cuielei
`m
`yo
`“ENTRIES —
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`
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 001
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`
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. Nopart of the contents of this book may be reproducedor transmitted in any form
`or
`by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--Sth ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1, Computers--Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5.M52267
`004'.03--de21
`
`2002
`
`Printed and boundin the United States of America.
`
`200219714
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and CompanyLtd.
`recordforthis book is available from the British Library.
`A CIPcatalogue
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers anddistributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`at fax (425) 936-7329, Visit our Web site at
`Press International directly
`www,microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to
`@ microsoft.com.
`mspinput
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`owners.
`company names mentioned herein maybe the trademarks of their respective
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted hereinare fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`or event is intended or should be inferred.
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place,
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`BodyPart No. X08-41929
`
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 002
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`
`Introduction
`
`The Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition is
`designedto be a
`comprehensive and authoritative source of
`terms and abbreviations.
`definitions for computer-related
`The dictionary includes terms drawn from a wide variety
`relevant to computerusers,
`including software,
`of topics
`hardware, networking, data storage, graphics, games,
`information processing, the Internet and the World Wide
`Web, gaming, history, jargon and slang, organizations, pro-
`gramming, and standards.
`Althoughthis book covers
`nearly every aspect of comput-
`or on
`ing, it does not include entries on most
`companies
`most makes and models of computers, nor does it contain
`entries on most
`application software products. The few
`to this rule of thumb are
`key companies and
`exceptions
`products that have a historical or universal importance
`within the computing industry.
`This dictionary emphasizes terminologythat the average
`computeruser will encounter in documentation, online
`help, computer manuals, marketing and sales materials, the
`popular media, and the computertrade press. Because
`most computerusers operate personal computers and desk-
`top systems at home, work, or both, the majority ofthe
`usedin
`coverthe terminology
`entries in this dictionary
`describing and working with these systems, However,
`or
`some
`highly technical language is included
`specialized
`to areas of
`that pertains
`industry, academia, software and
`hardware development, and research. These terms have
`on more com-
`beenincluded because they have a
`bearing
`
`mon computer terminologyor because they
`are ofhistori-
`cal significance.
`
`Changesin the Fifth Edition
`Thefifth edition of the Microsoft Computer Dictionaryhas
`been revised and expanded to include over 10,000 entries,
`reflecting the many advances in the computerfield and
`
`including several areas that have come into prominence in
`the public eye, such as
`networking, Web authoring, and
`new
`technologies, such as .NET. The content from the Year
`2000 appendix has been integrated into the bodyofthe dic-
`and a new
`on emoticons and instant mes-
`tionary
`appendix
`saging symbols has been added.
`
`Order of Presentation
`are
`Entries are
`as are
`alphabetizedbyletter. Spaces
`ignored,
`characters such as
`andslashes; for example, Bau-
`hyphens
`dot codefalls between baud and baudrate, and machine-
`independent falls between machine identification and
`are locatedat
`machineinstruction. Numbers and symbols
`ofthe book andarelistedin ascending ASCII
`the beginning
`order. If an entry begins withaletter orletters but contains
`a number,it is listed alphabetically, according
`to the initial
`to ASCII order. Thus, V20
`letter(s), and then according
`precedes V.2x, and both precede VAB.
`
`Entries
`Entries are of two types: main entries, which contain full
`definitions, and synonymous cross-references, which con-
`tain See references to the appropriate main entries. Synon-
`orless
`ymous cross-references are
`generally secondary
`to a main entry. The definition
`commonways ofreferring
`at the main entry can be substituted as a definition for the
`synonymous cross-reference.
`
`Format
`Informationin each mainentry is presentedin a consistent
`format: entry name in boldface, spelling variants (if any),
`part of speech, definition, illustration or table reference (if
`any), acronym(if any), alternative names (if any), and
`cross-references (if any).
