WILEY ELECTRICAL AND
`ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
`DICTIONARY
`
`Steven M. Kaplan
`Lexicographer
`
`• IEEE
`
`IEEE PRESS
`
`ffiWILEY-(cid:173)
`WINTERSCIENCE
`
`A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
`
`Netflix, Inc. - Ex. 1024, Page 000001
`IPR2022-00322 (Netflix, Inc. v. CA, Inc.)
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`

`Copyright C 2004 by John Wi]ey & Sons, Inc. An rights reserved.
`
`Published by John Wi]ey & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
`Published simu]taneous]y in Canada.
`
`No part of this pub]ication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieva] system or transmitted in any form or by
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`6011, fax (201) 748-6008.
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`preparing this book. they make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
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`t that appeaxs in print ho,vever.
`t
`WiJey a]so publishes its books iu a variety ofe]ectronic formats. orne con en
`may not be avaiJable in electronic format
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in~Publicatio11 Dain is ai-oilable,
`
`Kapl~n, Steven M.
`
`Wiley Elecbica] and E]ectronics Engineering Dictionary
`
`ISBN 0-471-40224-9
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
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`605
`
`pr0duc1 mudUlalor
`
`11,gccl modt
`An 0perational sink which allows certain
`priV
`prt~iJ~d m:::ch are olherwise restricted, s_uch as memory
`0pe,ab015
`10 be carried ol.lL The opcraling system usu(cid:173)
`n1al\lgemml,, !his mode. Also called privileged state, or
`oflCrJICS Ill
`alb' 1 mode,
`5uperv sor Same as privileged mode.
`.,Med s11te
`. f n ofpluisc•reversal keylng.
`pritlP•
`pR1' Abbrevra ~t·on of Partial Response Maximum Llkell-
`1L Abb~VIO I
`rRl'I
`!lood.
`l 1h lilcelihood lhal aomclfling will happen. 2, A
`prob~bl: ~Jcul!tion 10 determine the quantitative likcli-
`,11l1St1
`tnelhing will happen.
`'I ' d
`h' h .
`toad that so
`.
`.
`1ally slender obJect or device w 1c 1s uu 1ze
`probe f. A usi:,.c. or measure a phenomenon, by being
`ilY or in direct conlacl with an objecl, ma1c(cid:173)
`IO det:CC. 58 •
`p11«d ill pru~~robe may consist of an electrode, lead, rod,
`rial: or arc•~, the Jike. Probes con be used t> lest and qunn(cid:173)
`<P" fiber-
`._ of phenomena, including voltage, curTCnl,
`•w any num~•
`n
`magneeic nux s!Iength, 1emptra1ure, pressure,
`rfflS!anC:, &ity in a plasma, logic levels wi!hin a logic cir(cid:173)
`clectrOlt en
`Also to sample with or otherwise use such
`cuit.Ond ~=·called 'test probe. 2, A probe (J) w_hich is
`~into a waveguide or cavity resonator, al lowing en•
`be ll$1lsrerred in or out. Such a probe may be rod,
`
`2, A specilic prog111m which is ru ed
`called procedure.driven prog..:m.c Urt•drlven (I), Also
`pro«durc-drlven program Sameas
`d
`proee ut-e-dr~n ( )
`2 ·
`procedure-orienled Same as procedur~d,l\'eq.
`process I. A sequence of steps, events O
`•
`•
`hlch I
`' pemuons, ri.nc110
`lh •·'-
`ns.
`or e ''"e, w
`cads lo a given result Al
`h r.
`eh
`.
`.
`•
`f
`so, I e ,otraw
`m, o su
`a sequence. 2. Jn computers, handling P\ani •
`' ~ ~-
`lahng, or ether.vise operating on da1a 85 occ:
`u1s, ,or m.
`,
`.1.
`h
`la
`s. nee, _w en compi •~~• calculating, convening, gcnc:nitin
`d1sp!a!1ng, or lninsm1trrng. Alao, the steps involved in su gh
`opcral1ons.
`'
`process-bound A circumstance in which a CPU is overloeded
`with co!culallons, whic~ impairs its abilily to process. May
`occur, for example, while reealCYlating a spreadsheet. "Isa
`called compute-bound, or CPU-bound.
`pro~css control The monilori'ng and managcmt'III of any
`given process.
`proceu-conlrol monitor A circuit, device, mechanism, or
`system which effec" process control. For inslllnce, a ICSt·
`ing device placed at various locations o! a semiconduc10r
`waf~r lo check performance charactcr:slics of the sutround(cid:173)
`ing components. J1s abbreviation is PCM.
