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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 001
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`
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond. Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright G) 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress (.‘ataloging—in-Publicalion Data
`Microsoft Computer l)ictionary.-—5[h ed.
`p. ctn.
`ISBN ll—"i'fififi-HQfi-J
`
`l. Cotnptttet's——l)ictionat'ies.
`
`2. Microcotttputers——Dictionaries.
`
`AQWLS. M52367
`(ltl4'.(13——tlc3l
`
`2003
`
`ZUUB It)?' 14
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`2345(178‘)
`
`QWT 765433
`
`Distributed in (‘anatln by “.8. lienn and (‘otnpany Ltd.
`
`A (‘ll’ catalogue record for tltis hook is arailahle from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press hooks are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions. contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax [—135] {Bo—7339. Visit our Web site at www,Inicrosott,comfntspress.
`Send comments to ins-piopnt(n'mitt'i‘osoju-ma.
`
`Active Desktop. Active Directory. ActiyeMos'ie. ActiyeStot‘e. Actis'eSync. ActiveX. Authenticode.
`BackOffice. Birfl‘alk. Cleai'Type. DirectJD. DirectAnitnalion. DirectDraw. Dit‘ectlnput. DirectMusic.
`Dit'ectl’lay. DirectShow. DirectSouItd. Directx. Entourage. lioxl’ro. Frotttl’age. Hotmail. littelliEyc.
`lnlclliMotIse. ltttelliSense. .lScript. Mapl’oinl. Microsoft. Microsoft Press. Mobile Explorer. MS—DOS.
`MSN, Music Central. NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw. PowerPoint. SharePoiut. LlltimuleTV, \r'isio.
`Visual Basic. Visual C++. Visual FosPro. \"isual lnterDes'. Visual J++. Visual SourceSat'e. Visual Studio.
`Win32. Winfils. Windows, Windows Media. Windows NT. Xhos are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States andt'or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies. organizations. products. domain names. e—mail addresses. logos. people. places.
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company. organization, product.
`domain name. e—mail address. logo. person. place. or event is intended or should he inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. KGB—41939
`
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 002
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`
`
`Introduction
`
`The Micr‘osofl Computer Dictionary. F‘fflh Edition is
`designed to be a contpreltensiyc and authoritative source of
`definitions for computer-related terms and abbreviations.
`The dictionary includes terms drawn I‘rom a wide variety
`of topics relevant to computer users. including sol'lware.
`hardware. networking. data storage. graphics. games.
`inl‘orntalion processing. the Internet and the World Wide
`Web. gaming. history._iargon and slang. organizations. pro—
`gramming. and standards.
`
`Although [his book covers nearly every aspect ol‘compul—
`ing. it does not include entries on most companies or on
`most makes and models ol‘cotttputers. nor does it contain
`entries on most application softer-are products. The few
`exceptions to this rule of thumb are key companies and
`products that have a historical or universal importance
`within the computing industry.
`
`This dictionary emphasizes terminology that the average
`computer user will encottnter in documentation. onlinc
`help. computer manuals. marketing and sales materials. the
`popular media. and the computer trade press. Because
`most computcrusers operate personal computers and desis—
`iop systems at iiottie. work. or both. the majority of the
`entries in this dictionary cover the terminology Used in
`describing and working with these systems. However.
`some specialized or highly technical language is included
`that pertains to areas of industry. academia. software and
`hardware development. and research. These terms have
`been included because they have a bearing on more com—
`mon cotnputcr terminology or because they are of histori—
`cal significance.
`
`Changes in the Fifth Edition
`The fifth edition ofthe Microsoft ComputerDictionary has
`been revised and expanded to include ot'cr 10.000 entries.
`reflecting the many advances in the computer field and
`
`including several areas that have come into prominence in
`the public eye. such as networking. Web authoring. and
`new technologies. such as .NET. The content I‘rom the Year
`2000 appendix has been integrated into the body ol‘ the dic-
`tionary and a new appendix on emoticons and instant mes-
`saging symbols has been added.