`
`vii
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`Introduction
`
`Main Entries
`Entries that are acronyms or abbreviations for one or more
`words or concatenations of two or more words have those
`out at the beginning of the definition. The
`words spelled
`letters in these words or
`phrases that make up the acronym,
`abbreviation, or concatenationare in boldface.
`When a main entryis spelled exactly the same as another
`mainentry, the two entries are differentiated bythe use of a
`superscript numeral after each term. Theseentries are
`are
`called homographs, and they
`generally different parts
`of speech. For example,
`e-mail? (noun)
`e-mail? (verb)
`
`Spelling Variants
`When a main entryhas one or more variations in the wayit
`is spelled, each spelling variant follows the mainentry,
`after the wordor.
`
`Parts of Speech
`Entries are broken downinto fourparts of speech, in addi-
`tion to
`prefixes, abbreviated as follows:
`n. noun
`vb. verb
`
`adj. adjective
`ady, adverb
`
`Definitions
`Eachofthe more than 10,000 entries is writtenin clear,
`a
`simpledefinition to
`standard English. Many go beyond
`provide additional detail and to put the termin context for
`a
`typical computeruser. When an entry has more than one
`sense or definition, the definitions are
`in a num-
`presented
`beredlist, to make it easier to
`distinguish the particular,
`sometimes subtle, variations in meaning.
`
`Illustration and Table References
`Someentries have affiliated illustrations or tables that aid
`in defining the entry. In most cases, illustrations and tables
`appearonthe samepageas the entries to whichtheyapply.
`
`
`
`viii
`
`In some instances, however, page layout requirements have
`forced themto a
`subsequent page. Entries withillustrations
`or tables usually have references at the end ofthe definition
`for an
`entry, in the following formats:
`See the illustration.
`See the table.
`
`Acronyms
`com-
`Some terminologyin the computer field, particularly
`can be shortenedto
`puter standards and Internet slang,
`form acronyms. Sometimes the acronymis the more com-
`or
`mon wayto refer to the concept
`object; in these cases,
`the acronymis the mainentry. In other cases, the acronym
`is not as
`commonlyused as the words or
`phrase for which
`it stands. In these cases, the words or
`phrase constitute the
`main entry. The acronym is given after the definition for
`these entries in the following format:
`Acronym:
`
`Alternative Names
`Some items or concepts in the computerfield can be
`one
`more than one name.
`referred to
`by
`Generally, though,
`wayis preferred. The preferred terminology
`is the main
`entry. Alternative names are listed after any acronyms;
`are listed after the definition in the follow-
`otherwise they
`ing format:
`Alsocalled:
`
`Cross-References
`Cross-referencesare of three types: See, See also, and Com-
`pare. A Seereference is usedin anentrythat is a synony-
`mous cross-reference and simplypoints
`to another entry
`that contains the information sought. A See also reference
`to one or more entries that contain additional or sup-
`points
`topic and follows any acro-
`plemental information about a
`nymsor alternative names after the definition. A Compare
`to an entryor entries that offer contrast and
`reference points
`follows any See also references; otherwise it follows any
`acronyms or alternative names after the definition.
`
`
`
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
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`-6xe
`
`expansion bus
`
`Table E.1 Exclusive OR.
` a b aXORb
`
`
`0
`0
`0
`0
`l
`]
`1
`0
`1
`
`1 0 1
`
`
`exe n. In MS-DOS, a filename extension that indicates
`that a file is an executable program. To run an executable
`program, the user
`types the filename without the .exe
`extension at the prompt and presses Enter. See also exe-
`cutable program.
`a program
`executable? adj. Of, pertaining to, or
`being
`file that can be run. Executable files have extensions such
`as .bat, .com, and .exe.
`executable? 7. A program file that can be run, such as
`fileO.bat, file l.exe, or file2.com.
`n. A programthat can be run. The
`executable program
`to a
`term
`compiled program translatedinto
`usually applies
`machine code in a format that can be loaded into memory
`a
`and run
`computer’s processor. Ininterpreter lan-
`by
`guages, an executable programcan be source code in the
`proper format. See also code (definition |), compiler(def-
`source code.
