GEM SYSTEM
`
`ENGINEERING
`
`m m E
`
`r:
`1.1J
`in":
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`
`
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`MGBILEcc-MMumIdATIL‘JN-s
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`A 5 H r‘l. M E H F'ISITF! :1
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`G S M SYSTEM ENGINEERING
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`The Artech House Mobile Communications Series
`
`John Walker, Series Editor
`
`Advanced Technology for Road Transport: IVHS and ATT, Ian Catling, editor
`A n Introduction to GSM, Siegmund M. Redl, Matthias K. Weber, Malcolm W . Oliphant
`CDMA for Wireless Personal Communications, Ramjee Prasad
`Cellular Digital Packet Data, Muthuthamby Sreetharan and Rajiv Kumar
`Cellular Mobile Systems Engineering, Saleh Faruque
`Cellular Radio: Analog and Digital Systems, Asha Mehrotra
`Cellular Radio Systems, D. M. Balston, R. C. V . Macario, editors
`Cellular Radio: Performance Engineering, Asha Mehrotra
`Digital Beamforming in Wireless Communications, John Litva, Titus Kwok-Yeung Lo
`GSM System Engineering, Asha Mehrotra
`Introduction to Radio Propagation for Fixed and Mobile Communications, John Doble
`Land-Mobile Radio System Engineering, Garry C. Hess
`Mobile Communications in the U S . and Europe: Regulation, Technology, and Markets,
`Michael Paetsch
`Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook, K. Fujimoto, 1. R. James
`Mobile Data Communications Systems, Peter Wong, David Britland
`Mobile Information Systems, John Walker, editor
`Personal Communications Networks, Alan David Hadden
`RF and Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Communications, Lawrence E. Larson, editor
`Smart Highways, Smart Cars, Richard Whelan
`Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, Elliott D. Kaplan, editor
`Wireless Communications in Developing Countries: Cellular and Satellite Systems,
`Rachael E. Schwartz
`Wireless Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems, Scott D. Elliott,
`Daniel J. Dailey
`Wireless Data Networking, Nathan J. Muller
`Wireless: The Revolution in Personal Telecommunications, Ira Brodsky
`
`For a complete listing of The Artech House Telecommunications Library,
`turn t o the back o f this book.
`
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`G S M SYSTEM ENGINEERING
`
`Asha Mehrotra
`
`Artech House, Inc.
`Boston London
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Mehrotra, Asha.
`GSM System Engineering 1 Asha Mehrotra.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-89006-860-7 (alk. paper)
`1 .Global system for mobile communications.
`TK5103.483.M45 1996
`6 2 1 . 3 8 4 5 ' 6 4 ~ 2 1
`
`I. Title.
`
`97-4029
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`Mehrotra, Asha
`GSM System Engineering
`1. Cellular radio
`2. Mobile communication systems.
`I. Title
`621.3'8456
`
`ISBN 0-89006-860-7
`
`Cover design by Jennifer Makower.
`
`8 1997 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
`685 Canton Street
`Norwood, MA 02062
`
`All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
`may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ-
`ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
`permission in writing from the publisher.
`All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have
`been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa-
`tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade-
`mark or service mark.