`
`Order of Presentation
`
`[Entries are alphabetized by letter. Spaces are ignored. as are
`characters such as hyphens and slashes: for example. Butt—
`dor r'rnt'r’ falls between hand and burnt mic. and untraine—
`
`imt’r-pemlcm falls between rrtttt'triin- irt'cntr'fir'ntt‘oa and
`turn-him) inrrrm'tion. Numbers and symbols are located at
`the beginning ot'the book and are listed in ascending ASCII
`order. If an entry begins with a letter or letters but contains
`a number. it is listed alphabetically. according to the initial
`lettertst. and then accordingI to ASCII order. 'l'htts. V20
`precedes V.2s. and both precede VAR.
`
`Entries
`
`Entries are oli two types: main entries. which contain liLlll
`definitions. and synonymous cross—references. which con—
`tain See references to the appropriate main entries. Synon—
`yntuus cross—references are generally secondary or less
`common ways ol‘ referringI to a main entry. The definition
`at the main entry can be substituted as a definition for the
`synonymous cross—reference.
`
`Format
`
`Information in each main entry is presented in a consistent
`format: entry name in boldface. spelling variants (it any].
`part of speech. definition. illustration or table reference (it
`any}. acronym tit‘ anyt. alternative names (if any}. and
`cross—references [if any i.
`
`vii
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 003
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`Introduction
`
`Main Entries
`
`Entries that are acronyms or abbreviations for one or more
`words or concatenations of two or more words have those
`
`words spelled out at the beginning of the definition. The
`letters in these words or phrases that make up the acronym.
`abbreviation. or concatenation are in boldface.
`
`When a main entry is spelled exactly the same as another
`main entry. the two entries are differentiated by the use of a
`superscript numeral after each tertn. These entries are
`ealletl homographs. and they are generally different parts
`of speech. For example.
`
`e-mail1 irtoitrtl
`e-mailz {verb}
`
`Spelling Variants
`When a main entry has one or more \-'ari;ttions in the way it
`is spelled. each spelling yariant follows the main entry.
`after the word or.
`
`Parts of Speech
`litttries are broken down into four parts of speech. in addi-
`tion to prefixes. abbreviated as follows:
`it. nottn
`1'15. verb
`
`rirr‘j. adjective
`ridt'. adverb
`
`Definitions
`iiach of the more than IUJJIIU entries is written in clear.
`
`standard English. Many go beyond a simple definition to
`provide additional detail and to pttt the term in context for
`a typical computer user. When an entry has more than one
`sense or definition. the definitions are presented in a num—
`bered list. to make it easier to distinguish the particular.
`sometimes subtle. variations in meaning.
`
`Illustration and Table References
`Some entries have affiliated illustrations or tables that aid
`
`in defining the entry. In most cases. illustrations and tables
`appear on the same page as the entries to which they apply.
`
`
`
`viii
`
`In some instances. however. page layout requirements have
`forced them to a subsequent page. Entries with illustrations
`or tables usually have references at the end ofthe definition
`for an entry. in the following formats:
`See the illustration.
`See the table.
`
`Acronyms
`Some terminology in the computer field. particularly corn-
`puter standards and Internet slang. can be shortened to
`form acronyms. Sometimes the acronym is the more corn—
`mon way to refer to the concept or object; in these cases.
`the acronym is the main entry. in other cases. the acronytn
`is not as commonly used as the words or phrase for which
`it stands. in these cases. the words or phrase constitute the
`main entry. The acronym is giycn after the definition for
`these entries in the following format:
`
`I... r-rrirtyrii:
`
`Alternative Names
`
`Some items or concepts in the computer field can he
`referred to by more than one name. (ienerally. though. one
`way is preferred. The preferred terminology is the main
`entry. Alternatiye names are listed after any acronyms:
`otherwise they are listed after the definition in the follow-
`ing format:
`xi fs‘n t'riHr'd.‘
`
`Cross-References
`
`Cross—references are of three types: Sec. See also. and C 'ora—
`prm'. A 511' reference is used in an entry that is a synony—
`mous cross—reference and simply points to another entry
`that contains the int'ornuttion sought. A See also reference
`points to one or more entries that contain additional or sup—
`plemental information about a topic and follows any acro—
`ny nts or alternatit'e names after the definition. A ("riirrprrre
`reference points to an entry or entries that offer contrast and
`follott's' arty See also references: otherwise it follows any
`acronyms or alternative names after the definition.
`
`
`
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 004
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`

`

`.e'XE!
