United States Patent (19)
`Andrea et al.
`
`54) NOISE CANCELLATION APPARATUS
`75 Inventors: Douglas Andrea, Old Brookville;
`Martin Topf, Brooklyn, both of N.Y.
`73 Assignee: Andrea Electronics Corporation,
`Melville, N.Y.
`This patent is Subject to a terminal dis
`claimer.
`
`Notice:
`
`*
`
`56)
`
`21 Appl. No.: 09/089,710
`22 Filed:
`Jun. 3, 1998
`Related U.S. Application Data
`62 Division of application No. 08/912,459, Aug. 18, 1997,
`which is a division of application No. 08/485,047, Jun. 7,
`1995, Pat. No. 5,732,143, which is a continuation-in-part of
`application No. 08/339,126, Nov. 14, 1994, Pat. No. 5,673,
`325, which is a continuation-in-part of application No.
`07/968,180, Oct. 29, 1992, Pat. No. 5,381,473.
`(51) Int. Cl. ............................................... G10K 11/16
`52 U.S. Cl. ...................... 381/71.6; 381/71.13: 381/71.7
`58 Field of Search ................................ 381/71.6, 71.13,
`381/72, 94.7, 71.7, 93, 74, 372, 386
`References Cited
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`Re. 34,236 4/1993 Taylor.
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`(List continued on next page.)
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`(List continued on next page.)
`
`US006061.456A
`Patent Number:
`11
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`6,061,456
`*May 9, 2000
`
`Primary Examiner Vivian Chang
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Frommer Lawrence & Haug,
`LLP, Thomas J. Kowalski
`57
`ABSTRACT
`
`Disclosed is a transducer for use in a noise cancellation
`apparatus for reducing background noise. The transducer
`includes a housing having first microphone means for
`receiving a first acoustic Sound composed of Speech origi
`nating from an operator operating the apparatus and back
`ground noise, and for converting the first acoustic Sound to
`a first Signal, and Second microphone means arranged at a
`predetermined angle (p in close proximity with respect to the
`first microphone means for receiving a Second acoustic
`Sound composed of Substantially the background noise and
`for converting the Second acoustic Sound to a Second Signal.
`The first and Second microphones are connected to a differ
`ential amplifier means of the noise cancellation apparatus So
`as to obtain a signal representing Substantially speech. The
`amplifier means is for receiving acoustic Sounds from each
`microphone and has a first terminal and a Second terminal,
`wherein the Second terminal is grounded. The transducer
`further includes a transistor means for receiving and ampli
`fying an AC Signal representative of the audio input from
`each microphone; and means for filtering the amplified AC
`Signal from the DC Signal, So that the DC signal powers the
`amplifier means. Also disclosed is a method for calibrating
`an active noise reduction apparatus including a housing
`having a speaker to produce an acoustic anti-noise signal in
`the housing, a microphone to detect an external noise Signal,
`and an amplitude adjustment means to calibrate the acoustic
`anti-noise Signal to create a quiet Zone in the housing for
`operation with an independent electrical assembly, wherein
`the apparatus is calibrated Separately from the electrical
`assembly. The method includes the Steps of inputting the
`external noise signal received by the microphone to produce
`an anti-noise Signal; transmitting to the Speaker the anti
`noise signal having an equal gain and opposite phase
`response to the external noise Signal detected by the micro
`phone, and balancing the gain and phase response of the
`anti-noise Signal by the amplitude adjustment means located
`in the noise reduction apparatus to match the gain and phase
`response of the external noise Signal to yield a theoretical
`Zero in the quiet Zone.
`23 Claims, 30 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`430
`
`FROM
`CIRCUIT
`
`10...--
`CRCUIT
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 01 of 52
`
`

`

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`
`6,061.456
`Page 2
`
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`5,526.432
`
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`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 02 of 52
`
`

