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`

`

`GSM, GPRS
`EDGE
`Performance
`
`AND
`
`Evolution Towards 3G/UMTS
`Second Edition
`
`Edited by
`
`Timo Halonen
`Nokia
`Javier Romero and Juan Melero
`TarTec
`
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`

`

`GSM, GPRS
`EDGE
`Performance
`
`AND
`
`Evolution Towards 3G/UMTS
`Second Edition
`
`Edited by
`
`Timo Halonen
`Nokia
`Javier Romero and Juan Melero
`TarTec
`
`Dell Inc., Ex. 1021
`Page 3 of 111
`
`

`

`Copyright  2003
`
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
`West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
`Telephone (+44) 1243 779777
`Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
`Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com
`
`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
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`Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620.
`This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject
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`professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a
`competent professional should be sought.
`
`Other Wiley Editorial Offices
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
`in print may not be available in electronic books.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`GSM, GPRS, and edge performance : evolution towards 3G/UMTS / edited by Timo
`Halonen, Javier Romero, Juan Melero.—2nd ed.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-470-86694-2
`1. Global system for mobile communications. I. Halonen, Timo, II. Romero, Javier
`(Romero Garc´ıa) III. Melero, Juan.
`
`TK5103.483.G753 2003
`(cid:1)
`621.3845
`6—dc22
`
`2003057593
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0-470-86694-2
`
`Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
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`

`Forewords
`
`(Taken from GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance, 1st Edition).
`
`I have worked in the mobile communications industry longer than I would like to admit.
`In the early 1970s, I started my career as a radio engineer for Motorola. At that time,
`Motorola designed and manufactured low-, mid- and high-tier private land mobile radios.
`Motorola had few competitors for the mid- and high-tier product lines (50- to 100-W
`radios). However, in the low tier, less than 25-W radio category, there were numerous con-
`tenders, mostly from European manufacturers with a ‘Nordic Mobile Telephone’ heritage.
`But times were changing. In the late 1970s, the American public got their first taste
`of mobile communications when Citizen Band (CB) radio became popular (‘10–4, good
`buddy’). It was an unlicensed, short-range, ‘party-line’ experience. Those skilled in the
`art knew that something better was needed. And the American communications industry
`responded. The Federal Communications Commission and major industry players, like
`AT&T and Motorola, specified America’s first public mobile radio telephone system,
`AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System). By the mid-1980s, AMPS was a proven
`technology and cellular subscriber growth was constantly exceeding forecasts.
`By the early 1990s, cellular technology had become so popular that the first-generation
`analog systems could not keep up with the demand. New second-generation digital sys-
`tems were developed to address the capacity shortfall. In the United States, three digital
`technologies were standardized and deployed: IS-136 (a TDMA technology utilizing the
`AMPS 30-kHz structure), IS-95 (a 1.25-MHz CDMA carrier scheme) and GSM (the
`European 200-kHz TDMA standard). This multi-standard wireless environment provided
`a unique proving ground for the three technologies. While IS-136 and IS-95 engaged
`in ‘standards wars,’ GSM gained a foothold in America. At the same time, GSM was
`achieving global acceptance because it offered a rich selection of capabilities and fea-
`tures that provided real incremental revenues for operators. As more and more countries
`adopted the technology, GSM experienced tremendous economies of scale for everything
`from chipsets to handsets, infrastructure and applications.
`While the industry continued to experience stellar growth, American manufacturer
`dominance was challenged by Nordic companies, especially for the GSM technology.
`They brought to the United States, innovative, competitively priced products, backed by
`talented communications professionals with years of experience in designing, manufac-
`turing, engineering and installing cellular equipment and systems throughout the world.
`By the late 1990s, the Internet was pervasive and the wireless industry looked to mobile
`data as the growth opportunity. Once again, the industry undertook the task of defining
`new wireless systems—this third generation, 3G, was to be based on packet data. Three
`new wireless standards emerged; CDMA2000 (evolution of IS-95), EDGE (evolution of
`
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`