`
`expansion has
`
`Table E.1 Exclusive 0R.
`
`
` o b a XOR b
`
`t}
`(l
`0
`(l
`|
`|
`l
`0
`l
`
`1 (l I
`
`
`.exe it. [n MS-DOS. a lilename extension that indicates
`
`that a lile is' an executable program. To run an executable
`program. the user types the lilenamc without the .cxc
`extension at the prompt and presses Enter. See also esc-
`cutalilc program.
`
`executablel (alt. ()f. pertaining to. or being a program
`file that can he run. Executable tiles have extensions such
`as but. .coin. and etc
`
`executable? H. A program file that cart he run. such as
`liletlbal. file | .cxc. or lilclcom.
`
`executable program it. A program that cart he run. The
`term usually applies to a compiled program translated into
`Ittachittc code in a forntat that can be loaded into memory
`and run by a computer‘s processor. In interpreter lan-
`guages. an executahle program cart be source code in the
`proper format. Sm- rtlso code ttlet‘inition I). compiler tdetl
`inition 2). computer program. interpreter. source code.
`
`execute l'li. To perform an instruction. In programming.
`execution implies loading the machine code of the pro-
`gram into memory and then performing the instructions.
`
`execute In place it. The process of executing code
`directly from ROM. rather titan loading it from RAM tirst.
`Executing the code in place. instead of copying the code
`into RAM for execution, saves system resources. Applica—
`tions in other file systems. such as on a PC Card storage
`device. cannot he executed in this way. .«tt-mntm: XlP.
`execution time u. The time. measured in clock ticks
`
`{pulses ol'a computer's internal timert, required by a
`microprocessor to decode and carry out an instruction
`after it is fetched from memory. Also called: E-Iime. Sec
`also instruction timc.
`
`executive n. The set of kernel-mode components that
`form the base operating system for Microsoft Windows
`NT or later. See also operating system.
`
`executive information system it. A set of tools
`designed to organixe information into categories and
`reports. Because it cmphasixes information. an executive
`information system differs from a decision support system
`
`tDSSt. which is designed for analysis and decision mak—
`in g. Acrmrt'm: EIS. Compare decision support system.
`
`exerciser n. A program that exercises a piece of hardware
`or software by running it through a large set of operations.
`
`exit t'b. In a program. to move from the called routine
`hack to the cutting routine. A routine can have more than
`one exit point. thus allowing termination based on various
`conditions.
`
`expanded (RU. A font style that sets characters farther
`apart than the normal spacing. (font'mrrc condensed.
`
`expanded memory it. A type of memory. tip to 3 MB.
`that can he added to IBM PCs. [ts use is defined by the
`Expanded Memory Specification {EMS}. Expanded mem—
`ory is not accessible to programs in MS—DOS. so the
`Expanded Memory Manager (EMMJ maps pages (blocks)
`of bytes from expanded memory into page frames in
`accessihle memory areas. Expanded memory is not
`needed in Windows 9x. all versions of Windows NT. and
`
`Windows 2000. Scr‘rrlmlililVIS. EMS. Expanded Memory
`Manager. page frame.
`
`Expanded Memory Manager ii. A driver that imple-
`ments the soft ware portion of the lixpandcd Memory
`Specification tIiMSl to matte expanded memory in IBM
`and contpatiblc PCs accessible. r’tcrrtnt'm: liMM. See also
`EMS. expanded memory. extended memory.
`
`Expanded Memory Specificatlon u. Sec HMS.
`
`expansion H. A way of increasing a computer's capabili-
`ties by adding hardware that performs tasks that are not
`part of the basic system. Expansion is usually achieved by
`plugging printed circuit boards [expansion boards} into
`openings [expansion slots) inside the computer. Sec also
`expansion board. expansion slot. open architecture (defini—
`tion 2]. PC (Tard. PCMCIA slot.
`
`expansion board it. A circuit board that is plugged into a
`computers has (main data transfer path) to add extra func—
`tions or resources to the computer. Typical expansion boards
`add memory. disk drive controllers. video support, parallel
`and serial ports. and internal modems. For laptops and other
`portable computers. expansion hoards come in credit
`card-sized devices called PC Cards that plug into a slot in
`the side or back of the computer. Also rolled: expansion
`hoard. extender hoard. See also expansion slot. PC Card.
