eth -
`10,000
`LN'HILEI _'
`
`Microsoft
`
`Fifth Ed itiO
`
`
`
`pmputer
`Ictlonary
`
`_
`- Fatty updated with the Iateet
`techneu'egr'es, terms, and acronyms
`
`- Easy te read, expertiy mustrated
`
`- Definttrve coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 1
`
`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 1
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
`
`7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 2
`
`

`

`bionics
`
`B rity techniques that rely on measurable, individual biolog-
`
`ical stamps to recognize or verify an individual’s identity.
`For example, fingerprints, handprints, or voice-recogni-
`tion might be used to enable access to a computer, to a
`room, or to an electronic commerce account. Security
`schemes are generally categorized into three levels: level 1
`relies on something the person carries, such as an ID
`badge with a photo or a computer cardkey; level 2 relies
`on something the person knows, such as a password or a
`code number; and level 3, the highest level, relies on
`something that is a part of the person’s biological makeup
`or behavior, such as a fingerprint, the pattern of blood ves-
`sels in a retina, or a signature. See also fingerprint reader,
`handwriting recognition (definition 1), voice recognition.
`bionics n. The study of living organisms, their character-
`istics, and the ways they function, with a view toward cre-
`ating hardware that can simulate or duplicate the activities
`of a biological system. See also cybernetics.
`BIOS n. Acronym for basic input/output system. On PC-
`compatible computers, the set of essential software rou-
`tines that tests hardware at startup, starts the operating sys-
`tem, and supports the transfer of data among hardware
`devices, including the date and time. The operating system
`date is initialized from the BIOS or Real Time Clock date
`when the machine is booted. Many older PCs, particularly
`those dating before 1997, have BIOSs that store only 2-
`digit years and thus may have suffered from Year 2000
`problems. The BIOS is stored in read-only memory (ROM)
`so that it can be executed when the computer is turned on.
`Although critical to performance, the BIOS is usually
`invisible to computer users. See also AMI BIOS, CMOS
`setup, Phoenix BIOS, ROM BIOS. Compare Toolbox.
`BIOS test n. A test to see if a PC will make the transition
`to the year 2000 and keep the correct date. The test can
`range from resetting the system time in the BIOS and
`
`Synchronizing
`characters
`
`Optional
`header
`
`STX
`
`F0Bgn08.epsBISYNC. The structure of a BISYNC frame.
`
`BISYNC
`
`rebooting to running a program or software routine spe-
`cially designed to uncover Year 2000 problems.
`bipartite virus n. See multipartite virus.
`bipolar adj. 1. Having two opposite states, such as posi-
`tive and negative. 2. In information transfer and process-
`ing, pertaining to or characteristic of a signal in which
`opposite voltage polarities represent on and off, true and
`false, or some other pair of values. See also nonreturn to
`zero. Compare unipolar. 3. In electronics, pertaining to or
`characteristic of a transistor having two types of charge
`carriers. See also transistor.
`BIS n. See business information system.
`BISDN n. See broadband ISDN.
`bistable adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a sys-
`tem or device that has two possible states, such as on and
`off. See also flip-flop.
`bistable circuit n. Any circuit that has only two stable
`states. The transition between them must be initiated from
`outside the circuit. A bistable circuit is capable of storing
`1 bit of information.
`bistable multivibrator n. See flip-flop.
`BISYNC n. Short for binary synchronous communica-
`tions protocol. A communications standard developed by
`IBM. BISYNC transmissions are encoded in either ASCII
`or EBCDIC. Messages can be of any length and are sent in
`units called frames, optionally preceded by a message
`header. BISYNC uses synchronous transmission, in which
`message elements are separated by a specific time interval,
`so each frame is preceded and followed by special charac-
`ters that enable the sending and receiving machines to syn-
`chronize their clocks. STX and ETX are control characters
`that mark the beginning and end of the message text; BCC
`is a set of characters used to verify the accuracy of trans-
`mission. See the illustration. Also called: BSC.
`Final
`synchronizing
`characters
`
`ETX
`
`BCC
`
`Message
`
`60
`
`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 3
`
`