`xx
`
`Forewords
`
`GSM for existing spectrum) and WCDMA (evolution of GSM for new spectrum using a
`5-MHz WCDMA carrier).
`The evolution of GSM to 3G is about gradually adding more functionality, possibilities
`and value to the existing GSM network and business. The evolution begins with an
`upgrade of the GSM network to 2.5G by introducing GPRS technology. GPRS provides
`GSM with a packet data air interface and an IP-based core network. EDGE is a further
`evolutionary step of GSM packet data. EDGE can handle about three times more data
`subscribers than GPRS, or triple the data rate for one end-user. EDGE can be achieved
`through a very fast and cost-effective implementation. The only requirement is to add
`EDGE-capable transceivers and software.
`With the continuation of EDGE standardisation towards GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio
`access network), EDGE will achieve a full alignment with WCDMA. The goal for EDGE
`is to boost system capacity, both for real-time and best-effort services, and to become
`perfectly competitive with other 3G technologies.
`What emerges with these evolutionary steps from GSM to GPRS, EDGE and WCDMA
`is a seamless 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Multi-Radio
`network, one that maximizes the investments in GSM and GPRS.
`It stands to reason that both EDGE and WCDMA will be mainstream 3G UMTS
`products from Nordic companies. This book, written by engineers from one of these
`Nordic companies, is an authoritative treatise on GSM evolution to 3G. The book provides
`an in-depth performance analysis of current and future GSM speech and GPRS/EDGE
`packet data functionality. Furthermore, the concept of a 3G UMTS Multi-Radio network
`(GSM/EDGE/WCDMA) is presented in depth as the best solution for wireless operators
`to evolve their networks towards 3G.
`Times change, but some things do not. Nordic companies have been at the forefront
`of wireless communications for more than a half of a century. They have earned their
`pre-eminent position in the industry. I encourage you to listen to what this book has
`to say.
`
`Mike Bamburak
`VP Technology Architecture & Standards
`AT&T
`
`Over the years, scientists and dreamers have revolutionised the way we work and live
`through great inventions. Almost as quickly as news of the inventions spread, soothsayers
`rose to highlight real or imagined barriers to the success, popularity or the long-term use
`of these products and services. As occurred with electricity, the automobile and the televi-
`sion, soothsayers often misread the long-term impact of these inventions, underestimating
`qualities that led to their long-term success and adoption by the masses. Ultimately, all
`three inventions had tremendous social and economic impact on global societies, and the
`soothsayers were proven to have undervalued the importance of these great inventions
`over time.
`In a slightly different way, the future of EDGE has been understated, underestimated,
`and undervalued by the latest pundits. Over the last few years, several global wireless orga-
`nizations, including the GSA, the UWCC and now 3G Americas have stood their ground
`
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`

`Forewords
`
`xxi
`
`as advocates for EDGE because of the merits of the technology and its value to operators
`and customers as a spectrally efficient and cost-effective solution for third-generation (3G)
`wireless services. 3G Americas is firm in their belief that a comparative review of how
`EDGE meets three key criteria, performance, cost and the ease of transformation to 3G,
`will show that EDGE is indeed a superior technology choice.
`
`The Reality of EDGE
`On October 30, 2001, Cingular Wireless with its vendor partners announced its commit-
`ment to become the first operator in the world to deploy EDGE at 850 and 1900 MHz.
`With over 22-million wireless customers, Cingular is a major player in the global wire-
`less marketplace. The reasons cited by Cingular for its EDGE selection included capacity
`and spectral efficiency competitive with any other technology choice (performance), the
`ability to deploy 3G EDGE in existing spectrum including 850 MHz (cost), a total capital
`cost of about $18 to $19 per Point of Presence (POP) in TDMA markets with plenty of
`go-forward capacity (cost), ridiculously low cost to upgrade the GSM network (only 10 to
`15 percent of the network’s cost), the enormous economies of scale and scope offered by
`the family of GSM technologies, ensuring the availability of equipment and applications
`at the lowest possible cost, and a transition path through GSM and GPRS achievable
`seamlessly through the use of the GAIT terminal (GSM-TDMA phone) that will ease
`transformation and result in customer retention.
`Similarly, almost a year before Cingular’s announcement, AT&T Wireless Services
`announced its commitment to EDGE. As of November 2001, reported operator com-
`mitments to EDGE in the Americas encompassed hundreds of millions of potential
`customers. These commitments validate the future of this third-generation technology.
`Cingular’s commitment to EDGE in the 850-MHz band sets the stage for an accelerated
`uptake by operators throughout the Western Hemisphere. Regional US operators and many
`Latin American operators will find the opportunity to deploy EDGE in 850 MHz espe-
`cially appealing. Furthermore, these commitments increase the possibility that Europe
`will recognize that EDGE’s capacity and cost qualities make it an important comple-
`mentary technology to WCDMA. As spectrum shortages inevitability occur in Europe,
`EDGE will provide an excellent solution for GSM operators as a complement to their
`WCDMA networks.
`
`Benefits of EDGE
`EDGE will benefit operators and customers because it is a cost-effective solution for 3G
`services. Cost efficiency is enabled by the economies of scope and scale demonstrated
`by the GSM family of technologies, including both TDMA and GSM, which represented
`nearly 80% of the world’s digital cellular subscribers in 2001. More than half a billion
`GSM phones existed by mid-year 2001, and within a mere four months that number
`had risen by 100 000 000 phones to 600 000 000. Bill Clift, Chief Technology Officer of
`Cingular, noted that the cost differential between GSM and CDMA devices gets fairly
`significant at $15 to $20 per handset times millions of handsets each year. The economies
`of scale played a key role in the Cingular decision.
`Another major benefit of EDGE cited by operators is that it enables TDMA and
`GSM carriers to offer 3G services while still realizing lower costs due to higher spec-
`tral efficiency and higher data rates. With the implementation of Adaptive Multi-Rate
`
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`

