
`spring rates
`Compressibility and recovery
`
`Creep relaxation and
`compression set
`Crush and extrusion
`characteristics
`
`Fixtures per ASTM F37-62T
`Exposure testing at elevated
`temperatures
`ASTM D- 11 70
`Fixture testing at elevated
`termperatures
`Various compression test
`machines
`ASTM F36-61T
`
`ASTM F38-62T and D-395-59
`
`Compression test machines
`
`Resistance to fluid passage
`Resistance to thermal
`degradation
`Resistance to fluid attack
`Ability to release from flanges
`after use
`Sealing pressure at various
`compressions
`Ability to follow deformation and
`deflection; indentation
`characteristics
`Related to torque loss and
`subsequent loss of sealing
`pressure
`Resistance to high loadings and
`extrusion characteristics at
`room and elevated
`temperatures
`
`8. Silicone This rubber has good heat stability and low-temperature flexibility. It is
`not suitable for high mechanical pressure. Its temperature limit is 60O0F (3160C).
`9. Viton This rubber has good resistance to oils, fuel, and chlorinated solvents. It
`also has excellent low-temperature properties. Its temperature limit is 60O0F
`(3160C).
`10. Fluorocarbon This rubber has excellent resistance to most fluids, except syn-
`thetic lubricants. The temperature limit is 50O0F (26O0C).
`Resins. These usually possess better chemical resistance than rubber. Temperature
`limitations depend on whether the resin is thermosetting or thermoplastic.
`Tanned Glue and Glycerine. This combination produces a continuous gel struc-
`ture throughout the material, allowing sealing at low flange loading. It has good
`chemical resistance to most oils, fuels, and solvents. It swells in water but is not solu-
`ble. The temperature limit is 20O0F (930C). It is used as a saturant in cellulose paper.
`Fillers.
`In some cases, inert fillers are added to the material composition to aid in
`filling voids. Some examples are barytes, asbestine, and cork dust.
`
`26.4.3 Reinforcements
`Some of the properties of nonmetallic gasket materials can be improved if the gas-
`kets are reinforced with metal or fabric cores. Major improvements in torque reten-
`tion and blowout resistance are normally seen. Traditionally, perforated or upset
`metal cores have been used to support gasket facings. A number of designs have
`been utilized for production. Size of the perforations and their frequency in a given
`area are the usual specified parameters.
`
`CoolIT's Exhibit No. 2033
`IPR2020-00747 - Page 006
`
`