`
`International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-860-7
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-4029
`
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`Preface
`
`Chapter 1
`Introduction to GSM System
`Introduction
`1.1
`1.1.1 Objectives of FPLMTS
`1.2 GSM Background
`1.2.1
`Important Dates
`1.2.2 MOU and Different Working Groups
`1.3 GSM Operational Requirements
`1.4 GSM Technical Requirements
`1.5 GSM-Provided Services
`1.6 Future Developments
`1.7 Organization of the Book
`Problems
`References
`Appendix 1A Teleservices
`Appendix 1B Bearer Services
`Appendix 1C Supplementary Services
`
`Chapter 2 GSM Architecture
`2.1
`Introduction
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`viii GSM SYSTEM ENGINEERING
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`GSM Network Structure
`2.2.1 Cell Layout and Frequency Planning
`Mobile Station
`2.3.1
`Functions of MS
`2.3.2
`Power Levels
`2.3.3 MS Configuration
`2.3.4
`SIM Card
`2.3.5 Mobile Identification Numbers
`Base Station System
`2.4.1 Functions of BTS
`2.4.2 BSC
`Switching Subsystems: Mobile Switching Center and
`Gateway Switching Center
`2.5.1
`Functions of MSC
`2.5.2 VLR
`Home Location Register
`Authentication Center
`Equipment Identity Register
`Interworking Function
`2.10 Echo Canceler
`2.1 1 Operations and Maintenance Center
`2.12 The Network Management Center
`2.13 Billing Center
`2.14 Networking
`2.15 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`
`Chapter 3 Time and Frequency Axis Representation
`3.1
`Introduction
`3.2 Time Domain Representation
`3.2.1 Logical Channels
`3.2.2 Logical TCHs
`3.2.3 Logical Control Channels
`Structure of a TDMA Slot With a Frame
`3.2.4
`3.2.5 Time Organization of Signaling Channels
`3.3 Frequency Axis Representation
`3.3.1 Frequency Hopping
`3.4 Operational Concepts
`3.4.1 Mobile Modes
`3.4.2 Access Support to Mobile
`3.4.3 Mobile Sequence of Operations
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`Contents
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`fx
`
`3.5 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`Chapter 4 Mobility Management
`4.1
`Introduction
`4.2 Signaling Protocols
`4.3 Mobile Initialization
`4.4 Basic Steps in the Formation of a Call
`4.4.1 Connection Request
`4.4.2 Paging Procedure
`4.4.3
`Identification Procedure
`4.4.4 Authentication
`4.4.5 Ciphering
`4.4.6 Call Clearing
`4.4.7
`IMSI Attach and Detach
`4.5 Location Update
`4.6 MS-PSTN Call
`4.7 PSTN-MS Call
`4.8 MS-MS Call
`4.9 Call Handover
`4.10 Summary and Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`Chapter 5 Security Management
`5.1
`Introduction
`5.2 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification
`5.3 Authentication
`5.4 Encryption
`5.5 Characteristics of the SIM
`5.6 Equipment Identification
`5.7 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`Chapter 6 Technical Details of GSM
`6.1
`Introduction
`6.2
`Spectral Efficiency of GSM System
`Some Alternate Measure of Spectral Efficiency
`6.2.1
`6.2.2 Multiple Access Efficiency of FDMA and TDMA
`Systems
`6.2.3 FDMA
`6.2.4 TDMA
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`x GSM SYSTEM ENGINEERING
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`6.3 Speech Coding
`6.3.1 The RPE-LTP Speech Encoder
`6.4 Block and Convolutional Coding
`6.4.1 Full Rate Speech Coding
`6.4.2 Data Coding at 9.6 Kbps and 2.4 Kbps
`6.4.3 Channel Rate of 2.4 Kbps
`6.4.4 Control Channel Signaling Data
`6.4.5
`Interleaving
`6.5 Digital Modulation
`6.5.1 MSK Modulation
`6.5.2 GMSK Modulation
`6.5.3 Demodulation
`6.6 Channel Characterization
`6.6.1 Channel Equalization
`6.7 Delay Requirements
`6.8 Discontinuous Transmission
`6.8.1 Voice Activity Detector
`6.8.2 The Comfort Noise Functions
`6.9 Timing Advance Mechanism
`6.10 Mobile-Assisted Handover
`6.10.1 GSM Application
`6.11 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`
`Chapter 7 Subscriber Management and Network Maintenance
`7.1
`Introduction
`7.2 Subscription Administration
`7.3 Billing and Accounting