`xxii
`
`Forewords
`
`(AMR) Vocoders, and Frequency Hopping, GSM is competitive with CDMA on spectral
`efficiency, which translates into higher capacity and faster data rates. EDGE offers trans-
`mission speeds of 384 kbps—fast enough to support full motion video—and throughput
`capacity 3 to 4 times higher than GPRS. Thus, EDGE is fast, EDGE is efficient and
`EDGE performs.
`Additionally, the opportunity for international roaming with the GSM family of tech-
`nologies offers yet another major incentive for operators to provide their customers with
`seamless communications services. Since EDGE and WCDMA will operate on the same
`GPRS core network, the EDGE/WCDMA customer will be able to travel the world
`seamlessly, staying connected with one number and one device.
`
`Conclusion
`EDGE will contribute to a bright future for 3G services, a vision shared by major analysts
`and industry groups. The Strategist Group predicts that revenue from wireless data will
`reach $33.5 billion globally by 2004. Frost & Sullivan expects that the proportion of
`operator revenues derived from non-voice services will be in excess of 45% by 2006. A
`UMTS Forum survey has estimated that non-voice revenues may take over voice revenues
`by 2004, while simple voice revenues will remain a critical revenue component comprising
`34% of annual revenues in 2010. The UMTS Forum study also predicts that 3G revenues
`of $37.4 billion in 2004 will increase to $107 billion by 2006. All in all, predictions may
`vary but the consensus is clear that results will be positive for third-generation services.
`This work offers the reader more than an evolutionary technical strategy of GSM’s
`transition to 3G. It also provides a set of benchmarks for a core evaluation of the merits
`of EDGE as a central component of the wireless industry’s fulfilment of its promise for
`higher degrees of service and convenience. This process is already being established, as
`evidenced by the first live EDGE data call completed by Nokia and AT&T Wireless on
`November 1, 2001. The connection of an EDGE handset with a laptop to the Internet for
`web browsing and streaming applications marked the first successful completion using
`EDGE 8-PSK modulation in both directions in the air interface. Indeed, it is another
`sign that EDGE will flourish in this new billion-dollar marketplace as a leading 3G
`technology in the Americas owing to its performance, cost, interoperability and ease of
`transformation. EDGE will outlast the neigh-sayers and in the long term, EDGE will far
`exceed expectations. And just as electricity, the automobile and the television changed
`our lives, EDGE will change our lives by providing 3G services for the masses.
`
`Chris Pearson
`Executive Vice President
`3G Americas
`
`I am honored to have been asked to provide a foreword and a few thoughts for the
`second edition of this book, which, although I am sure has been useful to the tried and
`true GSM operators, vendors, and researchers worldwide, has been particularly invaluable
`to those operators, like ourselves at Cingular Wireless, who have been intimately involved
`in actually deploying the latest new GSM networks. At Cingular Wireless, we have been
`
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`Forewords
`
`xxiii
`
`especially fortunate to be among those who have ‘tasted’ the first fruits of many of the
`cutting-edge GSM advances and topics covered in this book, such as AMR, EDGE, QoS
`dimensioning and so on, as we, along with our four BSS vendors—Nokia, Ericsson,
`Siemens and Nortel—have worked together to turn the new technology described in this