`

`E
`
`elevator seeking
`
`embedded system
`
`elevator seeking n. A method of limiting hard disk
`access time in which multiple requests for data are priori-
`tized based on the location of the data relative to the read/
`write head. This serves to minimize head movement. See
`also access time (definition 2), hard disk, read/write head.
`elite n. 1. A size of fixed-width type that prints 12 charac-
`ters to the inch. 2. A fixed-width font that may be avail-
`able in various type sizes. See also monospace font.
`ELIZA n. A program, modeled on Rogerian psychother-
`apy, that conducts simulated conversations with humans
`by echoing responses and posing questions based on key
`words in earlier comments. It was created by Dr. Joseph
`Weizenbaum, who considered it a bit of a joke and was
`alarmed that people took it seriously. See also artificial
`intelligence, Turing test.
`ellipsis n. A set of three dots (...) used to convey incom-
`pleteness. In many windowing applications, selection of a
`command that is followed by an ellipsis will produce a
`submenu or a dialog box. In programming and software
`manuals, an ellipsis in a syntax line indicates the repetition
`of certain elements. See also dialog box, syntax.
`elm n. Short for electronic mail. A program for reading
`and composing e-mail on UNIX systems. The elm pro-
`gram has a full-screen editor, making it easier to use than
`the original mail program, but elm has largely been super-
`seded by pine. See also e-mail1. Compare Eudora, pine.
`e-mail1 or email or E-mail n. 1. Short for electronic mail.
`The exchange of text messages and computer files over a
`communications network, such as a local area network or
`the Internet, usually between computers or terminals.
`2. An electronic text message.
`e-mail2 or email or E-mail vb. To send an e-mail message.
`e-mail address n. A string that identifies a user so that
`the user can receive Internet e-mail. An e-mail address
`typically consists of a name that identifies the user to the
`mail server, followed by an at sign (@) and the host name
`and domain name of the mail server. For example, if Anne
`E. Oldhacker has an account on the machine called baz at
`Foo Enterprises, she might have an e-mail address
`aeo@baz.foo.com, which would be pronounced “A E O at
`baz dot foo dot com.”
`e-mail filter n. A feature in e-mail-reading software that
`automatically sorts incoming mail into different folders or
`mailboxes based on information contained in the message.
`
`For example, all incoming mail from a user’s Uncle Joe
`might be placed in a folder labeled “Uncle Joe.” Filters
`may also be used either to block or accept e-mail from
`designated sources.
`e-mail management system n. An automated e-mail
`response system used by an Internet-based business to sort
`incoming e-mail messages into predetermined categories
`and either reply to the sender with an appropriate response
`or direct the e-mail to a customer service representative.
`Acronym: EMS.
`embed vb. To insert information created in one program,
`such as a chart or an equation, into another program. After
`the object is embedded, the information becomes part of
`the document. Any changes made to the object are
`reflected in the document.
`embedded adj. In software, pertaining to code or a com-
`mand that is built into its carrier. For example, application
`programs insert embedded printing commands into a doc-
`ument to control printing and formatting. Low-level
`assembly language is embedded in higher-level languages,
`such as C, to provide more capabilities or better efficiency.
`embedded chip n. See embedded system.
`embedded command n. A command placed in a text,
`graphics, or other document file, often used for printing or
`page-layout instructions. Such commands often do not
`appear on screen but can be displayed if needed. In trans-
`ferring documents from one program to another, embed-
`ded commands can cause problems if the programs are
`incompatible.
`embedded controller n. A processor-based controller
`circuit board that is built into the computer machinery. See
`also controller.
`embedded hyperlink n. A link to a resource that is
`embedded within text or is associated with an image or an
`image map. See also hyperlink, image map.
`embedded interface n. An interface built into a hard-
`ware device’s drive and controller board so that the device
`can be directly connected to the computer’s system bus.
`See also controller, interface (definition 3). Compare
`ESDI, SCSI, ST506 interface.
`embedded system n. Microprocessors used to control
`devices such as appliances, automobiles, and machines
`used in business and manufacturing. An embedded system
`is created to manage a limited number of specific tasks
`
`190
`
`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 4
`
`