`proccss-tontrol sysrem A system, such as a control system,
`which monitors and manages a given p~ or which
`maintains a variable as close as possible lo a desired value.
`Jes abbreviation is PCS.
`process t~.bnology The processes undenalcn to conven
`bfanlc wafers of silicon, or anolhcr semiconduclur material
`into linished wafers composed of hundreds or thousands or
`chips.
`processing lhe fi1nclion and proccdu~ of a processor.
`processing-limited Same as processor-Hmlled.
`processor ], J'tie ponion ofa computer which has the neces(cid:173)
`sary cir1;uils lo inte1prcl and execute instruelions, and ro
`conbol alf other pans of the computer. The processor con(cid:173)
`sists of the control unit and Che uilhmclic-logic unit, bolh
`usually coniained on a single chip, in which case ii is also
`called microprocessor. Also called CPU oi or centuJ
`processor ( I). 2. Software or hardware 1h11 in any manner
`processes data. For insl8nce, a word processor, a language
`translation program. or a processor (I). J, A componen!,
`cin:uil, device, unit, piece of equipment, system, or mecha•
`nism which is utilized in Che completion of a given proet!51
`(Ii
`proct.!lsor core frequency Same os processor core speed.
`processor core speed The clock rate of a CPU. Also called
`processor core frequency, core speed, or CPU core speed.
`processor-llmUed A computing process which can proceed
`oniy as filsl as the CPU speed allows. This contrasts with
`input-limited, in which Che limiting factor is. l~e race ar
`which input is entered. Also called proctisslng-hm1ted.
`prod A point, lip, pong, or tenninal, ~ch as •~ar _of a probe,
`which facililales testing or otherwise momtonng. Also
`called Iese prod.
`Produc:I Data Management Within an enlerp1ise, an infor(cid:173)
`mation syslem which manages, organizes, 11_nd conlrOls Che
`dala pertaining to a product throughout a~I tis stag~ from
`planning and design, all Che way through 11s usefi!I fife. Jts
`abbreviation is PDM.
`product demodulator Same as product detector.
`product detector A demodulator whose oulpul is the product
`of 1wo signals, Jc may consist, for ir1Slance, of the product or
`the input signal of a 111dio receiver and the signal of a local
`oscillator. Also called product demodulator.
`product modulator A modulator whose output is the product
`oflwo signals, u may consist, lor •nstance, of the product of
`
`=~ :a wire. Also called waveguide probe,
`
`be coil Same as pickup coll.
`P~ auerapllOne A St11all or miniature microphone which is
`p lilized to detccr sound pressun:. Used, for inslance, in hard
`:0 rach places, or when detection of sound m~sl be ob(cid:173)
`tairiicd wilh a minimum of effect on the surroundmg sound
`field.
`pre>bing 11tc use or a probe.
`prob!tm-arknled language A computer language which is
`dc5i8ned to solve specific problems. FORTRAN, for in(cid:173)
`Nree. is ~pecially useful when dealing with prvblerns of a
`scientificandmalhemalicaJ nature. Jes abbreviation is POL.
`In ar1ificial intelligence, teohniqucs,
`problem reduetlon
`proa:duies, and processes utilized lo simplify campfex prob•
`
`-pniblem solving The ability lo assess a given problem or
`
`task, and 10 be abJe 10 arrive at an effective solution or man(cid:173)
`ner of con,ple!ion. In anificial intelligence, problem solving
`invoJves proceeding lhrough a series of ope111ions which
`lead rrom an initial stare 10 a goa I stale.
`problem space In anificial intelJigence, the formulalion of a
`problem info slates, such as the iniliaJ stale, intennediatc,
`aud_goal Slates. azld the delennination of the n~ op•
`mt,onsto poc:c:ed 10 complelion. Also called slate space.
`Procedural language A programming longuage, such as C or
`FORT~~• which 11quircs specific statements, instructions,
`w subniut111es which need 10 be executed in a specified ~
`:ence. Such a language emphasizes how something must
`W'C c::i':d ou1, as opposed lo what needs lo be done, as
`~ 11
`theQle wilh a non-procedural language.
`IOffilural ltiguageJSQL Sarne as PLISQL.
`P':J:!u~:sl(I. A s'9u:nce of operations required lo pcrlonn a
`lnst111C1i • 2• ~•thin a computer program, a small group of
`11st Cll :b wtu~h per(onn a given task. Also called rou-
`Pl'Gc~
`NHlline (2), or runclion (J).
`.
`qiU" call A tat
`.
