PCT
`INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
`(51) International Patent Classification 6 :
`WO 98/58474
`H04L 12/14, 12/56, H04Q 11/04, 3/00,
`H04L 29/06
`
`(21) International Application Number:
`
`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`(22) International Filing Date:
`
`12 June 1998 (12.06.98)
`
`(30) Priority Data:
`60/049,778
`
`16 June 1997 (16.06.97)
`
`us
`
`(71) Applicant: TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON
`[SE/SE]; S-126 25 Stockholm (SE).
`
`(72) Inventor: HULTGREN, Anders; Rllttarens Vllg 16, S-182 34
`Danderyd (SE).
`
`(74) Agent: ERICSSON TELECOM AB; IPR Management &
`Patent Dept., S-126 25 Stockholm (SE).
`
`(81) Designated States: AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BY, CA,
`CH, CN, CU, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, GB, GE, GH, GM,
`GW, HU, ID, IL, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK,
`LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO,
`NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR,
`TT, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZW, ARIPO patent (GH, GM,
`KE, LS, MW, SD, SZ, UG, ZW), Eurasian patent (AM, AZ,
`BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European patent (AT, BE,
`CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC,
`NL, PT, SE), OAPI patent (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA,
`GN, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
`
`Published
`With international search report.
`Before the expiration of the time limit for amending the
`claims and to be republished in the event of the receipt of
`amendments.
`
`(54) Title: DYNAMIC QUALITY CONTROL NETWORK ROUTING
`
`OSC SERVER
`
`20
`
`30-2
`
`r---------
`
`DATAN
`
`1
`
`I
`I
`
`USER/CLIENT
`
`I
`
`11
`
`
`
`24T-6
`
`PSTN
`
`I
`
`L4-5
`
`L----------------------·( __ J
`
`\
`24T
`
`USER
`
`30-3
`
`(57) Abstract
`
`A network connection between an origination node (30-1) and a destination node (40) is dynamically determined and established
`during a tele/datacommunications session. At commencement of the session the originating node provides (i) an address of the destination
`node, and (ii) a set of prescribed quality connection parameters. During the session, the set of prescribed quality connection parameters is
`used by a quality connection server (20) to determine an acceptable sequence of links between the originating node and the destination node.
`In accordance with the determination, the quality connection server sets up connections over the acceptable sequence of links whereby data
`packets are transmitted between the originating node and the destination node during the session.
`
`WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION
`International Bureau
`
`(11) International Publication Number:
`
`Al
`
`(43) International Publication Date:
`
`23 December 1998 (23.12.98)
`
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. Ex. 1005, Page 1 of 63
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`IPR2021-01378
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`FOR THE PURPOSES OF INFORMATION ONLY
`
`Codes used to identify States party to the PCT on the front pages of pamphlets publishing international applications under the PCT.
`
`AL
`AM
`AT
`AU
`AZ
`BA
`BB
`BE
`BF
`BG
`BJ
`BR
`BY
`CA
`CF
`CG
`CH
`CI
`CM
`CN
`cu
`CZ
`DE
`DK
`EE
`
`Albania
`Annenia
`Austria
`Australia
`Azerbaijan
`Bosnia and Herzegovina
`Barbados
`Belgium
`Burkina Faso
`Bulgaria
`Benin
`Brazil
`Belarus
`Canada
`Central African Republic
`Congo
`Switzerland
`Cllte d'Ivoire
`Cameroon
`China
`Cuba
`Czech Republic
`Gennany
`Denmark
`Estonia
`
`ES
`FI
`FR
`GA
`GB
`GE
`GH
`GN
`GR
`HU
`IE
`IL
`IS
`IT
`JP
`KE
`KG
`KP
`
`KR
`KZ
`LC
`LI
`LK
`LR
`
`Spain
`Finland
`France
`Gabon
`United Kingdom
`Georgia
`Ghana
`Guinea
`Greece
`Hungary
`Ireland
`Israel
`Iceland
`Italy
`Japan
`Kenya
`Kyrgyzstan
`Democratic People's
`Republic of Korea
`Republic of Korea
`Kazakstan
`Saint Lucia
`Liechtenstein
`Sri Lanka
`Liberia
`
`LS
`LT
`LU
`LV
`MC
`MD
`MG
`MK
`
`ML
`MN
`MR
`MW
`MX
`NE
`NL
`NO
`NZ
`PL
`PT
`RO
`RU
`SD
`SE
`SG
`
`Lesotho
`Lithuania
`Luxembourg
`Latvia
`Monaco
`Republic of Moldova
`Madagascar
`The former Yugoslav
`Republic of Macedonia
`Mali
`Mongolia
`Mauritania
`Malawi
`Mexico
`Niger
`Netherlands
`Norway
`New Zealand
`Poland
`Portugal
`Romania