`7.3.1 GSM and Subscriber Mobility
`7.3.2 Subscriber Billing: National and International
`7.3.3 Charging Principles
`7.3.4 Billing and Accounting: Different Call Components
`7.3.5 Standard for Data Transfer
`7.3.6 Toll Ticketing
`7.4 Network Maintenance
`7.4.1 Minimization of Failure Occurrence
`7.4.2 Minimizing the Effects of Failure
`7.4.3 Fault Detection
`7.5 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
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`Contents xi
`
`Chapter 8 GSM Protocols
`Introduction
`Physical Layer
`Data Link Layer
`MTP3, SCCP, and TCAP Protocols
`Application Layer
`8.5.1 RRLayer
`8.5.2 MM Layer
`8.5.3 CCLayer
`8.5.4 Message Formatting
`BSS Application Part
`MAP Protocol
`8.7.1 MAP Protocols for MM
`8.7.2 MAP Protocols for Basic Services Support
`Common Channel Signaling Between MSC and Fixed
`Network
`Standardized Interfaces in GSM
`8.9.1 U,
`Interface
`8.9.2 A-bis Interface
`8.9.3 A Interface
`8.10 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`
`Chapter 9 Details of MS, BSS, MSC, and NMC
`9.1
`Introduction
`9.2 Mobile Station Subsystem
`9.2.1 Mobile Attributes
`9.2.2 Features of Mobile: Basic, Supplementary, and
`Additional
`9.2.3 Mobile Configuration
`9.2.4 Terminal Architecture
`9.3 Base Station System
`9.3.1 BS Controller Architecture
`9.3.2 BTS Architecture
`9.3.3 Remote Transcoders
`9.4 MSC and GMSC Architecture
`9.4.1 Switch Matrix
`9.4.2 Automatic Message Accounting
`9.4.3 Timing System
`9.4.4 X.25 Interface System
`9.4.5 Land Call Management
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`xii GSM SYSTEM ENGINEERING
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`9.4.6 Mobile Call Management
`9.4.7 Mobility Management
`9.4.8 Service Management Subsystem
`9.4.9 VLR Subsystem
`9.4.10 Interface to Authentication Center
`9.5 Network Management System
`9.5.1 Functions of NMC
`9.5.2 Functions of OMC
`9.5.3 Architecture of OMC
`9.6 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`
`Chapter 10 Microcellular Systems
`10.1 Introduction
`10.2 First-, Second-, and Third-Generation Systems, Technology,
`and Future Trend
`10.3 Technical Requirements of Microcellular Systems
`10.3.1 Channel Segregation
`10.3.2 Multiple BSs Registration
`10.3.3 Diversity Transmission
`10.3.4 Modulation
`10.3.5 Performance Criterion
`10.3.6 Propagation Model
`10.3.7 Multipath Model
`10.4 Cordless Telephones
`10.4.1 Cordless Telephones (CT2-CAI)
`10.4.2 DECT
`10.5 European DCS 1800 System
`10.5.1 The Frequency Band of Operation and Channel
`Arrangement
`10.5.2 Mobile and BS Power Requirements
`10.5.3 RF Modulation Spectrum
`10.5.4 Power Ramping
`10.6 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`
`343
`343
`
`344
`347
`347
`348
`348
`349
`350
`351
`353
`353
`354
`359
`367
`
`368
`368
`368
`368
`3 70
`3 70
`3 72
`
`Chapter 11 Future of PCS Systems
`11.1 Introduction
`11.2 PCS Systems of the Future
`11.2.1 European Role
`11.2.2 Key Objectives of UMTSJFPLMTS
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`Contents xiii
`
`11.2.3 Solution Aproach for Future Systems
`11.2.4 Role of Different Players
`11.3 U.S. Effort for Universal Personal Communication Services
`11.3.1 Spectrum for PCS Services
`11.3.2 Trading Areas
`11.3.3 Narrowband Licenses
`11.3.4 Wideband PCS
`11.3.5 Unlicensed PCS Services
`11.3.6 Pioneer's Preference
`11.4 Satellite Mobile Communication
`11.4.1 Potential Markets
`11.4.2 Iridium
`1 1.4.3 Odyssey
`11.4.4 Globalstar
`11.4.5 Inmarsat-P
`11.5 Conclusions
`Problems
`References
`
`Glossary
`
`About the Author
`
`Index
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`C H A P T E R 1
`v v v
`
`INTRODUCTION
`TO GLOBAL
`F O R MOBILE
`SYSTEM
`COMMUNICATIONS
`
`1.1 INTRODUCTION [I-51
`
`Cellular telecommunications is one of the fastest growing and most challenging
`telecommunication applications ever. Today, it represents a large and continuously
`increasing percentage of all new telephone subscribers around the world. In the long
`term, cellular digital technology may become the universal way of communication.