`book into reality over the last two years.
`Since 2002 to the date of this writing, Cingular has overlaid more than 10 000
`GSM/EDGE base stations on top of its existing IS-136 TDMA network across the United
`States. All GSM base stations are now operating with live commercial traffic on AMR,
`while some selected markets are launching EDGE. In addition, we have pioneered the
`introduction of GSM into the 850-MHz band, which represents a significant milestone
`for GSM in penetrating the original cellular band in the United States, which has been
`home to four other air interfaces since the first in-service analog cellular networks were
`deployed in the early 1980s. Although providing spectrum for GSM in these 850 markets
`originally appeared as insurmountable, it has been systematically overcome and mastered
`by transforming some of the network simulators and tools described here in subsequent
`chapters, which were originally reserved for only research activity, into tools that can
`assist in the evaluation and planning of the high spectral efficiency techniques such as the
`tight (≤12) BCCH and small frequency hopping pools with the high capacity (fractional
`load) needed for narrowband GSM deployment.
`Throughout this GSM overlay journey at Cingular, our engineers have found the mate-
`rial in this book invaluable, as, in comparison to many other theoretical books or papers
`that simply explain the standards, this book provides many examples of real-world field
`trials to back up the theory and, in some cases, illustrate what is practically achievable.
`With our successful deployment of AMR and EDGE, Cingular is pleased to continue this
`tradition and provide, in some small part, a portion of our field-trial results on several of
`these new GSM advances herein.
`Nevertheless, what is continually exciting is that the technology evolution and service
`applicability of GSM/EDGE is far from over, whereas, although much of the global focus
`has been on ‘UMTS’ and its promises, the GSM community has been quietly advancing
`the state of the art through continually ‘upgrading the engine’ on a tried and true frame.
`For instance, in technology advancement, several new receiver algorithms have been
`discovered for the GMSK modulation used in GSM AMR/GPRS, which exploit some
`novel properties of the modulation to effectively create diversity with a ‘virtual second
`antenna’, which may then be used for interference cancellation. These ideas have spawned
`a feasibility study in GSM standards (GERAN) called Single Antenna Interference Cancel-
`lation (SAIC), which calls for applying these results for improved receiver performance
`in GSM mobile stations. Preliminary simulation and field-trial results are shown here with
`promising results, which, if deployed in synchronized networks could push GSM voice
`capacity above currently stated CDMA/WCDMA capacities. In the future, it would not
`come as a surprise if the SAIC ideas are extended to other modulations (e.g. 8-PSK used
`in EDGE), and other air interfaces as well.
`In applications and data services, it seems that all operators and vendors, even from
`competing technologies, are still in the initial stages of attempting to move from ‘best-
`effort’ delivered data to those services that require the illusive end-to-end quality of
`service. New applications such as push-to-talk over GPRS/EDGE are just beginning to be
`deployed now as the move toward increasingly full conversational services over packet
`
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`