`Russian Federation
`Sudan
`Sweden
`Singapore
`
`SI
`SK
`SN
`sz
`TD
`TG
`TJ
`TM
`TR
`TT
`UA
`UG
`us
`uz
`VN
`YU
`zw
`
`Slovenia
`Slovakia
`Senegal
`Swaziland
`Chad
`Togo
`Tajikistan
`Turkmenistan
`Turkey
`Trinidad and Tobago
`Ukraine
`Uganda
`United States of America
`Uzbekistan
`Viet Nam
`Yugoslavia
`Zimbabwe
`
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`WO 98/58474
`
`PCT/SE98/0l 142
`
`-1-
`
`DYNAMIC QUALITY CONTROL NETWORK ROUTING
`
`This patent application claims the benefit and
`
`priority of United States Provisional Patent Application
`
`Serial No. 60/049,778 filed June 16, 1997, which is
`
`incorporated herein by reference.
`
`5
`
`1. Field of Invention
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`This invention pertains to tele/datacommunications
`
`networks, and particularly to obtaining quality connections
`
`10
`
`over such networks.
`
`2. Related Art and Other Considerations
`
`The advent of the internet, also known as the
`
`world wide web
`
`(WWW), affords enhanced access to
`
`15
`
`information. Today persons with internet-connected
`computers can communicate with other similarly connected
`
`computers.
`
`Some institutions maintain large computers which
`
`function as web servers for providing web pages to internet
`
`surfers. Transmissions in the form of data packets are
`
`20
`
`routed between computers over links of the internet.
`
`With increased popularity, the internet is
`
`becoming more crowded. For some links comprising the
`
`internet, delay times for packet transmission are
`
`25
`
`considerably long. Similar phenomena afflicts other data
`
`networks, with the result that quality of connection is
`
`often degraded.
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`WO 98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-2-
`
`Various schemes have been developed to avoid
`congestion over a network. For example, United States
`Patent 5,485,455 to Dobbins et al. discloses a fast packet
`switching network which determines a path between two nodes
`based upon "metrics". United States Patent 5,021,164 to
`Goldstein discloses a network using ATM-type cells and which
`employs a bandwidth allocation scheme to avoid congestion.
`Neither of these schemes appear to involve a direct
`
`interface with a user, nor does there appear to be any
`express discussion of financial accounting or charging of
`the user for the requested quality of service.
`
`United States Patent 5,557,320 to Krebs discloses
`a sender-subscriber based, transmission traffic control
`system for video mail, which includes the transmission of
`bulk electronic data primarily in the form of still or
`motion picture images. The Krebs system schedules video
`mail transmissions in advance, not contemporaneously at the
`time of transmission.
`
`What is needed therefore, and an object of the
`present invention, is dynamic optimization of quality
`assured connections when such quality service is requested.
`
`SUMMARY
`A network connection between an origination node
`and a destination node is dynamically determined and
`established during a tele/datacornrnunications session. At
`commencement of the session the originating node provides
`(i) an address of the destination node, and (ii) a set of
`prescribed quality connection parameters. During the
`session, the set of prescribed quality connection parameters
`is used by a quality connection server to determine an
`
`5
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`10
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`WO98/58474
`
`PCT /SE98/0ll 42
`
`-3-
`
`acceptable sequence of links between the originating node
`and the destination node.
`In accordance with the
`
`determination, the quality connection server sets up
`
`connections over the acceptable sequence of links whereby
`
`5
`
`data packets are transmitted between the originating node
`
`and the destination node during the session.
`
`The quality connection server determines the
`
`acceptable sequence of links by consulting a link current
`
`10
`
`status database and/or sending solicitations for bids to a
`
`plurality of nodes intermediate the origination node and the
`
`destination node. Bids received in response to the
`
`solicitations are processed to determine the acceptable
`
`15
`
`In one embodiment, prior to setting up
`sequence of links.