`s cmcnt that mvokes a speafic procedure
`(Z).
`PtOf'durt-d riven ~ · ·
`~ foUo
`n,na,mng lo programs in which users
`lated by.:/ glvt'II sequence of slcps, each of which is die:•
`~hic:h Pro&ra pogra!"- This conlrasls with event-driven, in
`11~ key Pre~:~ wa,t for user actions, such as mouse clicks
`"°•ling for rurth~S.. responds lo them, and lhen 1":lums lo
`evcnls. Also called procedurNirl entrd.
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`subtractive color system
`
`7SS
`
`no,.ecortcl
`..
`ubn•
`'he lotler has been d1v1ded by 2. Al90 spelled
`1
`af A4.I, _1s l
`.
`h
`b"'u 1nple.
`ec-and A lime mler\lal s otter lhan ll nanosecond.
`SU
`.,bt1••~•cd sub-nanoseeond.
`,'.190 AblJrcvialion of subn l!twork.
`,,bncl
`k Abbre"iation ofsubnetwork mask.
`la
`. h"
`k
`t,acl lftlS
`1•
`rgcr netwo~ , For exllm-
`0 k A network w1l m. a
`subnd1~ \ni.cmet is a worldwtde network or mterconnected
`ple~us nelworkS, each or which is a subnetwork, Its
`i don is sub11et. Also spelled sub-netu•ork,
`tUI,
`b" mb" I
`,bbt'd" 1
`.fi.
`h"ch "d
`ork n.tAsk A 1t co mat on w 1
`1 enti 1es which
`Sllbll~n or 11n fP address corn:s1'()nds to lhe network or sub-
`part k and blocks ou1 the rest. For example, a network
`ncSWO~'ihe sanie \•,tlucs in the r.,st three address fieldsora
`119J ir11:ld address such as WWW.XXX.YYY .ZZZ, and
`::. a or mask. all but the ZZZ portion, since ii is the
`a111vonc lhat will vmy. Its abbreviation is subnet mask,
`Al~ spclltd sub-network mask. Also called address
`lllltk, er ne lwo rk mask.
`,aboolebook Same as subnolcbook computer. Also spelled
`,ub-antcbook.
`nba.oe~oak compuwr A computer which is lighter and
`smaller d1an ll notebook computer, but larger lhan I hand(cid:173)
`tlc!d computer. Such a computer usually weighs less lhan
`ooe ki1ogian1, and generally featun:s computing power simi(cid:173)
`lar ICI a desktop model. Also spelled sub-notebook com(cid:173)
`pultr. Abo called subnotcbook,.or mini.notebook.
`arbplacl A panel which fonns part or a larger panel. For
`instanci;,c. that which provides additional controls. Also
`,:pe1kd sub.panel.
`subprogram A pa11, such as n subroutine or module, or a
`lqcr p1rogiam. Fcr example, a subroutine can be invoked
`by a pcopim to pc,fam a given task, lhcn return control to
`~ illYOking prog1am. Also spelled sub-program.
`111brouli11c Within a computer program, a small group or
`ills1Nclions which perform a given task. Also spelled sub(cid:173)
`rauUnc, Also called routine (l), runctlon (3), or proce(cid:173)
`dint(l),
`It may consist, for
`S11b1cbcma A subset within a schema.
`11\tlancc. of a database description li'om the pc1spcctive or a
`~,c application, or the part or a database pertaining to a
`~Yen depanmenl within an enterprise. Also spelled sut,.
`11.tma.
`11lbtcribc I. To pay or otherwise sign-up for a given service,
`~ as CATV. 2, To authorize an entity to send informa•
`Forcxarnplc to agree to become part of a mailing list.
`1•bstrib~r A user or other cnlity which has been authorized
`le
`to llliizc or 11
`·
`•
`ceivc one or more ser\11ces. For cxamp
`, a
`l!Scr
`"itt. trtt,o has paid ror access to the lntcmct. lelcphonc sa-
`or satellile channels
`S
`~Scriber ld,ntlly Moduic Same as SIM.
`~ r.lber Ide Utv
`.
`11illicribe
`, n •1 ~odule card Same as SIM card.
`~ a r~,ne A par or wires, or -, equivalent, Cl'tcndmg
`l;>nic, ,;:~ne cenlra! orficc to lhe premises of a cus•
`'°41al i11 ° called subscriber loop, loop (7), local loop,
`
`and premium channels. A decoder box is usually n~~•Y
`for such programming. 2. Any TV service which requires
`payment. lhcse include subscription TV (1). basic sntel•
`lite, premium aible, and so on.