`xxiv
`
`Forewords
`
`data are pursued. Success in this realm is, without any doubt, going to require new
`dimensioning, features and planning techniques, which are also described in subsequent
`chapters. It is these techniques coupled with finding the right mix of services that all
`operators and vendors strive for to keep the profitability and revenue stream intact while
`providing the additional functionality to maintain and attract new customers.
`There is no doubt about the fact that many things are yet to be discovered in tech-
`nology, planning and optimization of voice and data services as we enter a new realm
`where the Internet and wireless converge and people become used to ‘always-on’ services.
`Understanding how to provide these effectively with GSM/EDGE in a truly ‘field-real’
`manner is the focus of this book. I trust that you will find it as useful and relevant as we
`have at Cingular Wireless.
`
`Mark Austin, Ph.D.
`Director of Strategic Technology
`Cingular Wireless
`
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`

`Introduction
`
`GERAN: Evolution towards 3G/UMTS
`
`The wireless market has experienced a phenomenal growth since the first second-
`generation (2G) digital cellular networks, based on global
`system for mobile
`communications (GSM) technology, were introduced in the early 1990s. Since then,
`GSM has become the dominant global 2G radio access standard. Almost 80% of today’s
`new subscriptions take place in one of the more than 460 cellular networks that use
`GSM technology. This growth has taken place simultaneously with the large experienced
`expansion of access to the Internet and its related multimedia services.
`Cellular operators now face the challenge to evolve their networks to efficiently support
`the forecasted demand of wireless Internet-based multimedia services. In order to do this,
`they need to perform a rapid technology evolution rolling out new third-generation (3G)
`radio access technologies, capable of delivering such services in a competitive and cost-
`effective way. There are multiple recognised 3G technologies, which can be summarised
`into two main 3G evolution paths. The first one to be conceived and developed, and
`the more widely supported, is UMTS multi-radio (universal mobile telecommunications
`system), and the second one is cdma2000.
`The first part of this book will describe the evolution GSM experienced after 5 years of
`continuous standardisation effort, and how the result of such an effort has provided GSM
`networks with a smooth, competitive and cost-efficient evolution path towards UMTS.
`The first steps of this evolution took place in Rel’97 standards, when general packet radio
`system (GPRS) was introduced to efficiently deliver packet-based services over GSM
`networks. Later, adaptive multi-rate (AMR), included in Rel’98, increased the spectral effi-
`ciency and quality-of-speech services to remarkable limits. Enhanced data rates for global
`evolution (EDGE) was introduced in Rel’99 and introduced more efficient modulation,
`coding and retransmission schemes, boosting the performance of data services. Release
`99 also included the support of the UMTS traffic classes; hence providing the means
`for EDGE to support from the very beginning the same set of 3G services that UMTS
`was designed for. This synergy is completed in Rel’5 with the development of GERAN,
`a new radio access network architecture, based on GSM/EDGE radio access technolo-
`gies, which is fully harmonised with UTRAN (UMTS terrestrial radio access network)
`through a common connectivity to the UMTS core network, and therefore integrated in the
`UMTS frame. Today, UMTS standardisation, carried out by the 3rd Generation Partner-
`ship Project (3GPP) standardisation body, jointly develops the GERAN and UTRAN as
`
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`xxvi
`
`Introduction
`
`HSDPA
`
`WCDMA
`
`EDGE
`
`500
`
`2000
`
`10000
`
`(kbps)
`
`WCDMA
`EDGE
`
`AMR
`
`GPRS
`
`150
`
`10
`
`GSM
`
`(Users/MHz)
`20
`
`15
`
`10
`
`5
`
`Capacity
`
`Data rates
`
`Figure 1. GSM evolution towards 3G/UMTS
`
`part of the same concept, 3G UMTS multi-radio networks. This GSM evolution towards
`UMTS is illustrated in Figure 1.
`Chapters 1 and 2 will provide a detailed description of the GSM evolution. Chapter 3
`will provide an in-depth analysis of the GERAN quality-of-service (QoS) support in
`different releases. Finally, Chapter 4 will present the different standardised methods to
`support location services, their architecture and expected accuracy.
`The second part of the book will thoroughly cover the performance efficiency of the
`technologies associated with the GSM evolution. Radio network performance is vital in
`order to maximise the return on investment from operators. Not only does it provide the
`ability to increase the capacity of the networks but also improves the QoS experienced
`by the end users. All the performance-related dimensions, such as link level voice and
`data performance, spectral efficiency, maximum and realistic data rates and service support
`capabilities are studied in depth in this part. Chapter 5 introduces the principles associated
`with GSM radio network performance analysis. All standardised functionality, such as
`AMR, SAIC, GPRS and EDGE, both for voice (Chapter 6) and data (Chapter 7) services,
`are carefully studied. Chapter 8 presents the relevant end-used performance aspects asso-
`ciated with the most relevant packet data services. Non-standardised solutions will be
`analysed as well in order to provide an overall perspective of the potential GSM/EDGE
`performance when advanced functionality such as dynamic channel allocation (Chapter 9)
`or link level enhancement (Chapter 11) techniques are introduced. Chapter 12 analyses the
`signalling channel’s performance, since this may limit the overall network performance.
`A specific chapter on narrowband deployment scenarios (Chapter 10) will provide the
`guidelines to maximise the performance in these demanding radio conditions.
`
`3G UMTS
`
`Multi-radio
`
`GERAN
`
`EDGE
`
`2G GSM
`GSM GPRS AMR
`
`3G UMTS
`UTRAN
`
`Figure 2. UMTS multi-radio technology building blocks
`
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`