`PCMCIA slot.
`
`expansion bus H. A group of control lines that provide a
`buffered interface to devices. These devices can be located
`
`200
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`mtcroelectromechanical systems
`
`microprocessor
`
`computers and special—purpose devices such as digital
`cameras and cellular telephones.
`
`micrographics rr. The techniques and methods for
`recording data on microfilm. See also microform.
`
`micro-electromechanical systems a. See MEMS.
`
`microelectronics n. The technology of constructing
`electronic circuits and devices in very small packages. The
`most significant advance in microelectronics technology
`has been the integrated circuit. Circuits that 40 years ago
`required a roomful of power—hungry vacuum tubes cart
`now be fabricated on a silicon chip smaller than a postage
`stamp and require only a few rnilliwatts of power. Sec also
`integrated circuit.
`
`microfiche a. A small sheet of film. about 4 by 6 inches.
`used for recording photographically reduced images. such
`as document pages. in rows and columns forming a grid
`pattern. The resulting images are too small to read with the
`naked eye. and a microfiche reader is required to view the
`docurttcnts. ('orrrparr’ microlilm.
`
`microfilm a. A thin strip of film stored on a roll and used
`to record sequential data images. As with microfiche. a
`special device magnifies the images so that they can he
`read. .S'r‘c also (‘lM [definition 2}. (‘UM (dclinition 4:.
`
`Compare microfiche.
`
`mlcrofloppy disk n. A 3.5-inch lloppy disk of the type
`used with the Macintosh and with IBM and compatible
`microcomputers. A microlloppy disk is a round piece of
`polyester film coated with ferric oxide and encased in a
`rigid plastic shell equipped with a sliding metal cover. ()n
`the Macintosh. a single—sided mierotloppy disk can hold
`400 kilobytes (KB): a double—sided rstandardr disk can
`hold thtl KB: and a double—sided high-density disk can
`hold 1.44 megabytes {MB}. On [BM and compatible
`r‘nachines. a microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or 1.44
`MB of information. Sn“ also floppy disk.
`
`microfluidics a. Technology for control and manipulation
`of fluids on a microscopic scale using microscopic pumps
`and valves placed on a chip. Microtluidics devices have
`implications for a number of medical. pharmaceutical.
`gcnomics. and other biotechnology applications.
`microforrrl a. The medium. such as microfilm or micro—
`
`fiche. on which a photographieally reduced image. called
`a rrricr'ar'rrrage. is stored. A microimagc ustrally represents
`text. such as archived documents. See also microfiche.
`
`microfilm. micrographics.
`
`microimago a. A photographically reduced image. usu—
`ally stored on microfilm or microfiche. that is too small to
`be read without magnification. See also microform. micro—
`graphics.
`
`microinstruction rt. An instruction that is part ofthe
`microcode. See also mic rocodc.
`
`microiustification rt. Sac rnicrospace justification.
`
`microkernel rr. 1. [n programming. the strictly hardware~
`dependent part of an operating system that is intended to
`be portable from one type ofcomptrlcr to another. The
`microkerncl provides a hardware—independent interface to
`the rest of the operating system. so only the microkcrncl
`needs to be rewritten to port the operating system to a dif—
`ferent platform. See also kernel. operating system. 2. A
`kernel that has been designed with only the basic features
`and typically in a modular fashion.
`
`micrologtc a. A set of instructions. stored in binary form.
`or a set ol'elcctronic logic circuits that defines and governs
`the operation within a microprocessor.
`
`micromlniature a. An estrerrrely small circuit or other
`electronic component. especially one that is a relinerrrerit
`ol'an already miniaturized element.
`
`microphone a. l. A device that converts sound waves
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware cart
`convert the microphones output into digital data that a
`computer cart process; for example. to record multimedia
`documents or analyze the sound signal. 2. A communica—
`tions program that runs on the Macintosh computer.
`
`microphotonlcs a. Technology for directing light on a
`microscopic scale. h‘licruphotonics erttploys tiny rrrir‘r'or‘s
`or photonic crystals to reflect and transmit speciiic wave—
`lengths of light. which can carry digital signals. Micro—
`pholonics technology has implications for optical
`networks under development for the telecommunications
`industry. See also MEMS. optical switching.