`

`E
`
`em dash
`
`encapsulate
`
`within a larger device or system. An embedded system is
`often built onto a single chip or board and is used to con-
`trol or monitor the host device—usually with little or no
`human intervention and often in real time. See also
`microprocessor.
`em dash n. A punctuation mark (—) used to indicate a
`break or interruption in a sentence. It is named for the em,
`a typographical unit of measure that in some fonts equals
`the width of a capital M. Compare en dash, hyphen.
`EMF n. See electromotive force.
`emitter n. In transistors, the region that serves as a source
`of charge carriers. Compare base (definition 3), collector.
`emitter-coupled logic n. A circuit design in which the
`emitters of two transistors are connected to a resistor so
`that only one of the transistors switches at a time. The
`advantage of this design is very high switching speed. Its
`drawbacks are the high number of components required
`and susceptibility to noise. Acronym: ECL.
`EMM n. See Expanded Memory Manager.
`e-money or emoney n. Short for electronic money. A
`generic name for the exchange of money through the
`Internet. Also called: cybercash, digicash, digital cash,
`e-cash, e-currency.
`emotag n. In an e-mail message or newsgroup article, a
`letter, word, or phrase that is encased in angle brackets and
`that, like an emoticon, indicates the attitude the writer
`takes toward what he or she has written. Often emotags
`have opening and closing tags, similar to HTML tags, that
`enclose a phrase or one or more sentences. For example:
`<joke>You didn’t think there would really be a joke here,
`did you?</joke>. Some emotags consist of a single tag,
`such as <grin>. See also emoticon, HTML.
`emoticon n. A string of text characters that, when viewed
`sideways, form a face expressing a particular emotion. An
`emoticon is often used in an e-mail message or newsgroup
`post as a comment on the text that precedes it. Common
`emoticons include :-) or :) (meaning “I’m smiling at the
`joke here”), ;-) (“I’m winking and grinning at the joke
`here”), :-( (“I’m sad about this”), :-7 (“I’m speaking with
`tongue in cheek”), :D or :-D (big smile; “I’m overjoyed”),
`and :-O (either a yawn of boredom or a mouth open in
`amazement). Compare emotag.
`EMS n. Acronym for Expanded Memory Specification. A
`technique for adding memory to PCs that allows for
`increasing memory beyond the Intel 80x86 microproces-
`
`sor real-mode limit of 1 megabyte (MB). In earlier ver-
`sions of microprocessors, EMS bypassed this memory
`board limit with a number of 16-kilobyte banks of RAM
`that could be accessed by software. In later versions of
`Intel microprocessors, including the 80386 and 80486
`models, EMS is converted from extended memory by soft-
`ware memory managers, such as EMM386 in MS-DOS 5.
`Now EMS is used mainly for older MS-DOS applications
`because Windows and other applications running in pro-
`tected mode on 80386 and higher microprocessors are free
`of the 1-MB limit. Also called: LIM EMS. See also
`expanded memory, protected mode. Compare conven-
`tional memory, extended memory.
`em space n. A typographical unit of measure that is
`equal in width to the point size of a particular font. For
`many fonts, this is equal to the width of a capital M, from
`which the em space takes its name. Compare en space,
`fixed space, thin space.
`emulate vb. For a hardware or software system to
`behave in the same manner as another hardware or soft-
`ware system. In a network, for example, microcomputers
`might emulate terminals in order to communicate with
`mainframes.
`emulation n. The process of a computer, device, or pro-
`gram imitating the function of another computer, device,
`or program.
`emulator n. Hardware or software designed to make one
`type of computer or component act as if it were another.
`By means of an emulator, a computer can run software
`written for another machine. In a network, microcomput-
`ers might emulate terminals in order to communicate with
`mainframes.
`emulsion laser storage n. A method for recording data
`in film by selective heating with a laser beam.
`enable vb. To activate or turn on. Compare disable.
`encapsulate vb. 1. To treat a collection of structured
`information as a whole without affecting or taking notice
`of its internal structure. In communications, a message or
`packet constructed according to one protocol, such as a
`TCP/IP packet, may be taken with its formatting data as an
`undifferentiated stream of bits that is then broken up and
`packaged according to a lower-level protocol (for exam-
`ple, as ATM packets) to be sent over a particular network;
`at the destination, the lower-level packets are assembled,
`re-creating the message as formatted for the encapsulated
`protocol. See also ATM (definition 1). 2. In object-oriented
`
`191
`
`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 5
`
`

