RANDOM HOUSE WEBSTER'S
`-COMPUTER
`INTERNET
`ICTI01'JARY
`Third Edition
`
`Philip E. Margolis
`
`Random House
`New York
`
`Netflix, Inc. - Ex. 1022, Page 000001
`IPR2022-00322 (Netflix, Inc. v. CA, Inc.)
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`

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`Random House Webster's Computer cl Internet Dictionary, Thil'd. Edition
`Copyright o 1999 by Philip E. Margolis
`.
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American C0PYrigh
`No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
`t Conventions.
`·
`l d'
`h
`·
`· h
`means, electro ·
`or mechanical, me u mg p otocopymg, wit out the written Penn·
`me
`.
`Usher. AU inquiries should be addressed to Random House Refere~s:~o~ ff the P~b.
`publishing, Random House, Inc., 201 East 50th Street, New York NY 100 nformatton
`. 22-7703.
`Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York and
`ously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited.
`simultane-
`The Random House Living Dictionary Databasem, is a trademark of Random
`House, Inc.
`1k'ademarks
`A number of ~ntered words which we have reason to believe constitute trademarks
`have been des1gnat_ed as such. However, no atte~pt has been made to designate as
`tr~demarks o~ se_rv1ce mar~s all terms_ o_r _words m which proprietazy rights might
`exist. The tndusmn, exc!us1on, or defm1t1on of a words or term is not intended to
`affect, or to express a judgment on, the validity or legal status of the word or tenn
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Margolis, Philip E.
`Random House Webster's computer & internet dictionary
`Margolis. -- 3rd ed.
`cm.
`p.
`d ed
`Rev. ed. of: Random House personal computer dictionary. 2n
`•
`cl 996.
`Includes biographical references and index.
`.
`. .
`ISBN 0-375-70351-9
`1 Microcomputers--Dictionaries. 2. computers-•D!ct1ona~e~.
`I. Margolis, Philip E. Random House personal computer d1ct1onary.
`n. Title.
`QA7,.15.M37 1998
`004.1,'03--dcll
`
`96-452.80
`CIP
`
`/ Philip E.
`
`www.randomwords.com
`jypeset and printed in the United States of America.
`
`1999 Third Random House Edition
`
`0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2.
`January 2.000
`ISBN: 0-375-70351-9
`Toronto
`New York
`
`London
`
`Sydney
`
`Auckland
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`print spooling
`
`print spooling See under SPOOL•Nc:.
`
`1 same as ROUTINE, subroutine, ,and function . A procedure .
`d
`t k 2 A
`proce ure
`.
`f
`d
`'fl
`is a
`section of a program that per ~rms a spec1l tc as .
`. n or ered set of
`tasks for performing some action.
`
`~ See also FUNCTION: ROUTIN&,
`
`process n 1. An executing program. The teirm is used loosely as a syno(cid:173)
`nym of task. -v 2. To perform some useful operations on data.
`
`=:> See also DAEMON; tASK.
`
`process colors Refers to the CMYK color model used in offset printing.
`
`~ See also CMYK; COLOR SEPARATION; OFFSl~T PRINTING.
`
`processor Short for microprocessor or CPU.
`= See also CPU; MICROPROCESSOR.
`processor unit Short for central processing unit.
`
`Prodigy An online service developed jointly by IBM and Sears.
`
`~ See also ONLINE SERVICE.
`
`C
`
`Pascal
`
`High-Level Language
`
`Assembly Language
`
`Machine Language
`
`Hardware
`
`Figure 67: hierarchy of programming language
`
`program n 1, An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes
`the computer to behave in a predetermined manner. Without programs,
`computers are useless .
`A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called rn·
`variables) and a list of directions (called statements) that tell the co
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`subnotebook computer
`
`534
`
`~ See also MASK; SUBNET.
`rt A portable computer that is slightly lighter and
`subnotebook compl_ e~
`tebook computer. Typically, subnotebook
`smaller than a full-sizell "teyboard and screen but are otherwise equiva.
`computers have a sma er
`lent to notebook computers.
`
`:=> See also HANDHELD COMPUTER; NOTEBOOK COMPUTER; PORTABLE.
`
`subroutine Same as ROUTINE.
`• t 1 In programming a symbol or number used to identify an ele-
`b
`su scrip
`·
`'
`·
`·
`I
`d · b
`k t
`f 11
`·
`rac es o owmg
`t m. an array. Usually, the subscnpt 1s pace m
`·t·
`men
`'d
`l
`b S .