`
`microprocessor a. A central processing trnit (CPU) on a
`single chip. A modern microprocessor can have several
`million transistors in an integrated—circuit package that
`can easily fit into the palm of one‘s hand. Microprocessors
`are at the heart of all personal computers. W’hen memory
`and power are added to a microprocessor. all the pieces.
`excluding peripherals. required fora computer are present.
`
`338
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`Page 006
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`microprogramming
`
`Microsoft Project
`
`The most popular litres of microprocessors today are the
`fixtlxl) family from Motorola. which powers the Apple
`Macintosh line. and the 80x86 family from Intel. which is
`at the core of all IBM PC—compatiblc computers. See also
`(1502. 65816, (1800. 63000. 68020. 68030. 63040. 30236.
`8tl386DX. blBXhSX. 8080. 8085
`
`microprogramming it. The writing of microcode for a
`processor. Some systems. chiefly tninicotnputers and
`mainframes. allow modification of microcode for an
`
`installed processor. See also microcode.
`
`microsecond rt. One millionth tilt“: of a second.
`ribbr‘rt 'r'rttt'rrrt: its.
`
`microsite it. I. A stttall Web site targeted to a single lites—
`sage or topic and nested within a larger site. Micrositcs
`geared to promotional and sales of specific products attd
`services maybe integrated ittto popular Web sites by
`ads-ct‘tiset‘s. 2. A small Web site with a single focus. Also
`called: tttitiisitc.
`
`Microsoft Access rr.
`
`.S‘t‘r‘ Access.
`
`Microsoft Active Accessibility rr.
`hilily.
`Microsoft DOS rr. Set“ MS—Dtis.
`
`Microsoft Excel rt. Sec list-ct.
`
`.S'rr r‘tctit'c Accessi-
`
`Microsoft Foundation Classes rt. A (‘++ class library
`developed by Microsoft. The Microsoft Foundation (‘lass
`library. or MFC. provides the framework and classes that
`make it easier and faster for programmers to build Win—
`dows applications. MFC supports ActiveX and is bundled
`with several (‘++ compilers. including Microsoft Visual
`(T++. Borland (‘++. and Symantec (‘++. zit-rrrrrt-rrr: .‘s-ll-‘C.
`Sec trim ActiveX. C++. (‘rrntprtrt' Application Foundation
`Classes.
`
`Microsoft FrontPage it. A program you can use to create
`and manage Internet and intranet sites without program—
`ming; Frorttl’age is available as part of one of the
`Microsoft Office suites or as a stand—alone product.
`
`Microsoft intermediate language rr. The CPL-'-
`independent instruction set ittto which NET Framework
`programs are compiled. it contains instructions for load—
`ing. storing. initializing. and calling methods on objects.
`
`Combined with metadata and the common type system.
`Microsoft intermediate language allows for true cross—lan—
`guage integration. Prior to execution. MSIL is converted
`to machine code. It is not interpreted. Acr-rrrryrrr: MSIL.
`
`Microsoft Internet Explorer rr. Sec Internet Explorer.
`
`Microsoft Knowledge Base rr. See KB (definition 2).
`
`Microsoft Management Console rr. Sec» MMC.
`
`Microsoft MapPoint rr. See MapPoint.
`
`Microsoft Money ti. See Money.
`
`Microsoft MSN Explorer rr. Sec MSN Explorer.
`
`Microsoft MSN Messenger Service rt. Sec .N ET Mcs~
`scngcr Service.
`
`Microsoft .NET Messenger Service rt. Sec .NET Mes—
`senger Service.
`Microsoft Network rr. See MSN.
`
`Microsoft Office rr. See Office.
`
`Microsoft Operations Manager rr. A server and appli—
`cation management solution developed by Microsoft (‘or—
`porntion todelit'er event and performance management for
`the Wirttlott's DOUG-based ens-'ironmenl and NET [inter-
`
`prisc Sert'cr applications. Operations Ittanagemenl fea-
`tures include enterprise event log reports from across the
`corporate network. proactive tttonitorittg and alert messag-
`ing. and reporting and trend analysis for problem tracking.
`Microsoft Operations Manager provides flexibility
`through sophisticated management rules. which can be
`customized to meet the needs of individual businesses.