`The mobile communications market has experienced rapid growth in European
`Post Offices and Telecommunication (CEPT). This has been driven by market forces,
`technological development, and new forms of cooperation in the areas of new systems
`standardization and implementation. A major product of this standards work within
`CEPT Europe has been the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) stan-
`dard. The GSM was developed as the next-generation digital cellular mobile commu-
`nication system for CEPT Europe. The standardization work for the first
`implementation in 1991 was completed in early 1990. Network operators in 17 CEPT
`countries signed the memorandum of understanding (MOU) and are committed to
`introduce GSM systems by 1991.
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`2 GSM SYSTEM LNGINEERING
`
`In 1987 a Group Special Mobile Conference under the auspices of CEPT took
`place. The goal of this conference was to define a Pan-European standard for digital
`cellular communications that would be implemented beginning in 1991. Thirteen
`countries were involved in the devel~pment of the initial recommendations. Since
`that time, GSM development has been characterized by remarkable progress and
`cooperation. Eighteen European nations decided to adopt the standard initially.
`Currently GSM recommendations provide country "Color Codes" for 26 European
`nations. Hong Kong and Australia have also adapted the GSM systems. In Europe
`there are several large cellular systems in operation, such as Nordic Mobile Telephone
`(NMT) in the Nordic countries and Total Access Communication System (TACS)
`in the United Kingdom. Other countries in Western Europe also offer mobile services
`as shown in Table 1.1. Quality, capacity, and area of coverage vary widely, but
`
`Table 1.1
`Major Analog Systems in Europe
`
`Country
`
`Systems
`
`Freq. Band
`
`Date of
`Launch
`
`Operator
`
`Subs x 1000
`(Yr. 1991)
`
`United Kingdom
`
`ETACS
`
`Sweden
`
`Norway
`
`Finland
`
`Denmark
`
`France
`
`Italy
`
`Germany
`
`Switzerland
`The Netherlands
`
`Austria
`
`Spain
`
`NMT
`NMT
`NMT
`MT
`NMT
`NMT
`NMT
`
`Radicom 2000
`NMT
`
`NMT
`RTMS
`ETACS
`CNETZ
`NMT
`NMT
`NMT
`NMT
`CNETZ
`TACS
`NMT
`TACS
`
`Cellnet
`Vodafone
`Comvik (Millicom)
`Telia Mobitel
`Tele-Mobil
`Teli-Mobile
`Telecom Finland
`Telecom Finland
`Tele Denmark Mobil
`A/S
`Tele Denmark Mobil
`AIS
`France Telecom
`Ligne SFR (SBC, Bell
`South)
`France Telecom
`SIP
`SIP
`DETeMobil
`DeTeMobile
`PTT
`Royal P I T
`Royal PTT
`PTV
`PTV
`Telefonica
`Telefonica
`
`1521.4
`1521.4
`11.5
`694.58
`180.5
`279.6
`186.8
`352.2
`38.02
`
`234.8
`
`291
`143.9
`
`15.0
`17.5
`2191.9
`733.891
`Not Available
`292.3
`22.7
`231.3
`47.6
`219.07
`36.5
`377.45
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`Introduction to Global System for Mobrle Commrrnlcations 3
`
`demand in most cases has exceeded estimates almost in every country. Most systems
`however, are national, which makes it impossible to use the mobile telephones
`abroad. This situation has made it clear that for the future a common system is
`required for the widespread use of mobile telephones all over Europe. GSM is the
`Pan-European digital mobile telephony standard specified by the European Telecom-
`munication Standards Institute (ETSI) and provides a common standard; thus, cellu-
`lar subscribers can use their mobile telephones all over Europe. GSM growth from
`199 1 to 1994 is shown in Figure 1.1.