`

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`
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`
`O 583 900 A1
`O 595 457 A1
`2305909
`26 40324 A1
`3719963
`40O8595
`56-89194
`59-64994
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`
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`
`6,061.456
`Page 3
`
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`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 03 of 52
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`May 9, 2000
`
`Sheet 1 of 30
`Sheet 1 of 30
`
`6,061,456
`6,061,456
`
`
`
` T0TELEPHONE
`
`LINES R0
`
`ca co
`
`e
`
`Exhibit 1011
`
`Page 04 of 52
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 04 of 52
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`CN
`May9
`2000
`
`Sheet 2 of 30
`Sheet 2 of 30
`
`6,061,456
`6,061,456
`
`
`
`SANT]ANOHd3141
`
`
`
`3NOHd3131
`
`LIND
`
`81
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`oO
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`8ANOHdI131
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`“ae
`
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`
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`Ke=
`
`H0J4d$
`
`Exhibit 1011
`
`Page 05 of 52
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 05 of 52
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`
`Sheet 3 of 30
`
`6,061,456
`
`DIRECTION
`OF
`SPEECH
`
`
`
`DIRECTION
`OF SPEECH
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`%IA3 e
`
`A-2372,
`1
`
`74
`
`
`
`7
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 06 of 52
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`May9, 2000
`
`Sheet 4 of 30
`Sheet 4 of 30
`
`6,061.456
`6,061,456
`
`
`
`ANOHdI31IL.
`
`SIN11
`
`|||||
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`INOWTTIINOHd3Tal OL
`
`Exhibit 1011
`
`Page 07 of 52
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 07 of 52
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`May9, 2000
`
`Sheet 5 of 30
`Sheet 5 of 30
`
`6,061,456
`6,061,456
`
`INOHd3131
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`SAINI]
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`SINT
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`Exhibit 1011
`
`Page 08 of 52
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 08 of 52
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`
`Sheet 6 of 30
`
`6,061,456
`
`O8
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`
`
`
`
`
`
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`DRECTION
`OF
`SPEECH
`
`W 00
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`wa & S& x 12
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 09 of 52
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`May 9, 2000
`
`Sheet 7 of 30
`Sheet 7 of 30
`
`6,061,456
`6,061,456
`
`
`
`FIG.7A
`
`304
`
`p A
`
`oP
` r—b/2Sme
`
`a—_
`
`NS
`—_—
`
`r+b/2Sme
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`Se
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`
`MIC2
`
`Exhibit 1011
`
`Page 10 of 52
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 10 of 52
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`
`Sheet 8 of 30
`
`6,061,456
`
`CNU
`S2
`c
`
`S2
`s
`his
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`
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`s
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 11 of 52
`
`

`

`6,061,456
`6,061,456
`
`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`303
`
`May 9, 2000
`May 9, 2000
`
`Sheet 9 of 30
`Sheet 9 of 30
`
`FIG.9B
`
`
`
`FIG.GA
`
`Exhibit 1011
`
`Page 12 of 52
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 12 of 52
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`May9, 2000
`May 9, 2000
`
`Sheet 10 of 30
`Sheet 10 0f 30
`
`6,061,456
`6,061,456
`
`
`
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`May 9, 2000
`May 9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
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`May9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
`May9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
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`Page 21 of 52
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
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`May9, 2000
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`May 9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
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`May9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`May9, 2000
`May 9, 2000
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`Sheet 23 of 30
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
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`U.S. Patent
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`May9, 2000
`May 9, 2000
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`Sheet 26 of 30
`Sheet 26 of 30
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`Page 29 of 52
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`Page 29 of 52
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
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`Sheet 27 of 30
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 9, 2000
`May9, 2000
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`Sheet 29 of 30
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`May 9, 2000
`May9, 2000
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`Sheet 30 0f 30
`Sheet 30 of 30
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`6,061,456
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`Page 33 of 52
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`
`