`

`E
`
`.exe
`
`Table E.1 Exclusive OR.
`
`a
`0
`0
`1
`1
`
`b
`0
`1
`0
`1
`
`a XOR b
`0
`1
`1
`0
`
`.exe n. In MS-DOS, a filename extension that indicates
`that a file is an executable program. To run an executable
`program, the user types the filename without the .exe
`extension at the prompt and presses Enter. See also exe-
`cutable program.
`executable1 adj. Of, pertaining to, or being a program
`file that can be run. Executable files have extensions such
`as .bat, .com, and .exe.
`executable2 n. A program file that can be run, such as
`file0.bat, file1.exe, or file2.com.
`executable program n. A program that can be run. The
`term usually applies to a compiled program translated into
`machine code in a format that can be loaded into memory
`and run by a computer’s processor. In interpreter lan-
`guages, an executable program can be source code in the
`proper format. See also code (definition 1), compiler (def-
`inition 2), computer program, interpreter, source code.
`execute vb. To perform an instruction. In programming,
`execution implies loading the machine code of the pro-
`gram into memory and then performing the instructions.
`execute in place n. The process of executing code
`directly from ROM, rather than loading it from RAM first.
`Executing the code in place, instead of copying the code
`into RAM for execution, saves system resources. Applica-
`tions in other file systems, such as on a PC Card storage
`device, cannot be executed in this way. Acronym: XIP.
`execution time n. The time, measured in clock ticks
`(pulses of a computer’s internal timer), required by a
`microprocessor to decode and carry out an instruction
`after it is fetched from memory. Also called: E-time. See
`also instruction time.
`executive n. The set of kernel-mode components that
`form the base operating system for Microsoft Windows
`NT or later. See also operating system.
`executive information system n. A set of tools
`designed to organize information into categories and
`reports. Because it emphasizes information, an executive
`information system differs from a decision support system
`
`expansion bus
`
`(DSS), which is designed for analysis and decision mak-
`ing. Acronym: EIS. Compare decision support system.
`exerciser n. A program that exercises a piece of hardware
`or software by running it through a large set of operations.
`exit vb. In a program, to move from the called routine
`back to the calling routine. A routine can have more than
`one exit point, thus allowing termination based on various
`conditions.
`expanded adj. A font style that sets characters farther
`apart than the normal spacing. Compare condensed.
`expanded memory n. A type of memory, up to 8 MB,
`that can be added to IBM PCs. Its use is defined by the
`Expanded Memory Specification (EMS). Expanded mem-
`ory is not accessible to programs in MS-DOS, so the
`Expanded Memory Manager (EMM) maps pages (blocks)
`of bytes from expanded memory into page frames in
`accessible memory areas. Expanded memory is not
`needed in Windows 9x, all versions of Windows NT, and
`Windows 2000. See also EEMS, EMS, Expanded Memory
`Manager, page frame.
`Expanded Memory Manager n. A driver that imple-
`ments the software portion of the Expanded Memory
`Specification (EMS) to make expanded memory in IBM
`and compatible PCs accessible. Acronym: EMM. See also
`EMS, expanded memory, extended memory.
`Expanded Memory Specification n. See EMS.
`expansion n. A way of increasing a computer’s capabili-
`ties by adding hardware that performs tasks that are not
`part of the basic system. Expansion is usually achieved by
`plugging printed circuit boards (expansion boards) into
`openings (expansion slots) inside the computer. See also
`expansion board, expansion slot, open architecture (defini-
`tion 2), PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`expansion board n. A circuit board that is plugged into a
`computer’s bus (main data transfer path) to add extra func-
`tions or resources to the computer. Typical expansion boards
`add memory, disk drive controllers, video support, parallel
`and serial ports, and internal modems. For laptops and other
`portable computers, expansion boards come in credit
`card-sized devices called PC Cards that plug into a slot in
`the side or back of the computer. Also called: expansion
`board, extender board. See also expansion slot, PC Card,
`PCMCIA slot.
`expansion bus n. A group of control lines that provide a
`buffered interface to devices. These devices can be located
`
`200
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`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 6
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`