`Before the 1980s, the European cellular market was characterized by a large
`number of incompatible analog standards (such as TACS and NMT), leading to a
`situation where service generally was limited to national territories and where the
`economy of scale was largely lost. At the same time, mobile communications
`expanded very rapidly and the development showed clear signs of accelerated future
`growth. These factors in combination were of course very unfortunate, and it was
`realized, in view of the increasing mobility of the subscribers all over Europe and
`their expectations of service being offered even in foreign countries, that unless a
`remedy could be found, the result would be a very difficult situation in the 1990s.
`In order to solve the problem, the European telecom authorities made the
`following three decisions.
`In 1982, two frequency bands, 890 MHz to 915 MHzand 935 MHz to 960 MHz,
`were reserved primarily for use by cellular systems; and a next-generation European
`cellular system for a newly allocated band of 2 MHz x 25 MHz was formed.
`In 1985, the decision was made to implement a digital system. The next step
`was to choose between narrowband and wideband solutions.
`In 1987, GSM concluded that digital technology working in the Time Division
`Multiple Access (TDMA) mode would provide the optimum solution for the future
`system. The narrowband TDMA solution was chosen (less than 10 channels per
`carrier frequency is generally regarded as a narrowband TDMA system), in consider-
`
`1992
`
`1993
`
`Year
`
`Figure 1.1 GSM growth in Europe.
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`4 GSM SYSTEM ENGINEERING
`
`ation of its several advantages. Specifically, a TDMA system has the following
`advantages.
`
`Offers a possibility of channel splitting and advanced speech coding in the
`future, resulting in improved spectrum efficiency;
`Offers much greater variety of service than the analog;
`Has ISDN capability;
`Is strongly favored by modern component development, which leads to lower
`system cost;
`Allows considerable improvements to be made with regards to the protection
`of information in the system.
`
`Developing such a common system would allow a subscriber to use his own set all
`over Europe. From a user's point of view, the Pan-European system would appear
`as one system, although, in fact, it would consist of many systems run by independent
`operators. This standardization would be applied to certain key interfaces within
`the fixed parts of the system to avoid development of a large number of proprietary
`interfaces, resulting in loss of economy of scale. Hence, the system would be defined
`in terms of functional building blocks and their interfaces. This initiative was taken
`at the right time, with regard to the technology, the demand, and the need for
`standardization. There was and still is a strong interaction between the developments
`in the fields of telecommunications and politics, in Europe as elsewhere, that has
`lead to a strong drive toward standardization in many fields. Standardization was
`felt to be the necessity for the development of a single European market.
`CCIR Study Group 8 realized in the middle of the last decade that different
`Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems (FPLMTS) were presently
`under study in different countries. It was obvious that CCIR had the task of coordinat-
`ing the different developments and forming a list of recommendations. CCIR Study
`Group 8 decided to establish a special team, that is, an Interim Working Party
`(IWP), to study this important subject and determine the overall objectives of the
`FPLMTS systems, which include the suitable choice of frequency band or bands and
`defining the essential characteristics of the systems. The system should provide a
`wide range of services, such as voice, data, and others including compatibility for
`national and international roaming.
`
`1.1.1 Objectives of FPLMTS
`
`Some primary objectives for FPLMTS are as follows.