`the connections the server prompts the originating node for
`
`confirmation of the acceptable sequence of links.
`
`The acceptable sequence of links can comprise
`
`links which constitute differing networks. For example,
`
`20
`
`some of the links included in the acceptable sequence of
`
`links are links of a data network and others of the links
`
`included in the acceptable sequence of links are links of a
`public switched telephony network.
`
`25
`
`30
`
`A billing system is utilized to bill customers for
`
`utilization of links.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`The foregoing and other objects, features, and
`
`advantages of the invention will be apparent from the
`following more particular description of preferred
`
`embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in
`
`which reference characters refer to the same parts
`throughout the various views. The drawings are not
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`WO 98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-4-
`
`necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon
`illustrating the principles of the invention.
`
`Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing a QSC server
`employed to ascertain and guarantee quality connections of
`links of various networks.
`
`Fig. lA is a schematic view showing a QSC server
`
`employed to route an internet connection through links of
`various networks.
`
`Fig. lB is a schematic view showing a QSC server
`
`employed to route a telephone call through links of various
`networks.
`
`Fig. 2 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a
`
`QSC server according to the invention.
`
`Fig. 3 is a schematic view of an end node in the
`form of a computer which access the QSC server of the
`invention.
`
`Fig. 4 is a schematic view of an intermediate node
`
`of a network which cooperates with the QSC server of the
`invention.
`
`Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view showing the
`interrelationship of Fig. SA, SB, SC, and SD.
`
`Fig. SA, SB, SC, and SD are flowcharts showing
`events performed in ascertaining and guaranteeing quality
`
`connections in accordance with the present invention.
`
`5
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`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`WO 98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-5-
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`In the following description, for purposes of
`
`explanation and not limitation, specific details are set
`forth such as particular architectures, interfaces,
`
`5
`
`techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
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`25
`
`30
`
`understanding of the present invention. However, it will be
`apparent to those skilled in the art that the present
`invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart
`
`from these specific details.
`
`In other instances, detailed
`
`descriptions of well known devices, circuits, and methods
`are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the
`present invention with unnecessary detail.
`
`Fig. 1 shows a Quality of ~ervice and fharging
`(QSC) Server 20 which is employed in the present invention
`to ascertain and reserve guaranteed quality connections over
`
`In the illustration of Fig. 1,
`links of various networks.
`QSC Server 20 has access to both data networks and public
`
`switched telephony networks (PSTN), as indicated by
`exemplary data network 22N and PSTN network 22T. Each
`
`network has a plurality of intermediate nodes or connection
`
`nodes, any of which are generically represented by reference
`numeral 24. Data network 22N includes a plurality of
`
`intermediate data nodes 24N-l, 24N-2, and 24N-3 which are
`generally packet-oriented, such as packet routers and packet
`
`PSTN network 22T includes a plurality of
`switches.
`intermediate telephony nodes 24T-4, 24T-5, and 24T-6, such
`
`as telephony switches.
`
`Numerous end nodes in the form of computers or
`workstations are connected to data network 22N. For
`simplicity, only two such end nodes are shown in Fig. 1 as
`
`computers 30-1 and 30-2. Computer 30-1 is connected to node
`24N-l; computer 30-2 is connected to node 24N-3. Similarly,
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`PCT/SE98/01142
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`-6-
`
`other end nodes in the form of telephone sets utilized by
`telephone subscribers are connected to PSTN 24T, with Fig. 1
`
`showing only two of such nodes as telephone sets 30-3 and
`30-4
`Telephone set 30-3 is connected to node 24T-4;
`
`5
`
`telephone set 30-4 is connected to node 24T-6. Generically,
`
`reference numeral 30 represents any of the end nodes.
`
`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
`
`Communications links exist between various nodes.
`For example, and as shown in Fig. 1, node 24N-1 is connected
`to end node 30-1 by link Ll-0, to node 24N-2 by link Ll-2;
`
`to node 24T-4 by link Ll-4; and to node 24T-5 by link Ll-5.
`Each node 24N and node 24T is preferably connected to at
`
`least two other intermediate nodes.