`
`Microsoft Operations Manager support for titanagement
`technology standards permits easy integration with other
`enterprise tttanagemettt systems.
`Microsoft Outlook rr. See Outlook.
`
`Microsoft PowerPoint rr. Sec PowerPoint.
`
`Microsoft Prolect rr. A software application developed
`by Microsoft Corporation to simplify the planning and
`management of projects. Microsoft Project includes fea—
`tures that help you build and manage projects. set sched—
`ules and milestones. and communicate and share ideas
`with team members.
`
`339
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`Prodigy information Service
`
`program file
`
`nicalions‘. The addition of SBC's Internet customer base
`
`made Prodigy the third largest ISP in the United States.
`
`Prodigy Information Service a. An online information
`service founded by lBM and Sears. Like its‘ competitors
`America Online and CompuServe. Prodigy offers access
`to databases and file libraries. online chat. special interest
`groups. e-mail. and Internet connectivity. Also called:
`Prodigy.
`
`product it. 1. An operator in the relational algebra used in
`database management that. when applied to two existing
`relations {tables}. restrlts in the creation of a new table
`containing all possible ordered cortcatenalions [combina-
`tionsl of tuples (rows) from the first relation with tuplcs
`from the second. The number of rows in the resulting rela—
`tion is the product ofthe nuntherofrows in the two source
`relations. Also called: [‘artesian product. ('orrrpurt’ inner
`join. 2. ln mathematics. the result of multiplying two or
`more numbers. 3. [n the most general sense. an entity con—
`ceived and developed for the purpose of competing in a
`commercial market. Although computers are products. the
`term is more commonly applied to software. peripherals.
`and accessories in the computing arena.
`
`production system H. In esper1 systems. an approach to
`problem solving based on an "ll“ this. 'l‘llliN that"
`approach that uses a set of rtiles. a database of informa-
`tion. and a "rule interpreter" to rttalch premises with facts
`and form a conclusion. Production systems are also known
`as rule—based systems or inference systems, See also
`expert system.
`
`Professional Graphics Adapter n. A video adapter
`introduced by IBM. primarily I'orCAl) applications. The
`Professional Graphics Adapter is capable of displaying
`25o colors. with a horizontal resolution ot'oltl pixels and a
`vertical resolution ol—lXtI pixels. Acronym: PGA.
`
`Professional Graphics Display n. An analog display
`introduced by IBM. intended for use with their Profes—
`sional Graphics Adapter. See also Protessionai Graphics
`Adapter.
`
`profile1 it. See user profile.
`
`profile2 t'h. To anal yxe a program to determine how
`rntrch time is spent in different parts of the program dur—
`ing execution.
`
`profiler n. A diagnostic tool for analyzing the run—time
`behavior of programs.
`
`Profiles for Open Systems Internetworking
`Technology a. See POSIT.
`
`program1 a. A sequence of instructions that cart be exe—
`cuted by a computer. The term can refer to the original
`source code or to the executable (machine language) ver—
`sion. Also called: software. See also program creation.
`routine. statement.
`
`program2 rt). To create a computer program. a set of
`instructions that a computer or other device executes to
`perform a series of actions or a particular type of work.
`
`program button it. On a handheld device. a navigation
`control that is pressed to launch an application. r'lt'xa
`coiled: application button.
`
`program card it. See PC Card. ROM card.
`
`program cartridge it. See RUM cartridge.
`
`program comprehension tool it. A software engineer—
`ing tool that facilitates tlte process of understanding the
`structure andror functionality ofcomputer applications.
`Armin-iii: PCT. slim culled: software exploration tool.
`
`program counter ii. A register tsmall. high—speed merit—
`ory circuit within a microprocessor) that corttairts the
`address (location) of the instruction to he executed next in
`
`the program sequence.
`
`program creation n. The process of producing art cxe—
`cutable tile. Traditionally. program creation comprises
`three steps: I
`I
`) compiling the high—level sotrrcc code into
`assembly language source code; [21 assembling the
`assembly language source code into machine—code object
`tiles; and [3| linking the machine-code object tiles with
`various data tiles. run—time tiles. and library files into an
`executable tile. Some compilers go directly from high—
`leyel source to machine—code object. and sortie integrated
`development environments compress all three steps ittto a
`single command. See also assembler. compiler [definition
`2:. linker. program.
