OVER
`10,000
`
`ENTRIES
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 9805246399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmi
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers-Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers-—Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03—dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by HE. Penn and Company Ltd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`
`
`
`.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact 4
`Press lntemau'onal directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.co
`Send comments to nupinput@microsofl.com.
`
`
`
`
`
`Active Desktop. Active Directory, ActiveMovie. ActiveStore. ActiveSync. ActiveX. Authentr-_ -
`BackOffice. Biz’l‘alk, ClearType. Direct3D. DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, Dirge
`DirectPlay. DirectShow, DirectSound. DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, In lliE
`IntelliMouse, lntelliSense. JScn'pt. MapPoint. Microsoft. Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer,‘
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV
`Visual Basic, Visual CH. Visual FoxPro, Visual lnterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, V'§ .
`Win32. Win325, Windows. Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trade
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other produ
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`-
`
`
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, peop
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization”? 1‘
`domain name. e-mail address, logo. person. place. or event is intended or should be inferred.
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`
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`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`Bart Arenson
`
`Janice Borzendowski
`
`Jerome Colburn
`
`Duane Hanson
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Robert Howecton
`
`Annette B. Jackson
`
`Larry S. Jackson
`Thomas A. Jackson
`
`Chris Kinata
`
`llana Kingsley
`Robin Lombard
`
`Thomas A. Long
`
`William G. Madison
`
`Illustrators
`
`Travis Beaven
`
`David Holter
`
`Alton Lawson
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`David Mason
`
`Terrence M. McLaren
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Phil Rose
`
`John Ross
`
`David Rygmyr
`Aimée Truchard
`
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`Judson D. Weeks
`
`Tom Winn
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`
`Rob Nance
`
`Joel Panchot
`
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`up the 180/081 data link layer. The LLC1s responsible for
`
`if anaging communications links and handling frame traf-
`
`'a‘c. See also IEEE 802.x, MAC.
`
`Lmhosts file n. A local text file that lists the names of
`~ network hosts (sometimes called NetBIOS names) to IP
`
`-‘ addresses for hosts that are not located on the local subnet.
`See also IP address, systemroot.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and is automatically invoked when a program is run. See
`also loader routine, load module.
`loader routlne n. A routine that loads executable code
`into memory and executes it. A loader routine can be part
`of an operating system or it can be part of the program
`itself. See also loader, overlayl (definition 1).
`load module n. An executable unit of code loaded into
`memory by the loader. A program consists of one or more
`load modules, each of which can be loaded and executed
`independently. See also loader.
`
`load polnt n. The beginning of the valid data area on a
`magnetic tape.
`
`load sharlng n. A method of managing one or more
`tasks, jobs, or processes by scheduling and simulta-
`neously executing portions of them on two or more
`microprocessors.
`
`load sheddlng n. In electrical systems, the process of
`turning off power to some electronic equipment in order to
`maintain the integrity of the power supply to other con-
`nected devices. See also UPS.
`
`lobby page 11. A page of information about the broadcast
`that is displayed in the viewer’s browser before the broad-
`cast begins. It can contain a title, subject, host’s name,
`information about the broadcast, and a countdown to the
`time of the broadcast.
`
`local adj. 1. In general, close at hand or restricted to a
`particular area. 2. In communications, a device that can be
`accessed directly rather than by means of a communica-
`tions line. 3. In information processing, an operation per-
`formed by the computer at hand rather than by a remote
`computer. 4. In programming, a variable that is restricted
`in scope, that is, used in only one part (subprogram, proce-
`dure, or function) of a program. Compare remote.
`local area network n. See LAN.
`
`local bus n. A PC architecture designed to speed up sys—
`tem performance by allowing some expansion boards to
`communicate directly with the microprocessor, bypass-
`ing the normal system bus entirely. See also PCI local
`bus, VL bus.
`
`local bypass n. A telephone connection used by some
`businesses that links separate buildings but bypasses the
`telephone company.
`locale Identlfler n. A 32-bit value that consists of a lan-
`guage identifier and a sort identifier. In code, a locale
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`load1 11. 1. The total computing burden a system carries
`i at one time. 2. In electronics, the amount of current
`'_ drawn by a device. 3. In communications, the amount of
`‘ traffic on a line.
`
`load2 vb. To place information from storage into memory
`; for processing, if it is data, or for execution, if it is pro-
`* gram code.