`inition 2), computer program, interpreter,
`aninstruction. In programming,
`execute v). To perform
`execution implies loading the machine codeofthe pro-
`gram into memoryandthen performing the instructions.
`1, The process of executing code
`executein place
`directly from ROM, rather thanloading it from RAMfirst.
`Executing the code in place, instead of copying the code
`into RAMfor execution, saves system resources.
`Applica-
`tions in other file systems, such as on a PCCard storage
`device, cannot be executed in this way. Acronym: XIP.
`execution time 7. The time, measuredinclock ticks
`a
`(pulses of a
`computer's internal timer), required by
`to decode and carryout an instruction
`microprocessor
`after it is fetched from memory. Also called: E-time. See
`also instruction time.
`executive n. The set of kernel-mode components that
`form the base operating system for Microsoft Windows
`NTorlater. See also operating system.
`n. A set oftools
`executive information system
`to
`organize information into categories and
`designed
`reports. Because it emphasizes information, an executive
`information system differs from a decision support system
`
`(DSS), whichis designed for analysis and decision mak-
`ing. Acronym: EIS. Compare decision support system.
`exerciser n. A program that exercises a
`piece of hardware
`a
`or software by running it through
`set of operations.
`large
`exit vb. In a program, to move from the called routine
`back tothe calling routine. A routine can have more than
`one exit point, thus allowing termination based on various
`conditions.
`
`that sets characters farther
`A font style
`expandedadj.
`apart than the normal spacing. Compare condensed.
`memory n. A type of memory, up to § MB,
`expanded
`that can be added to IBM PCs. Its use is defined bythe
`mem-
`Expanded MemorySpecification (EMS). Expanded
`ory is not accessible to programs in MS-DOS, so the
`Expanded Memory Manager (EMM) maps pages (blocks)
`of bytes from expanded memoryinto page frames in
`memory
`accessible memoryareas.
`is not
`Expanded
`neededin Windows9x, all versions of Windows NT, and
`Windows 2000. See also EEMS, EMS, Expanded Memory
`Manager, page frame.
`vr. A driver that imple-
`Expanded Memory Manager
`ments the software portion of the Expanded Memory
`Specification (EMS) to make expanded memoryin IBM
`and compatible PCs accessible. Acronym: EMM. Seealso
`EMS, expanded memory, extended memory.
`n. See EMS.
`Expanded Memory Specification
`a
`n. A wayof
`expansion
`increasing
`computer's capabili-
`ties by adding hardware that performs tasks that are not
`part ofthe basic system. Expansionis usually achieved by
`plugging printed circuit boards (expansion boards) into
`openings (expansionslots) inside the computer. See also
`expansion board, expansionslot, open architecture (defini-
`tion 2), PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`expansion board n. A circuit board that is pluggedinto a
`to add extra func-
`computer's bus (main data transfer path)
`tions or resources to the computer. Typical expansion boards
`add memory, disk drive controllers, video support, parallel
`andserial ports, and internal modems. For laptops and other
`portable computers, expansion boards comeincredit
`card-sized devices called PC Cardsthat plug into a slot in
`the side or back of the computer. Also called: expansion
`board, extender board. See also expansion slot, PC Card,
`PCMCIA slot.
`a
`expansion bus 7. A group ofcontrollines that provide
`buffered interface to devices. These devices can be located
`
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`micro-electromechanical systems
`
`microprocessor
`
`computers and special-purpose devices such as digital
`cameras and cellular telephones.
`n. See MEMS.
`micro-electromechanical systems
`microelectronics n. The technologyof constructing
`electronic circuits and devices in very small packages. The
`most
`significant advance in microelectronics technology
`has been the integratedcircuit. Circuits that 40 years ago
`vacuumtubes can
`a roomful of power-hungry
`required
`nowbe fabricated ona silicon chip smaller than a postage
`and
`a few milliwatts of power. Seealso
`stamp
`require only
`integratedcircuit.