`
`An internet server, also known as world wide web
`("WWW") Server 40, is shown in Fig. 1 as being an end node
`
`which is connected to data network 22N via node 24N-3 and to
`PSTN 22T by node 24T-6. Usage of internet servers to
`
`maintain e.g., web pages for organizations, such as
`businesses, governmental institutions or offices, etc., is
`
`well known.
`
`A purpose of the present invention is dynamic
`
`optimization of quality assured connections between end
`
`nodes when quality service is requested by a node. As
`explained hereinafter in greater detail, QSC server 20 works
`together with nodes 24N/nodes 24T to ascertain and execute a
`
`quality routing plan when requested by an end node user.
`Further, in order to charge customers for its services and
`
`usage of the higher quality links, QSC server 20
`periodically forwards billing information to billing system
`
`45.
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`WO98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-7-
`
`An example embodiment of QSC server 20 is shown in
`more detail in Fig. 2.
`In particular, QSC server 20
`
`includes QSC processor 50 which executes a quality
`connection management program (QCMP) 52 stored in RAM 54,
`
`5
`
`all under control of an operating system stored in ROM 56.
`
`QSC server 20 has input device(s) 60, e.g., keyboard/mouse,
`and output device(s) 62 [e.g., visible display unit,
`printer, etc.]. QSC server 20 is connected to data network
`
`22N by network interface 70.
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`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
`
`For the reasons explained hereinafter, QSC server
`20 has access to several databases.
`In the particular
`
`embodiment of QSC server 20 shown in Fig. 2, each database
`
`is accessed via a dedicated peripheral device, such as a
`disk drive. For this embodiment, therefore, peripheral
`
`devices 72 - 76, are illustrated for respectively accessing
`
`the following databases: customer database 82, session or
`transaction database 83, route map database 84, link current
`
`status database 85, and customer billing database 86.
`
`An example end node in the form of a computer or
`workstation is shown in simplified manner in Fig. 3 as
`including a processor 100, a read bnly memory
`(ROM) 102, a
`
`random access memory
`
`(RAM) 104, an output display device
`
`(e.g., screen) 106, an input device(s) [e.g., keyboard
`and/or mouse] 108, and a modem or other network interface
`device 110. Fig. 3 does not shown numerous collateral
`
`features of the computer, e.g., drivers and interfaces.
`
`Processor 100 executes a resident operating
`system, which in turn enables execution of various
`
`application programs stored in RAM 104. Two particular
`application programs stored in RAM 104 are pertinent to one
`or more embodiments of the present invention, specifically a
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`WO 98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/0l 142
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`-8-
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`quality connection client program (QCCP) 112 and an internet
`
`or web browser 114.
`
`5
`
`An intermediate node, such as a node 24N or a node
`24T, has a configuration partially represented by Fig. 4.
`
`In particular, Fig. 4 shows portions 200 of an intermediate
`
`node involved with quality connection reservation and
`
`execution. An interface 210 is provided for connection to
`
`the network which communicates with QSC server 20.
`
`10
`
`Connected to network interface 210 are a message decoder 212
`
`15
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`20
`
`and a message encoder 214. A bid processor 220 is connected
`to send inquiries to and receive responses from each of
`
`statistical analyzer 230, traffic manager/scheduler 232, and
`
`bit error rate tester 234. Traffic manager/scheduler 232 is
`connected to scheduler database 240.
`
`An intermediate node typically has a core 250
`
`which serves like a cross connect between input ports and
`
`output ports. Operation of the core 250 is controlled by
`core processor 252. Data packets incoming to the
`
`intermediate node are received at network interface 260, and
`
`are decoded at packet decoder 262. Based upon the contents
`
`of headers of the packets, core processor 252 sets up a
`
`cross connection in core 250 so that the packets are
`
`25
`
`properly directed to an appropriate outgoing port and link
`
`via network interface 264. Network interfaces 260 and 264
`
`can be of differing types, such as modems or ISDN interfaces
`
`for PSTN connections, and frame relay, ATM, X.25 for packet
`
`networks, for example.
`
`30
`
`In one embodiment of the invention, desired
`
`connection quality parameters regarding the connection(s)
`
`initiated by an end node are inputted in response to quality
`
`connection client program 112, thereby enabling the computer
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`PCT /SE98/01142
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`-9-
`
`(and particularly quality connection client program 112) to
`
`communicate with QSC server 20 for setting up a quality
`
`connection when necessary.