`

`open shop
`
`operator associativity
`
`achieve personalization and privacy concomitantly, OPS is
`based on the concept of a Personal Profile, which is stored
`on the individual’s computer and contains the user’s
`unique identification, demographic and contact data, and
`possibly content preferences. This information remains
`under the user’s control and can be released wholly or in
`part to the requesting site. Acronym: OPS. See also
`cookie, digital certificate.
`open shop n. A computer facility that is open to users
`and not restricted to programmers or other personnel. An
`open shop is one in which people can work on or attempt
`to solve computer problems on their own rather than hand-
`ing them over to a specialist.
`Open Shortest Path First n. See OSPF.
`Open Software Foundation n. See OSF.
`open source n. The practice of making the source code
`(program instructions) for a software product freely avail-
`able, at no cost, to interested users and developers, even
`though they were not involved in creating the original
`product. The distributors of open source software expect
`and encourage users and outside programmers to examine
`the code in order to identify problems, and to modify the
`code with suggested improvements and enhancements.
`Widely used open source products include the Linux oper-
`ating system and the Apache Web server.
`open standard n. A publicly available set of specifica-
`tions describing the characteristics of a hardware device or
`software program. Open standards are published to
`encourage interoperability and thereby help popularize
`new technologies. See also standard (definition 2).
`open system n. 1. In communications, a computer net-
`work designed to incorporate all devices—regardless of
`the manufacturer or model—that can use the same com-
`munications facilities and protocols. 2. In reference to
`computer hardware or software, a system that can accept
`add-ons produced by third-party suppliers. See also open
`architecture (definition 1).
`Open Systems Interconnection reference model n.
`See ISO/OSI reference model.
`OpenType n. A collaborative initiative by Microsoft and
`Adobe to unify support for Microsoft TrueType and
`Adobe PostScript Type 1 fonts. The OpenType font format
`enables font creators and users to work with the font type
`that best suits their needs without having to worry about
`
`whether the font is based on TrueType or PostScript tech-
`nology. Also called: TrueType Open version 2. See also
`PostScript font, TrueType.
`Opera n. A Web browser developed by Opera Software
`S/A. Opera is notable for its strict W3C standards support.
`Opera is often chosen by Web developers to test Web
`sites for W3C compliance. See also W3C, Web browser.
`operand n. The object of a mathematical operation or a
`computer instruction.
`operating system n. The software that controls the allo-
`cation and usage of hardware resources such as memory,
`central processing unit (CPU) time, disk space, and
`peripheral devices. The operating system is the foundation
`software on which applications depend. Popular operating
`systems include Windows 98, Windows NT, Mac OS, and
`UNIX. Acronym: OS. Also called: executive.
`operation n. 1. A specific action carried out by a com-
`puter in the process of executing a program. 2. In mathe-
`matics, an action performed on a set of entities that
`produces a new entity. Examples of mathematical opera-
`tions are addition and subtraction.
`operation code n. The portion of a machine language or
`assembly language instruction that specifies the type of
`instruction and the structure of the data on which it oper-
`ates. Also called: opcode. See also assembly language,
`machine code.
`operations research n. The use of mathematical and sci-
`entific approaches to analyze and improve efficiency in
`business, management, government, and other areas.
`Developed around the beginning of World War II, opera-
`tions research was initially used to improve military oper-
`ations during the war. The practice later spread to business
`and industry as a means of breaking down systems and
`procedures and studying their parts and interactions to
`improve overall performance. Operations research
`involves use of the critical path method, statistics, proba-
`bility, and information theory.
`operator n. 1. In mathematics and in programming and
`computer applications, a symbol or other character indi-
`cating an operation that acts on one or more elements. See
`also binary1, unary. 2. A person who controls a machine
`or system such as a computer or telephone switchboard.
`operator associativity n. A characteristic of operators
`that determines the order of evaluation in an expression
`
`O
`
`378
`
`Patent Owner, Bot M8 LLC - Ex. 2025, p. 7
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`