`microfiche n. A small sheet offilm, about 4
`6 inches,
`by
`used for recording photographically reduced images, such
`a
`as document pages, in rows and columns forming
`grid
`are too small to read with the
`pattern. The resulting images
`naked eye, and a microfiche readeris required
`to viewthe
`documents. Compare microfilm.
`microfilm 7. A thinstrip offilm stored ona roll and used
`to record sequential data images. As with microfiche, a
`sothat they
`can be
`special device magnifies the images
`read. See also CIM(definition 2), COM(definition 4),
`Compare microfiche.
`microfloppy disk . A 3.5-inch floppydisk ofthe type
`used with the Macintosh and with IBM and compatible
`microcomputers. A microfloppydisk is a round
`piece of
`polyesterfilm coated with ferric oxide and encasedin a
`rigid plastic shell equippedwith a
`sliding metal cover. On
`the Macintosh, a
`single-sided microfloppy disk can hold
`400 kilobytes (KB); a double-sided(standard) disk can
`hold 800 KB; and a double-sided high-density disk can
`hold 1.44 megabytes (MB). On IBMand compatible
`can hold either 720 KB or 1.44
`machines, a
`microfloppy
`MB of information. See also floppydisk.
`microfluidics n.
`Technologyfor control and manipulation
`offluids on a
`microscopic scale using microscopic pumps
`on a
`and valves placed
`chip. Microfluidics devices have
`implications for a number of medical, pharmaceutical,
`genomics, and other biotechnologyapplications.
`microform n. The medium, such as microfilm or micro-
`fiche, on which a
`photographically reduced image, called
`a microimage, is stored. A microimage usually represents
`text, such as archived documents. See also microfiche,
`microfilm, micrographics.
`
`n. The techniques and methods for
`micrographics
`recording data on microfilm. See also microform.
`usu-
`n. A
`photographically reduced image,
`microimage
`ally stored on microfilm or microfiche, that is too small to
`be read without magnification. See also microform, micro-
`graphics.
`microinstruction m. An instruction that is part of the
`microcode. See also microcode.
`n. See
`microjustification
`microspacejustification.
`microkernel n. 1. In programming, the strictly hardware-
`dependent part of an
`operating systemthat is intended to
`be portable from one type of computer to another. The
`a
`hardware-independent interface to
`microkernel provides
`so
`the rest ofthe operating system,
`only the microkernel
`needs to be rewritten to port the operating systemtoadif-
`ferent platform. See also kernel, operating system, 2. A
`kernel that has been designed with onlythe basic features
`and
`typically in a modularfashion.
`n. A set ofinstructions, stored in binary form,
`micrologic
`or aset ofelectronic logic circuits that defines and governs
`the operation within a
`microprocessor,
`microminiature m. An extremely small circuit or other
`one that is a refinement
`electronic component, especially
`of an
`already miniaturized element.
`n. 1. A device that converts sound waves
`microphone
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware can
`convert the microphone’s output into digital data that a
`computer can process; for example,
`to record multimedia
`documents or
`analyze the sound signal. 2. A communica-
`tions program that runs on the Macintosh computer.
`n.
`on a
`Technologyfor directing light
`microphotonics
`microscopic scale. Microphotonics employs tiny mirrors
`or
`wave-
`to reflect and transmit specific
`photonic crystals
`lengths oflight, which cancarry digital signals. Micro-
`photonics technology has implications for optical
`networks under development for the telecommunications
`industry. See also MEMS, optical switching.
`microprocessorn. A central processing unit (CPU) ona
`can have several
`single chip. A modern microprocessor
`million transistors in an
`integrated-circuit package that
`can
`easilyfit into the palmof one’s hand.
`Microprocessors
`are at the heart ofall personal computers. When memory
`and power are added to a
`microprocessor, all the pieces,
`excluding peripherals, required for a computer are
`present.