`
`In another embodiment, loading
`
`of quality connection client program 112 at the end node is
`
`5
`
`obviated by using a browser to contact QSC server 20 and, in
`
`response to a web page provided by QSC server 20, entering
`
`the desired connection quality parameters (along with the
`
`destination node address) directly to QSC server 20.
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`10
`
`When installed, the quality connection client
`
`program 112 prompts the user to determine whether the
`
`program 112 is to be loaded into the auto exec.bat file of
`
`the computer, e.g., so that program 112 is automatically
`
`executed upon every startup of the computer.
`
`If quality
`
`15
`
`connection client program 112 is not included in the
`
`auto exec.bat file of the computer, the user must specially
`activate program 112, e.g, "click on" the icon for program
`
`112. Also upon installation, quality connection client
`
`program 112 prompts the user to enter (e.g., via keyboard)
`
`20
`
`various default parameters regarding the quality of
`
`connection which the user desires.
`
`In the embodiment which includes quality
`
`connection client program 112, a user has several options
`
`25
`
`regarding mode of operation. Upon installation the quality
`
`connection client program 112 presents the user with an
`
`initial opportunity to select one of these modes of
`operation. These modes can be performed regardless of
`
`whether quality connection client program 112 is loaded in
`
`30
`
`the auto exec.bat file of the computer.
`
`In a first mode of operation, the quality
`
`connection client program 112 automatically utilizes QSC
`
`server 20 (in the manner hereinafter described) whenever the
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`PCT/SE98/01142
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`-10-
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`user enters an internet address, thereby always obtaining
`
`connections consistent with the default parameters entered
`
`upon installation .. In this mode of operation, the user also
`subsequently has the opportunity to revise or edit the
`
`5
`
`default parameters, but nevertheless the QSC server 20 is
`
`always invoked for each internet connection without any
`
`notification of QSC server invocation being provided to the
`
`user.
`
`10
`
`In a second mode of operation, whenever a user
`
`types an internet destination address in conjunction with a
`browser program, e.g., browser 114, quality connection
`
`client program 112 generates a prompt to the user inquiring
`
`whether a quality connection is desired.
`
`If the user
`
`15
`
`replies in the negative, browser 114 proceeds in
`
`conventional manner without consulting QSC server 20. On
`
`the other hand, if the user affirmatively indicates that the
`
`quality connection is desired, quality connection client
`
`program 112 displays the default parameters and prompts for
`
`20
`
`permission to proceed to contact QSC server 20. Should the
`
`displayed default parameters not be suitable to the user,
`
`the user has the opportunity to edit the default parameters
`
`prior to providing permission to contact QSC server 20, so
`
`that QSC server 20 will utilize the edited rather than
`
`25
`
`originally displayed parameters.
`
`In a third mode of operation, known as the
`
`monitoring/solicitation mode, whenever a user types an
`
`internet destination address in conjunction with a browser
`
`30
`
`program, e.g., browser 114, the connection is made in normal
`
`fashion without resort to QSC server 20. However, while the
`
`normal connection is effected, the user client software
`
`(quality connection client program (QCCP) 112) measures and
`
`monitors connection performance. Moreover, quality
`
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`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. v. Intellectual Ventures II LLC
`IPR2021-01378
`
`

`

`WO98/58474
`
`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-11-
`
`connection client program (QCCP) 112 transmits the extant
`normal connection parameters to QSC server 20, whereupon QSC
`server 20 explores, in the manner described herein, what
`better connections can be offered, so that QSC server 20 can
`ask if the users would like to pay to get better
`performance. For example, after connection client program
`(QCCP) 112 relays performance parameters to QSC server 20,
`and quality connection management program (QCMP) 52 at QSC
`server 20 ascertains that the connection parameters may be
`less than the user might desire, the quality connection
`
`management program (QCMP) 52 would issue commands to the
`user, i.e., end node 30-1 resulting in display of
`interactive messages with the user. The messages constitute
`a solicitation to employ the services of QSC server 20. For
`example, a first message displayed to the user might be as
`follows: "Is your connection slow? Why don't you take
`advantage of our special offer of 56 kbit/second guaranteed
`service for five minutes to get your file transfer quickly?
