The Ultimate Computer Reference
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`Twitter-Google Exhibit 1010
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`Twitter-Google Exhibit 1010
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`

`

` Microsoft
`
`
`Computer
`DacChepancaE°wW
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`Third Edition
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`MicresoftPress
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`
`
`

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`
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. Nopart of the contents of this book may be reproducedor transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary. -- 3rd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 1-57231-446-X
`1. Computers--Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press.
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`QA76.15.M54 1997
`004'.03--de21
`
`97-15489
`CIP
`
`Printed and boundin the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QMQM 210987
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada Publishing
`Corporation.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information aboutinternational editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or contact
`Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueTypeare registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Intel is a registered trademark ofIntel Corporation. DirectInput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft
`Press, MS-DOS,Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows NT, and XENIX are
`registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual J++ are trademarks of Microsoft
`Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Other product and company names
`mentioned herein may bethe trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editor: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow, Kurt Meyer,
`Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`

`

`
`
`density disks increased that capacity to 360 KB.
`Double-density disks use modified frequency
`modulation encoding for storing data. See also
`floppydisk, microfloppy disk, modified frequency
`modulation encoding. Compare high-density disk.
`double-dereference \da°bl-dé-ref“ar-ans,
`-dé-
`refrans\ vb. To dereference a pointer that
`is
`pointed to by another pointer; in other words, to
`access the information pointedto by a handle. See
`also dereference, handle (definition 1), pointer
`(definition 1).
`adj. Of,
`double-precision \da-bl-pra-sizh’on\
`pertaining to, or characteristic of a number stored
`in twice the amount
`(two words—typically 8
`bytes) of computer memory that is required for
`storing a less precise (single-precision) number.
`Double-precision numbers are commonly handled
`by a computer in floating-point
`form. See also
`floating-point number. Compare single-precision.
`double-sided disk \da‘bl-si-dad_
`disk*\
`n.
`A
`floppy disk that can hold data on bothits top and
`bottomsurfaces.
`1. On an impact
`double-strike \da‘bl-swik*\
`printer, such as a daisy-wheelprinter, the process
`of printing twice over a word, producingtext that
`appears darker and heavier, or bolder, than it nor-
`mally appears. On dot-matrix printers, double
`striking with a slight offset can be usedto fill in the
`space between the dots, producing smoother and
`darker characters.
`double word \da°bl ward’\ n. A unit of data con-
`sisting of two contiguous words (connectedbytes,
`not text) that are handled together by a computer's
`microprocessor.
`doubly linked list \da°blé lénkd list“\ 7. A series
`of nodes (items representing discrete segments of
`information) in which each noderefers to both the
`next node and the preceding node. Because of
`these two-wayreferences, a doubly linkedlist can
`be traversed both forward and backward, rather
`than in a forward direction only, as with a singly
`linked list.
`down \doun\ adj. Not functioning, in reference to
`computers, printers, communicationslines on net-
`works, and other such hardware.
`downlink \doun‘lénk\
`n. The transmission of
`data from a communicationssatellite to an earth
`station.
`
`download \doun‘16d\ vb. 1.In communications, to
`transfer a copyofa file from a remote computerto
`the requesting computer by means of a modemor
`network. 2. To send a block of data, such as a Post-
`Script file, toa dependentdevice, such asa PostScript
`printer. Compare upload.
`downloadable font \doun‘16-da-bl font’\ 7. A set
`of characters stored on disk and sent (down-
`loaded) to a printer's memory when needed for
`printing a document. Downloadable fonts are
`most commonly used with laser printers and other
`page printers, although many dot-matrix printers
`can accept someof them. A/so called soft font.
`downsizing \doun‘sizéng\ n. In computing, the
`practice of moving from larger computer systems,
`such as mainframes and minicomputers, to smaller
`systems in an organization, generally to save costs
`and to update to newersoftware. The smaller sys-
`temsare usually client/server systems composed of
`a combination of PCs, workstations, and some leg-
`acy system such as a mainframe, connected in one
`or more local area networks or wide area networks.
`See also client/server architecture, legacy system.
`downstream \doun-strém’\ 1. The direction in
`which a newsfeed for a newsgroupis passed from
`one newsserver to the next. See also newsfeed,
`newsserver, newsgroup.
`downtime \doun‘tim\ 7. The amountorpercent-
`age of time a computer systemorassociated hard-
`ware remains nonfunctional. Although downtime
`can occur because hardwarefails unexpectedly,it
`can also be a scheduled event, as when a network
`is shut down to allow time for maintenance.
`kam-
`downward compatibility \doun‘woard
`pata-bil’a-té\ . The capability of source code or
`programs developed on a more advanced system
`or compilerversion to be executed or compiled by
`a less advanced (older) version. Compare upward-
`compatible.
`DP \D-P’\ n. See data processing.
`dpi \D°P-I’\ n. See dots perinch.
`DPMA \D°P-M-A‘\ 7. Acronym for Data Process-
`ing ManagementAssociation. A trade organization
`of information systems (IS) professionals. DPMA
`was founded in 1951 as the National Machine
`Accountants Association.
`DPMI \D°P-M-I’\ 7. Acronym for DOS Protected
`Mode Interface. A software interface, originally
`
`