`
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`microprogramming
`
`Microsoft Project
`
`are the
`The most
`popular lines of microprocessors today
`680x0 family from Motorola, which powers the Apple
`Macintosh line, and the 80x86 family from Intel, which is
`at the core ofall IBM PC—compatible computers. See also
`6502, 65816, 6800, 68000, 68020, 68030, 68040, 80286,
`80386DX, 803868X, 8080, 8086
`n. The writing of microcode fora
`microprogramming
`processor. Some systems, chiefly minicomputers and
`mainframes, allow modification of microcode for an
`installed processor. See also microcode.
`microsecond n. One millionth (10) of a second.
`Abbreviation: Us.
`mes-
`microsite 1. 1. A small Web site targetedto a
`single
`sage or
`topic and nested within a
`largersite. Microsites
`andsales of specific products and
`to
`geared
`promotional
`services maybe integrated into popular Websites by
`advertisers. 2. A small Web site with a
`single focus. Also
`called: minisite.
`Microsoft Access i. See Access.
`n. See Active Accessi-
`
`Microsoft Active Accessibility
`bility,
`Microsoft DOS n. See MS-DOS.
`Microsoft Excel n. See Excel.
`Microsoft Foundation Classes n. A C++ class library
`developed by Microsoft. The Microsoft Foundation Class
`or MFC, provides the framework andclasses that
`library,
`make it easier and faster for programmers to build Win-
`dows applications. MFC supports ActiveX andis bundled
`with several C++ compilers, including Microsoft Visual
`C++, Borland C++, and Symantec C++. Acronym: MFC.
`See also ActiveX, C++. Compare Application Foundation
`Classes,
`
`n. A programyou canusetocreate
`Microsoft FrontPage
`and manage Internet and intranet sites without program-
`ming; FrontPage is available as
`part of one ofthe
`Microsoft Office suites or as a stand-alone product.
`n. The CPU-
`Microsoft intermediate language
`independentinstruction set into which .NET Framework
`programs are
`compiled. It contains instructions for load-
`ing, storing, initializing, and calling methods on
`objects.
`
`Combined with metadata and the common
`type system,
`Microsoft intermediate language allowsfor true cross-lan-
`guage integration. Prior to execution, MSIL is converted
`to machine code. It is not
`interpreted. Acronym: MSIL.
`n. See Internet Explorer.
`Microsoft Internet Explorer
`Microsoft Knowledge Basen. See KB (definition 2).
`Microsoft Management Console n. See MMC.
`n. See MapPoint.
`Microsoft MapPoint
`n. See Money.
`Microsoft Money
`n. See MSN Explorer.
`Microsoft MSN Explorer
`Microsoft MSN Messenger Service n. See INET Mes-
`senger Service.
`Microsoft .NET Messenger Service n. See NET Mes-
`senger Service.
`Microsoft Network n. See MSN.
`Microsoft Office n. See Office.
`Microsoft Operations Manager n. A serverand
`appli-
`cation management solution developed by Microsoft Cor-
`to deliver event and performance management for
`poration
`the Windows 2000—based environment and .NET Enter-
`prise Server applications. Operations management fea-
`log reports from across the
`event
`tures include enterprise
`and alert messag-
`corporate network, proactive monitoring
`ing, and reporting and trend
`analysis for problem tracking.
`Microsoft Operations Manager provides flexibility
`through sophisticated management rules, which can be
`customizedto meet the needs ofindividual businesses.
`Microsoft Operations Managersupport for management
`technologystandards permits easyintegration with other
`enterprise management systems.
`Microsoft Outlook mn, See Outlook.
`Microsoft PowerPoint n. See PowerPoint.
`n. A software application developed
`Microsoft Project
`to
`by Microsoft Corporation
`simplify the planning and
`management ofprojects. Microsoft Project includes fea-
`set sched-
`tures that help you build and manage projects,
`ules and milestones, and communicate and share ideas
`with team members.
`
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`Prodigy Information Service
`
`program file
`
`nications. The addition of SBC’s Internet customer base
`made Prodigythe third largest ISP in the United States.