`Only $5! After all, why did you get that fast modern,
`anyway?". By clicking on a positive solicitation response
`button on the solicitation screen, the client can invoke the
`guaranteed quality connection procedure as described herein.
`This third mode thus presents an opportunity for active
`automatic solicitations or sales of higher quality by the
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`operators.
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`The default parameters mentioned above, which can
`subsequently be edited, include:
`a minimum bandwidth
`(MinBW); a maximum cost per minute (MaxCPM); a maximum delay
`per packet (MaxDPP); a maximum delay variation (MaxDV); a
`maximum error rate (MaxERR); and, a period (PERIOD)
`corresponding to an expected time duration or length of the
`connection. The minimum bandwidth (MinBW) is entered in
`units of kilobits per second; the maximum cost per minute
`
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. Ex. 1005, Page 13 of 63
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. v. Intellectual Ventures II LLC
`IPR2021-01378
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`

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`WO 98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-12-
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`(MaxCPM) is entered in a prearranged currency (e.g., US
`dollars per minute); the maximum delay per packet (MaxDPP)
`is entered in (tenths of) seconds; the maximum delay
`variation (MaxDV) is entered in (hundredths of) seconds; the
`maximum error rate (MaxERR) is entered in bits per million;
`and, the period is entered in minutes.
`
`An example of operation of the invention is
`illustrated in a scenario in which the user of computer 30-1
`desires to obtain quality connection to web server 40 (see
`
`Fig. 1). Events performed to obtain such quality connection
`are illustrated in Fig. 5.
`
`At event E0, the user or customer at computer 30-1
`begins a session by typing opening browser 114 and typing a
`the internet ("www") address of the destination node, i.e.,
`www server 40. As used herein, "user session" is a unique
`set of data packets, identifiable by a unique combination of
`identifiers. A first example of unique combination of
`identifiers are unique session numbers occurring during a
`given time period in a special data header (protocol). A
`second example of unique combination of identifiers are a
`unique combination of source and destination IP-address plus
`port (application) numbers, one or more sequence number
`series during a given time period. A third example of
`unique combination of identifiers are all packets from a
`first specific IP address, e.g., 192-125.57.34, to a second
`specific IP-address, e.g., 64.72.89.23 on a particular date
`(e.g., 97-05-12) and particular time period (e.g., 12.23.52
`to 2.28.52, Greenwich Mean Time).
`
`At event El, quality connection client program
`(QCCP) 112 resident at computer 30-1, for reasons previously
`discussed, causes computer 30-1 to send a quality connection
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`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. Ex. 1005, Page 14 of 63
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. v. Intellectual Ventures II LLC
`IPR2021-01378
`
`

`

`WO 98/58474
`
`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-13-
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`request message to QSC server 20. The quality connection
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`request message includes not only the destination internet
`
`address (e.g., the address of the desired web server), but
`also the quality control parameters mentioned in the
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`preceding paragraph.
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`As understood from Fig. 1, the quality connection
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`request message is routed to QSC server 20 via nodes 24N-1
`
`and 24N-2, QSC server 20 being connected to node 24N-2. The
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`protocols which carry the quality request/answer messages
`
`(in itself a protocol on a higher level) can be http/IP,
`TCP/IP, IP or variants thereof, for example.
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`assumed that computer 30-1 requires the following connection
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`For the present illustrative example, it is
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`parameters: MinBW = 64 kbit/sec; MaxCPM = $1 USO; MaxDPP =
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`0.2 sec; MaxDV = 0.01 sec; MaxERR = 1 bit/million; PERIOD=
`
`10 minutes (or until a transaction is completed, such as a
`file transfer). The desired connection parameters can be
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`initially inputted upon installation of the quality
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`connection client program (QCCP) 112, and thereafter updated
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`or edited as desired.
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`connection request message, as event E2 QSC server 20
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`Upon receipt and deformatting of the quality
`
`obtains the addresses of the calling end node (e.g.,
`
`computer 30-1), the called end node or destination node
`(e.g., WWW server 30-2), and the terminal nodes of the
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`desired connection.