`
`program encapsulation Jr. A method of dealing with
`programs with Year 3000 problems that entailed modify—
`ing the data with which a program worked. The input data
`is modified to reflect a parallel date in the past that the
`program can handle. When output is generated. that data is
`changed again, to re llcct the correct date. The program
`itself remains unchanged.
`
`program file it. A disk tile that contains the executable
`ponions ofa computer program. Depending on its size and
`
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`soft patch
`
`software piracy
`
`soft patch a. A fix or modification performed only while
`the code being patched is loaded into memory. so that the
`executable or object file is not modified in any way. See
`also patch‘.
`
`soft return it. A line break inserted in a document by a
`word processor when the next word in the current line of
`text would cause the line to overflow into the margin—a
`movable line break. See also wordwrap. Continue hard
`return.
`
`soft-sectored disk n. A disk. especially a floppy disk.
`whose sectors have been marked with recorded data marks
`
`rather than punched holes. See (it's-o index hole. (“rmipore
`hard~seetorcd disk.
`
`software it. Computer programs: instructions that make
`hardware work. Two main types of software are system
`software {operating systelns I. which controls the workings
`of the computer. and applications. such as word process—
`ing programs. spreadsheets. and databases. which perform
`the tasks for which people use computers. Two additional
`categories. which ate neither system nor application soft—
`ware but contain elements of both. are network software.
`
`which enables groups of computers to coonnunicale. and
`language software. which provides programmers with the
`tools they need to write programs. in addition to these
`task-based categories. several types of software are
`described based on their method of distribution. These
`
`include packaged software teanned programs}. sold pri-
`marily through retail outlets; freeware and public domain
`software. which are distributed free of charge: shareware.
`which is also distributed free ol'eharge. although Users are
`requested to pay a small registration fee for continued use
`of the program; and vaporware. software that is announced
`by a company or individuals but either never makes it to
`market or is very late. See also application. canned soft-
`ware. freeware. network soi‘tware. operating system.
`shareware. system software. vaporware. Compare tirin—
`ware. hardware. liveware.
`
`Software 8: Information Industry Association a. See
`SIIA.
`
`software-based modem in. A modem that uses a gen‘
`oral-purpose. reprogrammablc digital signal processor
`chip and RAM-based program memory rather than a dedi-
`cated chip with the modem functions burned into the sili—
`con. A software—based modem can be reconfigured to
`update and change the modem‘s features and functions.
`
`software bloat n. A software condition caused by the
`addition of excessive number of possibly unnecessary
`features and functions as new versions of the software
`
`are released. Software bloat is generally assumed to
`result in long loading times and inordinate resource
`tmemory and storage] requirements. See also bloatware,
`creeping featurism.
`
`software conversion a. Changing or moving a program
`designed to run on one computer to run on another. Usu-
`ally this involves detailed {professional} work on the pro-
`gram itself.
`
`software-dependent adj. Of. pertaining to. or being a
`computer or device that is tied to a particular program or
`set of programs developed for it.
`
`software development kit it. See developer's kit.
`
`software engineer a. l. In general. one who works at the
`code level with software. Although such engineering can
`he considered to encompass everything from software
`design to management and testing. the term is generally
`considered more or less synonytttous with programmer—-
`one who actually writes the code. 2.5:1‘ developer.
`
`software engineering a. The design and development of
`software. See also programming.
`
`software handshake n. A handshake that consists til-Sig-
`nals transmitted over the same wires used to transfer the
`data. as in Inodem-lo-modem communications over tele-
`
`phone iines. rather than signals transmitted over special
`wires. See also handshake.
`
`software house it. An organization that develops and
`supports software for its custoltters.
`
`software IO a. See software integrated circuit.
`
`software integrated circuit a. An existing software
`module that can he designed into a program, much as an
`integrated circuit can he designed into a logic board.
`Abbreviation: software 1C. See also abstract data type.
`module (definition 11. object—oriented programming.
`
`software interrupt n. A program-generated interrupt that
`stops current processing in order to request a service pro-
`vided by an interrupt handler (a separate set of instructions
`designed to perform the task required). Also called:
`trap.
`
`software package it. A program sold to the public,
`ready to run and containing all necessary components and
`documentation.
`
`software piracy it. See piracy.
`
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