`Prodigy Information Service n. An online information
`service founded by IBM and Sears. Like its competitors
`America Online and CompuServe, Prodigyoffers access
`to databases andfile libraries, online chat, special interest
`groups, e-mail, and Internet connectivity. Also called:
`Prodigy.
`
`n. 1. An operatorin the relational algebra used in
`product
`to two
`database managementthat, when applied
`existing
`relations (tables), results in the creation of a newtable
`containing all possible ordered concatenations (combina-
`tions) of tuples (rows) fromthe first relation with tuples
`from the second. The numberofrows in the resulting rela-
`tion is the product of the number ofrows in the twosource
`relations. Also called: Cartesian product. Compare inner
`two or
`join. 2. In mathematics, the result of multiplying
`sense, an
`more numbers. 3. In the most
`con-
`entity
`general
`ceived and developedfor the purpose of competing in a
`are
`commercial market. Although computers
`products, the
`to software, peripherals,
`term is more
`commonlyapplied
`arena.
`andaccessories in the computing
`n. In expert systems, an
`production system
`approach
`problemsolving based on an “IF this, THEN that”
`approachthat uses a set of rules, a database of informa-
`tion, and a “rule interpreter”
`to match premises with facts
`and forma conclusion. Production systems are also known
`as rule-based systems orinference systems. See also
`expert system.
`n. A video adapter
`Professional Graphics Adapter
`introduced by IBM, primarily for CADapplications. The
`Professional Graphics Adapteris capable ofdisplaying
`256colors, with a horizontal resolution of640 pixels and a
`vertical resolution of 480
`pixels, Acronym: PGA.
`. An analog display
`Professional Graphics Display
`introduced by IBM, intended for use with their Profes-
`sional Graphics Adapter. See also Professional Graphics
`Adapter.
`
`to
`
`profile+
`
`. See user
`profile.
`a program to determine how
`vb. To analyze
`profile?
`much time is spent in different parts of the program dur-
`ing execution.
`1. A diagnostic tool for analyzing the run-time
`profiler
`behavior of programs.
`
`Profiles for Open Systems Internetworking
`n. See POSIT.
`Technology
`7. A sequence ofinstructions that can be exe-
`program?
`computer. The term canrefer to the
`a
`cuted by
`original
`source code or to the executable (machine language)
`ver-
`sion. Also called: software. See also programcreation,
`routine, statement.
`computer program, a set of
`program? vb. To create a
`instructions that a computer or other device executes to
`aseries ofactions or a
`particular type of work.
`perform
`program button n. On a handheld device, a
`navigation
`control that is pressedto launch an
`application. Also
`called: application button.
`program card n. See PC Card, ROMcard.
`n. See ROM cartridge.
`program cartridge
`program comprehension tool n. A software engineer-
`ing tool that facilitates the process of understanding the
`structure and/or functionality of computer applications.
`Acronym: PCT. Also called: software explorationtool.
`program counter 7. A register (small, high-speed
`mem-
`orycircuit within a
`microprocessor) that contains the
`address (location) ofthe instruction to be executednext in
`the program sequence.
`an exe-
`program creation nm. The process of producing
`cutable file. Traditionally, program creation comprises
`source code into
`three steps: (1) compiling the high-level
`source code; (2) assembling the
`assemblylanguage
`source code into machine-code object
`assemblylanguage
`files; and(3) linking the machine-code object files with
`various datafiles, run-time files, and
`libraryfiles into an
`executable file. Some compilers godirectly from high-
`level source to machine-code object, and some
`integrated
`development environments compressall three steps into a
`single command. Seealso assembler, compiler(definition
`2), linker, program.
`
`mn. A method of dealing with
`program encapsulation
`programs with Year 2000 problemsthat entailed modify-
`ing the data with which a program worked. The input data
`is modified to reflect a
`parallel date in the past that the
`programcan handle. Whenoutput is generated,that datais
`toreflect the correct date. The program
`changed again,
`itself remains unchanged.