`
`1. To provide a framework for continuing the extension of mobile network
`services and access to services and facilities of the fixed network (public-
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`Introduction to Global System for Mobile Commrttticatiot~s 5
`
`switched telephone networks / integrated service digital networks (PSTNI
`ISDN)) subject to the constraints of radio transmission, spectrum usage, and
`system economics;
`2. To allow mobile and fixed network users to use the services regardless of
`location (that is, national and international roaming);
`3. To provide an open architecture that will permit the easy introduction of new
`technology advancements as well as different applications;
`4. To allow the coexistence and interconnection with mobile systems that use
`direct satellite links;
`5. To provide for unique user identification and PSTNASDN numbers in accor-
`dance with appropriate CCITT Recommendations;
`6. To offer the services available in the PSTNASDN and other public networks,
`as far as possible, bearing in mind the differences in the characteristics of the
`fixed network and mobile radio environments;
`7. To provide frequency commonality, which should allow for the desired level
`of operational compatibility on the systems. In principle, a complete common-
`ality of one frequency band on a worldwide basis would be desired, but
`reasonable commonality could also be obtained through a common signaling
`band and sufficient overlap of the traffic bands to ensure compatibility.
`
`With these reasons for developing the GSM system, we will highlight the GSM
`background, operational requirements, and technical requirements. Section 1.5 will
`describe the different services offered by GSM, followed by the contents of the book
`and conclusions.
`
`1.2 GSM BACKGROUND
`
`The Joint West-European venture of specifying the GSM system started within the
`CEPT Organization, where the cooperative work in the different areas of telecommu-
`nications was formally adopted in the form of recommendations. However, it was
`a national decision whether or not each recommendation, or set of recommendations,
`for a given service should be implemented by the administration of each country.
`There was a need, however, for a more demanding obligation as far as the
`GSM was concerned. The system needed to include the concept of international
`roaming, and success in one country would therefore depend upon the system roll-
`out in other countries. The development and production of system equipment would
`require large industrial investments that could hardly be justified unless the different
`national markets evolved somewhat simultaneously. A memorandum of understand-
`ing was thus prepared during mid-1987 and signed by the first 12 countries in
`September 1987.
`The GSM system specification work was later transferred to ETSI, an organiza-
`tion controlling standardization and the MOU, which served as an adequate forum
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`6 GSM SYSTEM ENGINEERING
`
`for discussions on pure operational matters. The main purpose of the GSM-MOU
`was to provide a framework for all the necessary measures to be taken by the
`signatories together to ensure the opening of a commercial service in their respective
`countries by 1991. Also, the network operators would plan the progressive implemen-
`tation of the networks in each country so that transport routes between the countries
`of the signatories could be brought early into the coverage of the respective systems.
`Priority for coverage would be given to all capital cities including the principal
`airport by 1991, introduction of special services by 1993, and the full European
`roaming market by 1995, as shown in Table 1.2.
`
`1.2.1 Important Dates
`
`Important dates in the development cycle of the GSM project are shown in Table
`1.3. The project started in 1982 with the creation of the Group Special Mobile
`within CEPT. The pivotal year was 1987, when digital system was adopted and
`field trials were completed. The system was finally put into operation in 1991.
`
`1.2.2 MOU and Different Working Groups
`
`The GSM-MOU established several subgroups within GSM. The task of the individ-
`ual groups was to organize the work in the following areas of concern, as shown
`in Table 1.4.
`
`1.3 GSM OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS [6-101
`
`A list of operational requirements was developed that consisted of the following.
`
`High audio quality and link integrity;
`High spectral efficiency;
`Identical system in all countries (European harmonization and standardization);
`
`Table 1.2
`Milestones for a GSM System
`
`Occurrence
`
`Capitals;
`Voice, emergency calls, call forwarding, and barring
`Intercapitol roaming;
`Short message services (SMS), FAX, and call holding
`European roaming;
`Real-time information, call waiting, and conference calls
`
`Year
`
`Mid-1991
`
`Mid-1 993
`
`Mid-1995
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`Introduction to Global System for Mobrle Communications 7
`
`Table 1.3
`Important Dates in the GSM Project
`
`Occurrence
`
`Group Special Mobile created within CEPT
`FrancelGerman agreement at Nice to support GSM, thus triggering the process to resolve
`European differences of opinion in favor of a unified Pan-European digital cellular service.