`

`Introduction
`
`xxvii
`
`With the degree of complexity that the 3G evolution will bring, planning, optimising
`and operation of radio networks is a tough challenge that the operators have to tackle
`at a minimum cost. Chapter 13 presents new concepts based on automation and con-
`trol engineering, designed to deal with all these issues, with functionality capable of
`fully automating the planning, optimisation and operation of radio networks, which not
`only decrease the operational expenditure (OPEX) of radio networks but maximise their
`performance as well.
`Finally, the third part of the book introduces the principles of the main existing 3G
`radio technologies, benchmarking their technical capabilities and evolution paths. It cov-
`ers in detail how GSM/EDGE and wideband code division multiple access’ (WCDMA)
`frequency division duplex (FDD) can be efficiently and seamlessly integrated into the
`UMTS multi-radio network to ensure the achievement of a maximum performance at a
`minimum cost. Figure 2 illustrates the UMTS multi-radio technology building blocks.
`The final chapter analyses the current global market dynamics and trends, in order
`to identify, from a global market perspective, the evolution paths available for differ-
`ent technologies.
`For those readers interested in gaining a comprehensive insight into the contents of
`this book, Tartec (www.tartec.com) offers advanced training courses incorporating the
`structure and content of the book.
`
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`

`Abbreviations
`
`First Generation
`Second Generation
`Third Generation
`Fourth Generation
`3rd Generation partnership project
`3rd Generation partnership project
`Octagonal Phase Shift Keying
`
`Assisted GPS positioning system
`Admission Control
`Algebraic Code Excitation Linear Prediction
`Acknowledge
`Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
`Automated Frequency Planning
`Access Grant Channel
`Antenna Hopping
`Automatic Location Identification
`Advanced Multilayer Handling
`American Mobile Phone System
`Adaptive Multi-Rate codec
`Advice of Charge-Charging
`Advice of Charge-Information
`Access Point
`Access Point Name
`Application Programming Interface
`Association of Radio Industries and Business in Japan
`Automatic Repeat Request
`Absolute Time
`Absolute Time Difference
`Asynchronous Transfer Mode
`Authentication Center
`
`1G
`2G
`3G
`4G
`3GPP
`3GPP2
`8-PSK
`
`AA
`
`-GPS
`AC
`ACELP
`ACK
`ADPCM
`AFP
`AGCH
`AH
`ALI
`AMH
`AMPS
`AMR
`AoCC
`AoCI
`AP
`APN
`API
`ARIB
`ARQ
`AT
`ATD
`ATM
`AuC
`
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`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`BCCH Allocation
`Baseband
`Bit Error Probability
`Bit Error Rate
`Broadcast Control Channel
`Bandwidth Delay Product
`Barring of GPRS Interworking Profile(s)
`Background Interference Matrix
`Block Error Rate
`Bandwidth on Demand
`Base station
`Base Station Identification Code
`Base Station Subsystem
`BSS Application Part
`Base Station Subsystem GPRS protocol
`Base Station Controller
`Base Transceiver Station
`
`Customised Application for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic
`Call Control
`Comit´e Consultatif International T´el´egraphique et
`T´el´ephonique
`Common Control Channel
`Code Division Multiple Access
`Conference Europeenne des Postes et Telecommunications
`Call Forwarding Unconditional
`Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Not Reachable
`Cell Gateway
`Cell Identity
`Carrier/Interference
`Carrier/Interference
`Connectionless Network Service
`Communication Management
`Core Network
`Connection-Oriented Network Service
`Cyclic Redundancy check
`Cell Resource Server
`Circuit Switched
`Coding Scheme
`China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group in China
`
`Digital AMPS
`Dynamic Channel Allocation
`
`xxx
`
`BB
`
`A
`BB
`BEP
`BER
`BCCH
`BDP
`BGIWP
`BIM
`BLER
`BoD
`BS
`BSIC
`BSS
`BSSAP
`BSSGP
`BSC
`BTS
`
`CC
`
`AMEL
`CC
`CCITT
`
`CCCH
`CDMA
`CEPT
`CFU
`CFNRc
`CGW
`CI
`C/I
`CIR
`CLNS
`CM
`CN
`CONS
`CRC
`CRS
`CS
`CS
`CWTS
`
`DD
`
`-AMPS
`DCA
`
`Dell Inc., Ex. 1021
`Page 15 of 111
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`