`

`Pentium
`
`for perforated
`
`Pentium \pen‘té-um\ 7. A microprocessorintro-
`duced byIntel Corporation in March 1993 as the
`successorto the i486. The Pentiumis a superscalar,
`CISC-based microprocessor containing 3.3 million
`transistors. The Pentium has a 32-bit address bus,
`a 64-bit data bus, a built-in floating-point unit and
`memory management unit, two built-in 8-KB L1
`caches, and a System Management Mode (SMM),
`whichprovides the microprocessorwith the ability
`to slow orhalt some system components whenthe
`system is idle or performing non-CPU-intensive
`tasks, thereby lessening power consumption. The
`Pentiumalso employs branch prediction, resulting
`in faster system performance. In addition, the Pen-
`tium has some built-in features to ensure data
`integrity, and it supports functional redundancy
`checking (FRC). See also branch prediction, CISC,
`functional
`redundancy checking,
`i486DX,
`L1
`cache, microprocessor, P5, superscalar. Compare
`PentiumPro (definition 1).
`Pentium Pro \penté-um prd’\ 7. 1. Intel’s 150-
`200 MHz family of 32-bit processors, released in
`November 1995. The Pentium Pro is considered
`the next generation of processors in the 8086 fam-
`peripheral device \par-if‘ar-al_ dé@-vis*\
`ily, following the Pentium, andis designedfor run-
`peripheral.
`ning 32-bit operating systems andapplications. See
`peripheral power supply \por-if ar-al pou‘or su-
`also 32-bit application, 32-bit operating system,
`plt\ 7. An auxiliary source ofelectricity used by
`8086, microprocessor, Pentium. 2. A PC that has a
`a computer or a device as a backup in case of a
`Pentium Pro processor.
`powerfailure. Acronym: PPS (P*P-S’).
`Pentium upgradable \penté-um—up-gra‘do-bl\
`Perl \parl\ 7. Acronymfor Practical Extraction and
`n. 1. An i486 motherboard capable of being
`Report Language. An interpreted language, based
`adaptedto run a Pentium-class processor. See also
`on C andseveral UNIX utilities. Perl has powerful
`i486DX, microprocessor, motherboard, Pentium.
`string-handling features for extracting information
`2. A 486 PC that can be upgradedto Pentium
`fromtext files. Perl can assemble a string and send
`it to the shell as a command; hence, it is often used
`class by adding a Pentium processor. See also
`i480DX.
`for system administration tasks. A program in Perl
`7. Short
`perfboard \parfbord\
`is known as ascript. Perl was devised by Larry
`fiber board. See breadboard.
`Wall at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
`performance monitor \por-for‘mons mon’ od-tar\
`mn. A
`permanentstorage \parmo-nont storaj\
`n. A process or program that appraises and
`recording mediumthat retains the data recorded
`records status information about various system
`on it for long periods of time without power. Ink
`devices andother processes.
`on paperis by far the most widely used permanent
`period \pér@-ad°\ 1. The length of time required
`storage, but data can be transferred from paper to
`for an oscillation to complete onefull cycle. For an
`a computer only with difficulty. Typically, some
`oscillating electrical signal, the period is the time
`form of magnetic medium, such as floppy disk or
`between waveform repetitions.
`If / is
`the fre-
`tape,
`is preferable. Magnetic media are generally
`quency ofoscillation in hertz, and fis the period
`accepted as permanent, even though the magnetic
`in seconds, then ¢ = 1/fSeetheillustration.
`
`permanent storag Amplitude
`fields that encode data in the media tend to fade
`
`Period. The period of an oscillating signal.
`
`2
`computing,
`In
`7”.
`peripheral \por-ifar-al\
`device, such as a disk drive, printer, modem, or
`joystick, that is connected to a computer and is
`controlled by the computer’s microprocessor. Also
`called peripheral device. See also console.
`Peripheral Component Interconnect \por-if'a-
`al kam-pGnant in‘tar-ka-nekt“\ 1. See PCI local
`bus.
`
`n. See
`
`