`program file n. A disk file that contains the executable
`onits size and
`portions of a
`computer program. Depending
`
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`soft patch
`
`software piracy
`
`w. A fix or modification performed only while
`soft patch
`the code being patched is loaded into memory,sothat the
`executable or
`object file is not modified in any way. See
`also
`patch!,
`a
`soft return . A line break inserted in a document by
`word processor when the next wordinthe current line of
`text would cause the line to overflowinto the margin—a
`movable line break. See also wordwrap. Compare hard
`return.
`a
`soft-sectored disk n. A disk, especially
`floppydisk,
`whose sectors have been marked with recorded data marks
`rather than punched holes. See also index hole. Compare
`hard-sectored disk.
`software n.
`Computer programs; instructions that make
`hardware work. Two main types of software are system
`software (operating systems), which controls the workings
`of the computer, and applications, such as word process-
`ing programs, spreadsheets, and databases, which perform
`use computers. Two additional
`the tasks for which people
`categories, which are neither system nor
`applicationsoft-
`ware but contain elements ofboth, are network software,
`which enables groups of computers to communicate, and
`language software, which provides programmers with the
`tools they need to write programs. In addition to these
`task-basedcategories, several types of software are
`described based on their method ofdistribution. These
`include packaged software (canned programs), sold pri-
`marily throughretail outlets; freeware and public domain
`software, which are distributed free of charge; shareware,
`users are
`whichis also distributed free of charge, although
`to pay a small registration fee for continueduse
`requested
`ofthe program; and vaporware, software that is announced
`a companyorindividuals but either never makesit to
`by
`market or is very late. See also application, canned soft-
`ware, freeware, network software, operating system,
`shareware, system software, vaporware. Comparefirm-
`ware, hardware, liveware.
`Software & Information Industry Association 1. See
`SITA.
`software-based modem n. A modemthat uses a gen-
`eral-purpose, reprogrammable digital signal processor
`chip and RAM-based program memoryrather than a dedi-
`cated chip with the modemfunctions burned into thesili-
`con. A software-based modemcan be reconfigured
`to
`update and change the modem’s features and functions.
`
`software bloat n. A software condition caused bythe
`addition of excessive number ofpossibly unnecessary
`features and functions as newversions ofthe software
`are released. Software bloat is generally assumed to
`result in long loading times and inordinate resource
`(memoryand storage) requirements. See also bloatware,
`creeping featurism.
`or
`a program
`software conversion n.
`Changing
`moving
`to run on one
`computer to run on another. Usu-
`designed
`ally this involves detailed (professional) work on the pro-
`gram itself.
`a
`to, or
`software-dependent «adj. Of, pertaining
`being
`or device that is tied to a
`particular program or
`computer
`set of programs developedfor it.
`software development kit 7. See developer’s kit.
`one who works at the
`7. 1.
`[In general,
`software engineer
`can
`code level with software. Although such engineering
`be considered to encompass everything from software
`to management and
`testing, the term is generally
`design
`considered more or less synonymous with programmer—
`one who actually writes the code. 2. See developer.
`n. The design and development of
`software engineering
`software. See also programming.
`software handshaken. A handshakethat consists of sig-
`nals transmitted over the same wires usedto transfer the
`data, as in modem-to-modem communications over tele-
`phonelines, rather than signals transmitted over
`special
`wires. See also handshake.
`software house n. An organization that develops and
`supports software for its customers.
`software IC n. See software integratedcircuit.
`software integrated circuit n. An
`existing software
`module that can be designed into a program, muchas an
`integrated circuit can be designed into a
`logic board.
`Abbreviation: software IC. See also abstract data type,
`module (definition 1), object-oriented programming.
`n. A program-generated interrupt that
`software interrupt
`a service pro-
`stops current processing in order to request
`set ofinstructions
`an
`videdby
`interrupt handler (a separate
`to
`perform the task required). Also called:
`trap.
`designed
`n. A program sold to the public,
`software package
`to run and containing all necessary components and
`ready
`documentation.
`software piracy
`
`n. See piracy.
`
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