`
`load-and-go adj. In reference to a routine, able to begin
`V
`' execution immediately, once loaded. The term is com-
`monly used in reference to compilers and the machine
`code they generate.
`
`load balanclng n. 1. In distributed processing, the distri-
`. bution of activity across two or more servers in order to
`avoid overloading any one with too many requests from
`- users. Load balancing can be either static or dynamic. In
`the former, the load is balanced ahead of time by assigning
`different groups of users to different servers. In the latter,
`software refers incoming requests at runtime to whichever
`server is most capable of handling them. 2. In client/server
`network administration, the process of reducing heavy
`traffic flows either by dividing a busy network segment
`into multiple smaller segments or by using software to dis-
`tribute traffic among multiple network interface cards
`working simultaneously to transfer information to a
`server. 3. In communications, the process of routing traffic
`over two or more routes rather than one. Such load balanc—
`ing results in faster, more reliable transmissions.
`
`loaded line n. A transmission cable fitted with loading
`coils, usually spaced about a mile apart, that reduce ampli-
`tude distortion in a signal by adding inductance (resistance
`to changes in current flow) to the line. Loaded lines mini-
`mize distortion within the range of frequencies affected by
`the loading coils, but the coils also reduce the bandwidth
`available for transmission.
`
`loader n. A utility that loads the executable code of a pro-
`gram into memory for execution. On most microcomput—
`ers, the loader is an invisible part of the operating system
`
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`· .. r~·fi'\
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`• 1'-'-'h
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`metal gate from the semiconductor current channel. MOS(cid:173)
`FE'I's have extremely high input impedance and therefore
`require almost n0 driving power. They are used in many
`audio applications, including high-gain amplifier circuits.
`Li.Ice all metal-oxide semiconductor GMOS) devices,
`M(')SFETs are easily damaged by static ~lecoicity. See the
`illustration. See also FET, MOS.
`
`Metal-0xiee Gate
`layer
`
`Seurce
`
`Drain
`
`MOSFET.
`most slgnltlcant bit n. In a sequenee of one 0r more
`bytes, the hig!lest-order bit of a binary number, not includ(cid:173)
`ing the sign bit Acronym: MSB. See also higli-order.
`Compare least significant bit.
`most~
`character n. The high-order, or left(cid:173)
`mpst, character in a string. Acronym: MSC. See also high(cid:173)
`order: Compare least significant character.
`dl&lt n. In a sequence of one or more
`higb!lst-ordec digit, which is the leftmost digit.
`is the most significan~ digit. Acronym: MSD.
`significant digit
`
`• circuit board containing the
`· system. This board
`, support circuitry,
`boards, including
`, may attach to
`also expansion
`
`mount n. In NFS, a folder or file retn·e ved fro
`111 elseWh
`on the network and accessed locally S
`· ee also NFs Crt
`.
`MOUS n. Acronym for Microsoft Offic U
`·
`A certification from Microsoft that verifie ser_ 8I>eciaJisl
`skills with the Microsoft Office desktop es an 1ndividua1•
`5
`also MCP.
`programs. See
`
`mouse 11. A common pointing device. The bas·
`of a mouse are a flat-bottomed casing de .
`ic features
`signed to be
`gripped by one hand, one or more buttons
`on the top
`.d.
`.
`I d
`.
`mu ti irectlona etecuon device (usually a ball
`• a
`I
`bottom, and a cable connecting the mouse t th ) 00 the
`0 ecom
`By moving the mouse on a surface (such as d
`PUter.
`•
`a esk top)
`the user typically controls an on-screen cursor A
`•.
`a relative pointing device because there are n~ d mfiOUse15
`th
`'
`I. .
`e ned
`1DUts to e mouse s movement and because its 1
`P acemem
`.
`d
`on a su ace oes not map directly to a specific
`rf
`screen
`.
`.,.,
`.
`1
`ocauon. ,o se ect Items or choose commands 00 the
`I
`screen, the user presses one of the mouse's buttons
`Ii k " S
`.
`"
`,pro(cid:173)
`ee the illustration. See also bus
`ucmg a mouse c c . .
`d
`mouse, mechanical mouse, optical mouse, optomech ·
`.
`.
`.
`.
`aruca1
`I
`mouse, re auve pomtmg device, serial mouse. Compare
`trackball.
`
`Mouse. 1wo types of rrwuse: for the Macintosh (left) and/or
`the PC (right) .