`

`xxxi
`
`Dropped Call Rate
`Dedicated Control Channel
`Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation
`Down Link
`Domain Name Server
`Dedicated Physical Control Channel
`Dedicated Physical Data Channel
`Directed Retry
`Discontinuous Reception
`Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access
`Direct Transfer Application Process
`Dual Transfer Mode
`Discontinuous Transmission
`
`Emergency Service 911 in Europe
`Emergency Service 911 in US
`Enhanced Circuit Switched Data
`Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
`Effective Frequency Load
`Enhanced Full Rate (speech coded)
`Enhanced General Packet Radio System
`Equipment Identity Register
`Enhanced Observed Time Difference
`European Telecommunications Standards Institute
`
`Fast Associated Control Channel
`Frequency Correction Channel
`Frequency Division Duplex
`Frame Error Rate
`Frequency Hopping
`Flexible Layer One
`Full Rate
`File Transfer Protocol
`
`GSM/ANSI Interoperability Team
`GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
`Gateway GPRS Support Node
`Gateway Mobile Location Center
`Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
`General Packet Radio System
`Global Positioning System
`Generic Routing Encapsulation
`Global System for Mobile Communications
`
`Abbreviations
`
`DCR
`DCCH
`DFCA
`DL
`DNS
`DPCCH
`DPDCH
`DR
`DRX
`DS-CDMA
`DTAP
`DTM
`DTX
`
`EE
`
`112
`E911
`ECSD
`EDGE
`EFL
`EFR
`EGPRS
`EIR
`E-OTD
`ETSI
`
`FF
`
`ACCH
`FCCH
`FDD
`FER
`FH
`FLO
`FR
`FTP
`
`GG
`
`AIT
`GERAN
`GGSN
`GMLC
`GMSK
`GPRS
`GPS
`GRE
`GSM
`
`Dell Inc., Ex. 1021
`Page 16 of 111
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`GPRS Support Node
`Geometric Time Difference
`GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
`
`Handover Control
`Home Location Register
`Handover
`Home Public Land Mobile Network
`Half Rate
`High Speed Circuit Switched Data
`High Speed Downlink Packet Access
`Hopping Sequence Number
`HyperText Mark-up language
`HyperText Transfer Protocol
`Hardware
`
`Internet Engineering Task Force
`Intelligent Frequency Hopping
`Interference Matrix
`International Mobile Equipment Identity
`International Mobile Group Identity
`International Mobile Subscriber Identity
`Internet Protocol
`Internet Protocol version 4
`Internet Protocol version 6
`Incremental Redundancy
`First generation TDMA Radio Interface standard
`cdmaOne, one of 2nd generation systems, mainly in
`Americas and Korea
`US-TDMA, one of 2nd generation systems, mainly in
`Americas
`Integrated Services Digital Network
`Internet Service Provider
`International Telecommunication Union
`Telecommunication standardization sector of ITU
`Intelligent Underlay Overlay
`Inter Working MSC
`
`layer Two Tunneling Protocol
`Link Adaptation
`Link Access Protocol for the D channel
`Link Access Protocol for the Dm channel
`Load Control
`
`xxxii
`
`GSN
`GTD
`GTP
`
`HH
`
`C
`HLR
`HO
`HPLMN
`HR
`HSCSD
`HSDPA
`HSN
`HTML
`HTTP
`HW
`
`II
`
`ETF
`IFH
`IM
`IMEI
`IMGI
`IMSI
`IP
`IPv4
`IPv6
`IR
`IS-54
`IS-95
`
`IS-136
`
`ISDN
`ISP
`ITU
`ITU-T
`IUO
`IWMSC
`
`LL
`
`2TP
`LA
`LAPD
`LAPDm
`LC
`
`Dell Inc., Ex. 1021
`Page 17 of 111
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`xxxiii
`
`Location Services
`Location Interoperability Forum
`Logical Link Control
`Location Measurement Unit
`
`