`

`scripting language
`
`SCSI ID
`
`The instructions usually use the rules and syntax
`of the application or utility. See also macro.
`nm. A
`scripting language \skripténg lang woj\
`simple programming language designed to per-
`form special or limited tasks, sometimes associated
`with a particular application or function. An exam-
`ple of a scripting language is Perl. See also Perl,
`script.
`scroll \skrol\ vb. To move a document or other
`
`A SCSI interface is used to connect microcomput-
`ers to SCSI peripheral devices, such as many hard
`disks and printers, and to other computers and
`local area networks. Compare ESDI, IDE.
`SCSI-1 \skuzé-won’, S-C-S-won’\ 7. See SCSI.
`SCSI-2 \skuzé-tG0*, S-C-S-P-t60°\)
`m. An
`en-
`hanced ANSI standard for SCSI (Small Computer
`System Interface) buses. Compared with the origi-
`nal SCSI standard (nowcalled SCSI-1), which can
`transfer data 8 bits at a time at up to 5 MB persec-
`ond, SCSI-2 offers increased data width, increased
`speed, or both. A SCSI-2 disk drive or host
`adapter can work with SCSI-1 equipment at the
`older equipment’s maximum speed. See also Fast
`SCSI, Fast/Wide SCSI, SCSI, Wide SCSI. Compare
`UltraSCSI.
`SCSI bus \skuzé bus, S'C-S-I*\ 1. A parallel bus
`that carries data and control signals from SCSI
`devices to a SCSI controller. See also bus, control-
`ler, SCSI device.
`SCSI chain \skuz‘é chan’, S'C-S-I*\ 7. A set of
`devices on a SCSI bus. Each device (except the
`host adapter and the last device) is connected to
`two other devices by two cables, forming a daisy
`chain. See also daisy chain, SCSI.
`SCSI connector \skuz“é ka-nektar, S’C-S-I*\ 7. A
`cable connector used to connect a SCSI device to
`
`a SCSI bus. See the illustration on the next page.
`See also bus, connector(definition 1), SCSI device.
`SCSI device \skuz“é da-vis’, S\C-S-I’\ 1. A periph-
`eral device
`that uses
`the SCSI
`standard to
`exchange data and control signals with a com-
`puter’s CPU. See also peripheral, SCSI.
`SCSIID \skuz’é I-D’ S-C-S-I’\ 7. The unique iden-
`tity of a SCSI device. Each device connected to a
`SCSI bus must have a different SCSI ID. A maxi-
`
`46223
`
`data in a window in orderto view a particular por-
`tion of the document. Scrolling may be controlled
`by the mouse, arrow keys, or other keys on the
`keyboard. See also scroll bar.
`scroll arrow \skrol° 4r°6\ 7. See scroll bar.
`scroll bar \skrol° bir\ 1. In some graphical user
`interfaces, a vertical or horizontal barat the side or
`bottom of a display area that can be used with a
`mouse for moving aroundin that area. Scroll bars
`often have fouractive areas: two scroll arrows for
`movingline by line, a sliding scroll box for moving
`to an arbitrary location in the display area, and
`gray areas for moving in increments of one win-
`dow at a time. Seetheillustration.
`scroll box \skr6l° boks\ 7. See elevator.
`Scroll Lock key \skrol° lok k@\ 7. On the IBM
`PC/XT and AT and compatible keyboards, a key on
`the top row of the numeric keypadthat controls
`the effect of the cursor control keys and sometimes
`prevents
`the screen from.
`scrolling. On the
`enhanced and Macintosh keyboards, this key is to
`the right of the function keys on the top row. Many
`modern applications ignore the Scroll Lock setting.
`SCSI \skuz’é, S°C-S-I\ 7. Acronymfor Small Com-
`puter SystemInterface, a standard high-speed par-
`allel interface defined by the X3T9.2 committee of
`the American National Standards Institute (ANSD.
`
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`Sa Network Neighbor...
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`Scroll bars
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`The Microsoft Net...
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`File Folder
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`Scroll bar.
`
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