(
`
`omputer
`
`
`
`
`— Government Technology
`
`EWel VEla astcie lear
`The ComputerGlossary:
`“... the best dictionary
`of computing terminology.
`_ Should bein all libraries
`_ and desktops where
`computersare in regular use.”
`—The New York Public Library
`
`Author of the Leading Dictionary
`of Computer Terms:
`THE COMPUTER GLOSSARY
`
`“There is no better computer
`reference anywhere.”
`
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`in
`
`bulk
`
`This book is available at a special discountwe oeeeBY
`uantities. For information, contact Special
`ie pee
`AMACOM,a division of American Managemen
`1601 Broadway, New York, NY 10019.
`designed to provide accurate and seue
`This publication is
`d to the subject matter covered.
`t is 2 ee
`information in regar
`blisher is not engaged in rendering egal,
`understanding thatthe pul
`ssional service.
`If legal advice or other :
`accounting, or other profe
`d, the services of a competent profession
`expert assistanceis require
`person should be sought.
`
`Lege OAS ra 3c
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Freedman, Alan
`Computer desktop encyclopedia / Alan Freedman.
`Pp.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-8144-0012-4 (pbk. and CD-ROM). — ISBN 0-8144-0010-8 (pbk.)
`1. Computers—Dictionaries.
`I. Title.
`QA76.15.F732
`1996
`004’.03—dc20
`
`96-724
`CIP
`
`© 1996 The Computer Language CompanyInc., Point Pleasant, PA 18950.
`All rights reserved.
`Printed in the United States of America,
`The publication may not be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,
`Or transmitted in wholeorin Part, in any form or by an means,electronic,
`mechanical photocopying, recordi
`i
`i
`anical,
`tding, or otherwise, without
`t
`1
`i
`Permission of AMACOM,a divisio
`pee ee
`1601 Broadway, New York, NY 10919,nat Management Association,
`
`Printing number
`
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`bipolar transmission
`
`the computer employ stick modeling to analyze the movementofathletes as well as
`racing horses.
`
`bionic
`A machine thatis patterned after principles found in humansor nature; for example,
`robots.
`It also refers to artificial devices implanted into humansreplacing or
`extending normal human functions.
`
`BIOS
`(Basic Input Output System) Detailed instructions that activate peripheral devices.
`Although BIOSs have been aroundfor more than 30 years, today, the term generally
`refers to the BIOS in a PC, which holds certain fundamental parts of the operating
`system. A PC’s BIOShas traditionally been stored in a permanent ROM chip andis
`often referred to as the ROM BIOS.
`Increasingly, the PC’s BIOSis built into a flash
`memory chip, which can be updated in place by installing the latest version of the
`routinesjust like one updates a software application.
`The motherboard contains a system BIOS,and expansion cards often have their own
`BIOSs. The system BIOSincludesroutines for the keyboard,screen, disk, parallel
`andserial port and forinternal services such as time and date.
`It accepts requests
`from the device drivers in the operating system as well as from application programs.
`It also contains an autostart routine that tests the system on startup andprepares the
`computerfor operation.
`It searches for BIOSes on the plug-in boards andsets up
`pointers (interrupt vectors) in memory to access BIOS routines.
`It then loads the
`operating system andpasses controltoit.
`System BIOSsprior to 1990 may not be compatible with new software and
`peripherals.
`In order to use devices such as 3.5" diskettes, 101-key keyboards, IDE
`and Enhanced IDE drives as well as provide compatibility with Windows, NetWare
`and otherapplications, you can upgrade an older PC with a new BIOS. The
`following firmsspecialize in BIOS upgrades:
`
`A digital transmission technique that alternates betweenpositive and negative
`
`bipolar
`A category of high-speed microelectronic circuit design, which was used to create the
`first transistor and thefirst integrated circuit. The most commonvariety of bipolar
`chip is TTL (transistor transistor logic). Emitter coupled logic (ECL) and integrated
`injection logic (I2L) are also part of the bipolar family.
`Today, bipolar and CMOSarethe two major transistor technologies. Mostall
`personal computers use CMOS,and even large mainframesthat havetraditionally
`used bipolar have given way to CMOSdesigns. CMOSuses farless energy than
`ipolar.eee bipolar transistors are still widely used for high radio frequency (RF)
`applications that reach into the gigahertz range, which CMOS technology cannot
`handle.
`.
`Thebipolar transistor works by pulsingaline called the base, which allows current
`to flow from the emitter to thecollector, or vice versa dependingon thedesign.
`
`UNICORE SOFTWARE 800/800-BIOS
`1538 Turnpike St.
`N. Andover, MA 01845
`
`UPGRADES, ETC.
`2432-A Palma Drive
`Ventura, CA 93003
`
`800/955-3527
`
`bipolar transmission
`
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`CUPIPUTERS
`
`Everyone wholoved the “Rolls Royce of computerdictionaries”— which is what one reviewer
`called The Computer Glossary — will welcome Alan Freedman’s magnum opus on computers and
`computing, The Computer Desktop Encyclopedia.
`Highly readable, this comprehensive encyclopedia features over 1,000 pages of clear, concise
`definitions and explanations of everything you need to know about computers, including:
`* Acronyms and buzzwords
`* The inner and outer workings of the PC
`* Industry history and data on the movers and shakers
`* Standards and compatibility
`* Networking and communications
`* Workstations, parallel processing, and UNIX
`* Multimedia and optical storage
`* The Internet and World Wide Web
`* What’s hot, what's not
`Packed with morethan 800illustrations, photos, and charts, The Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`is perfect for anyone who needstofield questions from nontechnical people or simply wants a
`deeper understandingofall things computer.
`Unrivaled in depth and content and immensely easy to use, The Encyclopedia is also available on
`CD-ROM,with or without paperback.
`
`understandable for nontechnical people. ae
`
`2)
`
`i
`ie
`PHOTO:ETTI PALITZ
`
`
`
`Alan Freedmanis president of The Computer Language
`Company, an organization devoted to computer education and
`training for business and nontechnical people. Mr. Freedman
`has more than 35 years of experience in thefield, andis inter-
`nationally known for making abstract computer concepts
`
`Cover Design: R. Adelson
`
`Newbridge Executive Program Book Club Alternate Selection
`Newbridge PC Users Club Alternate Selection
`
`amacom
`
`American Management Association
`1601 Broadway
`New York, NY 10019
`
`ISBN O-8144-0010-8
`
`
`00000 oY
`
`Used, Good
`Wile
`
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