`l
`the array name. For example, AR[S] 1 ent1 1es e emen num er m an
`array called AR.
`.
`.
`If the array is multidimensional, you must specify a subscnpt for each
`dimension. For example, MD[S] [3] [9] identifies an element in a three(cid:173)
`dimensional array called MD.
`Different programming languages have different rules for specifying
`subscripts. For example, the BASIC language uses parentheses in place of
`brackets. 2. In word processing, a character that appears slightly below
`the line, as in this example: H20. A superscript is a character that appears
`slightly above the line.
`
`~ See also ARRAY; SUPERSCRIPT; WORD PROCESSING.
`
`Sun Microsystems A company based in Mountain View, California, that
`builds computer hardware and software. Sun Microsystems was founded
`in 1982 by Andreas Bechtolsheim, Vinod Khosla, and Scott McNeally.
`The firm is best known for developing workstations and operating envi(cid:173)
`ronments for the UNIX operation system, and more recently for develop(cid:173)
`ing and promoting the Java programming language.
`Sun products include SPARC workstations and the Solaris operating en(cid:173)
`vironment.
`
`=> See also DEC; IBM; JAVA; JAVASOFT; MICROSOFT; NETSCAPE; NETWORK COM(cid:173)
`PUTER; SERVER; SCI; SOLARlS; SPARC; TOPS; UNIX; WORKSTATION.
`
`superc?mputer The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are v~ry ex(cid:173)
`pensive and are employed for specialized applications that require 1m(cid:173)
`mei~se amo~nts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather fore(cid:173)
`ca~tmg requires. a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include
`ammated graphics. fluid dynamic calculations nuclear energy research,
`and petroleum exploration.
`'
`The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that
`~ supercom~uter channels all its power into executing a few programs as
`ast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute manY
`programs concurrently.
`
`:a:> See also COMPUTER; HlGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING: HIPPI; MAINFMME.
`
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`roman
`
`484
`
`written onto a ROM chip, they cannot be removed and
`Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its content~n be read 001
`computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonV:~e~ When th Y.
`RAM is volatile.
`Ille, Where~
`Most personal computers contain a smalJ amount of ROM
`, that stores
`critical programs such as the program that boots the com
`tion, ROM is used extensively in calculators and pe riJJherifud er._ ln ~di.
`as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in ROM.
`evices suc11
`A variation of a ROM is a PROM (pmgrammable read-only
`PROMs are manufactured as blank chips on which data can bm~ry),
`with a special device called a PROM programmer.
`e lYntten
`= See also BIOS; sooT; EEPROM; FIRMWARE; MEMORY; PROM; RAM.
`roman In typography, mman refers to fonts with characters that are
`straight up and down rather than slanted. A font designed With chat
`ters slanted to the 11ght is italic.
`ac-
`
`~ See also FONT; ITAUC.
`
`ROM-BIOS See BIOS.
`
`root directory The top directory in a file system. The root directory is pro(cid:173)
`vided by the operating system and has a special name; for example. in
`DOS systems the root directory is called \. The root directoiy is some(cid:173)
`times refeJTed to simply as the root
`
`~ See also DIRECTORY; FILE MANACEMENT SYSTEM; HIERARCHICAL.
`
`router A device that connects two LANs. Routers are similar to biidges bur
`provide additional functionality. such as the ability to filter messages and
`forward them to different places based on various crite11a.
`The Internet uses routers extensively to forward packets from one hosr
`to another.
`
`=0 See also 3COM; BGP; BRIDCE; &ROUTER; CATEWAY; HOP; INT£RNErwoRKJNG;
`IP SPOOFINC; IP SWITCHINC; OSPF; PACKET; REPEATER; ROUTINC; RotmNC INfdR.
`MATION PROTOCOL; ROUTINC SWITCH.
`
`routine A section of a program that performs a particular task. Programs
`consist of modules, each of which contains one or more routines. The
`term routine is synonymous with procedure, function, and subl'Outtne.
`
`~ See aJso FUNCTION; MODULE; PROCRAM.
`
`routing In inter_networking, the process of moving a packet 0 ~ data ~::ce
`
`bJes
`source to destination. Routing is usually performed by a dedicated
`called a router. Routing is a key feature of the Internet because Jt e~ the
`messages to pass from one computer to another and eventuaHY reac~Jn.8
`t~rget machine . .Each intermediary computer performs routing bY fv~s an·
`a ong the message to the next computer. Part of this process invo
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