`MouseKeys n. A feature in Wmdows that allows a user to
`use the numeric keyboard to move the mouse poinret(cid:173)
`MouseKeys is primarily intended for people who may
`have physical limitations that make it difficult to move a
`conventiooal mouse. See also mouse.
`IIIOUM pad n. A surface on which a mouse can be~
`typwaily a rectangular rubber pad covered with fl
`• dµig more traction than a wooden or glass
`-~f::etalso mouse.
`on-screen element
`the mouse.
`and tbeo
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`U
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`read1 n. The action of transferring data from an input h
`.
`.
`‘
`.
`I
`source into a computer’s memory or from memory into t e
`CPU (central processrng unit). Compare write .
`I'ead2 vb. To transfer data from an external source, such as
`from a disk or the keyboard, into memory or from memzory
`into the central processing unit (CPU). Compare write .
`read-after-wrlte n. A feature of certain data storage
`devices, such as tape drives, in which the devrce reads data
`immediately after it is written as a means of verifying data
`integrity.
`reader n. See card reader.
`
`Reader n. See Microsoft Reader.
`
`read error n. An error encountered while a computer is in
`the process of obtaining information from storage or from
`another source of input. Compare write error.
`
`README n. A file containing information that the user
`either needs or will find informative and that might not
`have been included in the documentation. README files
`
`are placed on disk in plain-text form (without extraneous
`or program-specific characters) so that they can be read
`easily by a variety of word processing programs.
`'
`
`read notification n. An e-mail feature providing feed-
`back to the sender that a message has been read by the
`recipient.
`
`read-only adj. Capable of being retrieved (read) but not
`changed (written). A read—only file or document can be
`displayed or printed but not altered in any way. Read-only
`memory (ROM) holds programs that cannot be changed; a
`read-only storage medium, such as CD-ROM, can be
`played back but cannot be used for recording information.
`Compare read/write.
`
`read—only attribute n. A file attribute, stored with a file’s
`directory entry. indicating whether or not a file may be
`changed or erased. When the read-only attribute is off. the
`file can be modified or deleted; when it is on, the file can
`only be displayed.
`
`read-only memory n. See ROM.
`
`read-only terminal n. See RO terminal.
`
`read/write adj. Able to be both read from and written to.
`Abbreviation: R/W. Compare read-only.
`
`440
`
`
`
`read/write channel n. See input/outputchanne].
`read/write head n. See head.
`
`read/write memory n. Memory that can be both read
`from and written to (modified). Semiconductor RAM and
`core memory are typical read/write memory Systems,
`Compare ROM (definition 2).
`
`real address n. An absolute (machine) address specify
`ing a physical location in memory. See alra physical
`address. Compare relative address, virtual address.
`
`RealAudio n. Streaming audio technology deVelOpedby
`RealNetworks, Inc., for distributing radio and I‘M-quality
`sound files over the Internet in real time. RealAudiois
`based on two components: client software for decompm
`ing the sound on the fly and server software for delivering
`it. The client software is free, distributed either as a dorm
`loadable program or as part of browser software. See also
`RealPlayer. RealVideo, stream, streaming.
`
`reallocate n. A function in C that allows the programmer
`to request a larger portion of heap memory than was previ-
`ously assigned to a particular pointer. See also dynamic
`memory allocation, heap (definition I).
`
`reallysafe palette n. A color look-up table (CLUDcon-
`sisting of 22 colors from the 216-color websafe palette
`that are completely consistent when viewed with all Web
`browsers on all major computer platforms. The reallysafe
`palette arose from an experiment that indicated that most
`of the colors of the websafe palette shift to some degree!n
`different viewing environments. See also browser CLUT,
`websafe palette.
`
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`32‘
`lirl
`\“d
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`real mode n. An operating mode in the Intel 80x86f1m'
`ily of microprocessors. In real mode, the processor can
`execute only one program at a time. It can access no 1110“”-
`than about 1 MB of memory, but it can freely access SYS'
`tem memory and input/output devices. Real mode is th:
`only mode possible in the 8086 processor and is the 0“)
`operating mode supported by MS-DOS. In contrast: the
`Protected mode offered in the 80286 and higher micrOPW
`cessors provides the memory management and memory
`protection needed for multitasking environmentS “Ch :15
`Windows. See also 8086, privileged mode. Compare Pm
`tected mode. virtual real mode.
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