`GSM establishes a permanent nucleus in Paris.
`The Heads of State meeting in London in December requested agreement on standards and
`commitment of operators. The European Council of Ministers issued a draft directive on
`radio spectrum use.
`Field trials were completed in Paris in February following a precedent-setting decision to
`conduct a single set of field trials of spectrum efficiency, voice quality, and the radio interface
`of all the proposed systems. All systems were tested under the same conditions.
`At the Madrid GSM conference in February, it was agreed that the system would be digital,
`narrowband TDMA access using voice coders.
`The Ministerial meeting was held in Bonn on May 3. The United Kingdom, Germany, France,
`and Italy agreed at the Bonn conference on May 19 to standards, 1991 roll-out of the system,
`and competition concentration of industry, and asked operators for a Memorandum of
`Understanding.
`At Copenhagen on September 7, operators signed Memorandum of Understanding, agreeing
`on procedures and schedules to procure, build, and test systems.
`Tenders were issued by GSM member countries in March.
`Prototype (validation) systems were on the air. GSM became an ETSI Technical Committee.
`Pre-operational systems came on the air. DCS 1800 adaptation started.
`The United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy introduced digital cellular service.
`Motorola started the first commercial GSM system.
`Conference was called in Finland to explore the GSM migration toward UMTSIFPLMT.
`Phase 2 GSM specifications were frozen. Contracts were awarded in Asia, the Middle East,
`and Europe for GSM systems. The new name "Global System for Mobile Communications"
`was given to GSM.
`Phase 2 implementation began.
`
`Intersystem roaming (international roaming needs standardized air interface);
`High degree of flexibility (open architecture that will allow new services to be
`introduced at a future date);
`Economy in both sparsely and heavily populated areas;
`Integration with ISDN;
`Other security features;
`A range of additional features, such as short message service and use of facsimile
`system;
`Easy to introduce the system;
`Low-cost infrastructure.
`
`The specific requirements for the system were not clearly defined by the superior
`committees in CEPT. On the contrary, a great deal of freedom was given to GSM
`
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`

`

`8 GSM SYSTEM t.NGINEER!NG
`
`Table 1.4
`Main Areas of Concern of Different Working Groups
`
`Working Group
`
`MOU-BARG
`(Billing and Accounting)
`
`MOU-MP
`(Marketing Planning)
`
`MOU-P
`(Procurement)
`MOU-EREG
`(European Roaming)
`
`MOU-CONIG
`(Conformancc of Nctwork
`Interfaces)
`MOU-TAP
`(Type Approval
`Administrative
`Procedures)
`MOU-TADIG
`(Transfer Account Data
`Interchange)
`
`MOU-SERG
`(Services)
`
`MOU-SG
`(Security)
`
`MOU-RIC
`(Radio Interface
`Coordination)
`
`Areas of Concern
`
`All commercial and administration principles and procedures to sup-
`port European roaming including: ( I ) Administration of subscribers,
`(2) Billing harmonization, (3) Credit control, (4) Fraud prevention
`intersystem, (5) Accounting operation, ( 6 ) Statistics, and (7) Definitions
`of harmonized billing and accounting software requirements.
`(1) Presentation of coverage information, (2) Identification of selling
`features to guide system development, ( 3 ) Coordination of awareness
`campaign public relations, and (4) GSM name and logo.
`Harmonization of procurement policy.
`
`Coordination of all technical and operational procedures principles
`and plans for the support of European roaming, including: (1) Mobile
`numbering plans; (2) Routing of mobile terminated calls and of signal-
`ing messages; (3) Technical implications of tariff principles on interna-
`tional interworking; (4) Establishment of international signaling links;
`and (5) Interworking between PLMN utilizing different work func-
`tions, quality and availability of service.
`(1) Listtdefinition of tests for conformance of interfaces "A" and
`"Abis" and (2) harmonization of test activities.