`subset A set which ,s conlained within or foams patt of on-
`01her larger set.
`subsonic Pcnainirig lo, generating, sensitive to. or utilizing
`.subsonic rrcquencles. Also spelled sub-sonic, Al,o called
`in rrasonlc.
`subsonic frequency A rn:quency below the ,angc that hu(cid:173)
`mans can hear. That Is, below aboul 20 Hz, Alto spelled
`sub,-sonlc rrequency. Also called subaudiblc rrcqu1:ncy,
`or Infrasonic hqucncy.
`subsonic phenomena Phenomena occuuing within, or per(cid:173)
`taining to subsonic fr1:qucncics. Also spelled sub-sonic
`phenomena. Also called Infrasonic phenomena.
`substation A sla1ion which is a part ora larger station, which
`supplements a larger slalion, or whi:h is located between
`larger stations or between a larger station and another loca(cid:173)
`tion. For c,cail1)le, a slalion between a power station and a
`group ofhomes. Al.o spelled sub-station.
`substitution mctliod 1, A melhod of measurement in which
`an unknown quanlily is determined via the replacement wilh
`known quantities which have the some el'fect as that which
`has been replaced. For e,cample, lhe determination of an
`unknown resistance by placing a resistor with a known value
`in its place. 2, The substitution of a component or device
`wilh an equivalent one, for testing. troubleshooting, or per(cid:173)
`forming repai1s.
`substrate
`l, The base layer. or other surface upon which
`something is deposited, etched, au:i.chcd, or 01hc1wise pre(cid:173)
`pared or rabric:ited. A subsc,atc also provides physical sup(cid:173)
`port and insulaiion. For e,cample, the base film ora mag(cid:173)
`netic tape, or the pl:i.stic base or a compact disc. 2. A sub~
`stratc (I) utiliaed in lhc manufacturing or circ:ui1s and mi(cid:173)
`crocircuits. Such a substrate may be made, for instance, or
`cc1:i.mic, plastic:. glass, or a semiconductor material. An ac:.
`tivc substrate has active clements, such a s uansisto~,
`fonned directly on it, while passive subsllalcs have compo(cid:173)
`nents mounted upon them.
`substring A subset within, or portion of, a string. Also
`spelled sub-string.
`subsystem Also spelled sub-system. l. A system which is a
`part cl, or assists, a larger system. Cache memory, lor in·
`stance, is a specialized high-speed storage subsystem. 2. A
`system which is sub01dina1c to another system.
`subtcrr:i.ncan Localed or utilized beneath Che surface or the
`canh.
`subtitles ln TV progtamming, and similar multimedia presen(cid:173)
`tations such as iilms presented in theaters, Che providing or
`text. and symbols such as J>, which arc intended to accu(cid:173)
`rately transcrib~ the dialogue and describe the sounds or thal
`being presented. A decoder is not necessary to show subli•
`ties, as the displayed texl and symbols are always superim(cid:173)
`posed on lhc viewed image. Useful, tor inslan.a:, for those
`with reduced hca1ing,
`This conhnsls with closed•
`captioning, which requires a decoder to appear on-screen.
`subtracter Same as subtractor.
`subtracter circuit Same :i.s subtractor. Also spelled sub(cid:173)
`tractor circuit,
`subtractive color A color formed by a subtractive mixture.
`subtractive color process A method or producing colo"'
`through a sub1ractlvc mixture. Also called subtractive
`process, or subtractlwe synthesis.
`subtracuve color system A system or combining subtra~live
`primary colors in va1ying proportions to yleld a foll mngc or
`colors,
`
`~ ,,or line loop
`·
`•
`•
`•
`t_ rlbt, llnc In
`oa~ of a<:h'
`terrace circuit A c1rcu1t, ~ally 1n t_hc
`lllt1111o a fl Ip, t~al converts a 1wo-wir.e subscnbcr line s1g(cid:173)
`~IUt,oro,0~!t1n: signal, and vice versa, al a cential o!~icc,
`liotis 11,:h e ;. C. and which in addition performs other func-
`~riher I as •nc superviSion. les acronym is SUC.
`"'bsc11p110 oop Sanic as subscriber line.
`t,l.
`n lflaylsl
`""ltiptJon T
`on Same as subscription TV.
`:11>~•ec1 ~ V Abbreviation or subscription tcl~vfslon.
`-: able 111 ay_ TV· l. A service In which paym,ent 1s made
`'la gi,.. \liew ·rv <:ontcnt which is otheJWise unavail(cid:173)
`cn location, Examples include pay-per-view,
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