`
`In the present example, the terminal
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`nodes are node 24N-1 (to which computer 30-1 is connected)
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`and either node 24N-3 or node 24T-6 (web server 40 being
`
`connected to both these nodes). The address of the calling
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`end node and the called end node are obtained from the
`
`quality connection request message. The address of node
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`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. Ex. 1005, Page 15 of 63
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. v. Intellectual Ventures II LLC
`IPR2021-01378
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`WO 98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/01142
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`-14-
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`24N-l is obtained either from the protocol by which the
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`quality connection request message was delivered (via node
`
`24N-1) to QSC server 20, or from customer database 82. The
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`addresses of node 24N-3 is obtained by database lookup or by
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`the protocol. The addresses of node 24T-6 is obtained by a
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`"switch identity-telephone numbers database" lookup
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`procedure.
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`can involve QSC server 20 accessing a domain name server
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`"Obtained by the protocol", as employed herein,
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`(DNS), or using a function/program commonly known as
`
`"trace". The trace function enables determination of an
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`address of a node by sending packets to the end address and
`
`by setting an appropriate value in a
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`"TimeToLive"
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`parameter, the response to which is the IP address of the
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`node in the route specified by the value set in the
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`"TimeToLive" parameter.
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`database 82 to determine whether the user has a pre-existing
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`As event E3, QSC server 20 searches its customer
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`account. Assuming that the user has an account, at event E3
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`QSC server 20 also prepares and enters a record into session
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`database 83. The record entered into session database 83 at
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`event E3 includes the customer account number, a unique
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`session or transaction number, the information gleaned at
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`event E2, and the quality parameters specified by the
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`calling computer.
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`If the user of the calling computer does
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`not have an account, QSC 20 can interactively elicit from
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`the user sufficient information (e.g., billing address,
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`credit card number, etc.) for establishing an account.
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`In the present example, the destination node,
`
`e.g., WWW server 40, is served by two terminal nodes,
`
`particularly nodes 24N-3 and 24N-6. Thus, QSC server 40
`
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. Ex. 1005, Page 16 of 63
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. v. Intellectual Ventures II LLC
`IPR2021-01378
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`

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`WO 98/58474
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`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-15-
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`must research and investigate two potential connections,
`e.g., a first potential connection between nodes 24N-1 and
`24N-3, and a second potential connection between nodes 24N-1
`and 24N-6.
`
`As event E4, QSC server 20 consults route map
`database 84 to ascertain all possible routes for each
`potential connection, and thus all possible links which can
`be used to connect the terminal nodes. An example
`organization for route map database 84 is in TABLE 1. TABLE
`1 shows sequences of links which can be utilized to form
`connections between two terminal nodes. Route map database
`84 includes each potential connection between two terminal
`intermediate nodes (illustrated by the first column of TABLE
`1), and for each potential connection a listing of possible
`link sequences which conceivably could be utilized to
`achieve the potential connection between end nodes. As a
`result of event E4, for the present example QSC server 20
`knows that it must check whether the criteria of the quality
`connection parameters can be fulfilled by the following
`links: Ll-0, Ll-2, L2-3, L2-5, L3-0, L3-5, Ll-5, L5-6, Ll-4,
`14-5, and 16-0.
`It is assumed, for sake of present
`discussion, that link Ll-0 and either link L3-0 or link L6-0
`
`If such
`must be utilized regardless of connection quality.
`were not the case, e.g., if a plurality of links were
`provided between a terminal intermediate node and an end
`node, each of such links would be checked for connection
`quality in the manner hereinafter described with reference
`
`to other links.
`
`In assessing connection quality, not only must the
`links between the two end nodes be taken into consideration,
`but also the capabilities of the end nodes themselves.
`In
`this regard, consideration must be given to each of the
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`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. Ex. 1005, Page 17 of 63
`Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co. v. Intellectual Ventures II LLC
`IPR2021-01378
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`

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`WO 98/58474
`
`PCT/SE98/01142
`
`-16-
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`capabilities of the user end node (e.g., user's PC), the
`
`capabilities particular Internet connection to the user end
`node, the capabilities of the destination end node (i.e.,
`the particular WWW-server being accessed), and the
`capabilities of the Internet connection to the destination
`
`end node. For example, the best capability of the server
`
`node must be ascertained, as by a bid from it, or measured
`by the quality connection client program (QCCP) 112
`or tested by QSC Server 20, for criteria whic