`
`(1) Harmonization of procedures regarding type approval, (2) Review
`of existing or emerging directives and identification of possible diffi-
`culties, and (3) Control and issue of IMEIs.
`
`(1) T o specify the detailed file: Interchange mechanism to tape and
`data transfer between billing entities to facilitate the transfer account
`"
`procedures as defined by relevant GSM recommendations, taking into
`account the necessary security and quality of service requirements; (2)
`To specify the format of data records to be exchanged either by tape
`or data transfer; and (3) To specify standard sets of protocols for such
`data transfer
`(1) Maintenance of GSM recommendations following transfer of
`responsibilities from ETSItGSM, (2) Allocation/revision of status of
`implementation categories of services and dates for introduction, and
`(3) Review of compatibility of services for roaming.
`(1) Administration of nondisclosure undertaking for algorithms, (2)
`Maintenance of algorithms and test sequences, (3) Monitoring of ade-
`quacy of system security and proposals for enhancements as required.
`(1) Coordination of technical aspects of type approval and identifica-
`tion of problems affecting type approval as a result of validation and
`conflicting interpretations of recommendations, (2) Resolution of tech-
`nical problems with regard to type approval in different countries, and
`(3) Review of the System Simulator activities.
`
`Dell Inc., Ex. 1023
`Page 20 of 161
`
`

`

`Introduct~on to Global System for Mobile Communications 9
`
`in order for the committee to find the best compromise between the conflicting
`requirements of such things as high spectrum economy, low cost, and high speech
`quality. One reason for this flexibility was that, at the time, there was a great deal
`of uncertainty as to what would be the major use of the system. It seemed reasonable
`&en to expect that while the major use in the early 1990s would be speech communi-
`cation, so that the system would then mainly be a voice system, there would gradually
`be a need for the system to offer advanced data services. Primarily, the system had
`to be at least equal to the existing first-generation systems with respect to spectrum
`efficiency, cost of the mobile unit, cost of the network infrastructure, availability of
`handheld stations, quality of speech transmission, and the ease of the introduction
`of new services. It was also realized that in order to be able to compete with the
`first-generation systems, the GSM system had to be superior to those systems in at
`least one of the areas. Gradually, one has come to realize that in the long run the
`system must offer improvements in all the other areas.
`One important question was how far GSM should go in its specification work;
`that is, to what degree the system had to be specified so as to be identical in all
`countries, and how much could be left to the operators and suppliers to agree upon.
`Clearly, without identical air interfaces in all networks, the subscribers are not going
`to have free roaming between networks. This was considered to be the absolute
`minimum degree of standardization, and these requirements were favored. Conceiv-
`ably, some people might have seen it as advantageous to specify everything in the
`system, including the hardware of the mobile station (MS) and even of other parts
`of the system. It was agreed upon that there would be no attempt to specify the
`system in such detail. Basically, only the functional interfaces between the major
`building blocks would be specified. This approach had several advantages, perhaps
`the most important of which is that for each major building block, the principle of
`functional specification offers each operator, and thus the customer, the opportunity
`to purchase whatever make of equipment he wants, thus setting the stage for maxi-
`mum competition between manufacturers. For instance, the fact that an operator
`has purchased an exchange from a certain supplier does not force him to go o n
`buying, equipment from the same supplier. Standardized electrical interfaces as well
`as protocols are provided for both the fixed and subscriber equipment. These include
`standardized rate adaptations compatible with conventional ISDN definitions. The
`imposed open network architecture with defined and standardized interfaces requires
`interoperability among equipment from multiple vendors, which guarantees compati-
`bility and interworking between systems and further gives the operator flexibility
`in selecting equipment providers at the subsystem level rather than merely the overall
`system level.
`GSM (Group Special Mobile, or Global System for Mobile communications),
`the new Pan-European digital cellular telecommunications standard, will also solve
`present limitations of analog systems. In fact, capacity will increase two to three
`times due to better frequency usage and techniques that utilize smaller cells, thus
`
`Dell Inc., Ex. 1023
`Page 21 of 16