`

`1
`NOISE CANCELLATION APPARATUS
`
`RELATED APPLICATIONS
`This application is a division of 08/912,469 filed Aug. 18,
`1997 which is a Division of 08/485,047 filed Jun. 7, 1995
`now U.S. Pat No. 5,732,143 continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser.
`No. 08/339,126, filed Nov. 14, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No.
`5,673.325, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. applica
`tion Ser. No. 968,180 filed Oct. 29, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No.
`5,381,473 issued Jan. 10, 1995, incorporated herein by
`reference. Reference is also made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,
`263, issued Oct. 5, 1993 and incorporated herein by refer
`CCC.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Field of the Invention
`The present invention relates to method and apparatus for
`noise canceling and noise reducing by attenuating unwanted
`ambient noise from reaching the eardrum and canceling
`background acoustic noise received from a boom micro
`phone or directional microphone, when used with a headset
`or boom headset or the like.
`The invention further relates to an active noise reduction
`System for use in headsets, particularly in the earphone
`vicinity where the System utilizes a Sensor microphone to
`detect unwanted, background noise. This noise Signal out
`putted by the Sensor microphones is processed by electro
`acoustical means to produce an inverted Signal So that a quiet
`Zone is created in an acoustical waveguide located between
`the output transducer, and the eardrum. Therefore the
`desired original audio signal is not disturbed by noise when
`transmitted to the ear of the user. The acoustical waveguide
`absorbs any Sound returning to the microphone from the ear
`(preventing feedback) and deadens any Sound returning
`from the microphone to the ear.
`This invention also relates to a noise cancellation
`apparatus, for use with a telephone handset or a boom
`microphone or directional microphones or the like, where
`the System utilizes two microphones, a first microphone for
`receiving Sound comprised of Speech and background noise,
`and a Second microphone for receiving Sound comprised of
`Substantially background noise, with the means for Subtract
`ing the Second Signal from the first signal.
`The microphone in the noise cancellation System of the
`present invention utilizes a two terminal System, in which
`the output audio signal comprised of Speech and the power
`Support input used to drive the System are transmitted on one
`terminal and the Second terminal is grounded.
`The noise cancellation apparatus of the present invention
`also relates to a directional microphone used in a far-field
`microphone device having the ability to accept acoustical
`Sounds in certain directions better than in other directions.
`The noise cancellation and noise reduction System of the
`present invention may be enhanced by the inclusion of an
`automatic audio microphone transmission feature, a Sidetone
`feature to transmit a portion of the Signal to the earcup of the
`Speaker, and a feature to convert an active noise cancellation
`microphone to a Standard omni-directional microphone by
`removing voice microphone from the circuit, and the
`increasing the gain of the noise microphone amplifier. This
`enhancement allows all audio from external Surroundings to
`be transmitted to the earcup of the Speaker by increasing the
`Sidetone channel gain without the addition of any other
`microphone elements.
`
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`2. Description of the Prior Art
`AS is to be appreciated, in numerous Situations, the
`presence of background acoustic noise is undesirable. AS an
`example, consider the Situation in which an operator is
`attempting to conduct a telephone conversation from a
`telephone or Such similar device located in a noisy area. In
`this situation, loud acoustic background noise is received by
`a microphone in the handset of the telephone and converted
`to an electrical signal which is Supplied to the telephone(s)
`of the person(s) having the conversation with the operator
`and is converted thereat to an acoustic Signal. As a result, the
`person to whom the operator is communicating constantly
`hears the loud background noise. Further, when the perSon
`is Speaking, Such speech is combined with the background
`noise and, as Such, may be difficult for the other person(s) to
`understand. As a result, the operator may have to Shout into
`the microphone of the telephone. Furthermore, the Signal
`representing the background noise is also Supplied from the
`microphone in the operators handset to the Speaker in the
`operator's handset as Sidetone. Thus, the operator also
`constantly hears the background noise from the Speaker in
`the operators handset and, when the other person is
`Speaking, may impair the understanding thereof.
`AS another example, consider the Situation in which a
`pilot who is operating a helicopter or the like wishes to
`communicate with another perSon by way of radio frequency
`(RF) communication. In this situation, the pilot typically
`Speaks into a So-called boom microphone or boom headset
`which is coupled to a radio transmitting/receiving device
`whereupon the Speech is converted into RF signals which
`are transmitted to a Second receiving/transmitting device and
`converted therein to speech so as to be heard by the other
`person(s). AS with the above situation of a telephone located
`in a noisy area, the loud background noise from the heli
`copter is received and converted into an electrical Signal by
`the boom microphone or headset device and thereafter
`Supplied to the receiving device. As a result, the person(s)
`communicating with the pilot hears the loud background
`noise. This may be particularly annoying when the pilot
`leaves the radio transmitting/receiving device in the “ON”,
`(the hot mike) position while operating the helicopter.
`AS yet another example, consider Voice Verification and/
`or recognition Systems into which an operator must Speak
`for access, for instance to a physical facility or, to operate a
`computer or automatic teller machine. Background noise
`can prevent access (no recognition or verification due to
`background noise) or can provide false access by false
`Verification.
`In an attempt to reduce background noise So as to improve
`performance of a telephone or a boom microphone or
`headset or the like located in a noisy environment or the like,
`preSSure gradient microphones may be utilized. Basically, a
`preSSure gradient microphone responds to the difference in
`preSSure at two closely Spaced points. When used in an
`environment where the pressure gradient of the background
`noise is isotropic, the electrical Signal produced by the
`preSSure-gradient microphone due to Such background noise
`is effectively Zero. However, in most actual situations, the
`preSSure gradient of the background noise is not isotropic
`and, as a result, in these situations, the performance of the
`preSSure-gradient microphone is adversely affected.
`Additionally, Since Voice or Speech propagates in more than
`one direction, the electrical Signal produced by the micro
`phone which corresponds thereto is often degraded. Thus,
`even if a pressure gradient microphone is utilized in either
`a telephone handset or a boom microphone, the desired
`amount of background noise cancellation may not be Suffi
`cient and the performance may not be adequate.
`
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 34 of 52
`
`

`

`6,061.456
`
`3
`Furthermore, Since two opposite Sides of a pressure
`gradient microphone respond to acoustic pressure, as pre
`viously mentioned, the handset of an existing telephone
`would have to be substantially modified so as to enable these
`two Sides of the microphone to respond to the acoustic
`preSSure. Moreover, as a result of using Such a microphone
`in a telephone handset, the electrical Signals produced there
`from should be amplified. Thus, to replace the conventional
`microphone in a telephone handset of an existing telephone
`with a pressure-gradient microphone would typically neces
`sitate replacing the handset with a new handset and, as Such,
`would be relatively expensive.
`AS an alternative to using pressure-gradient microphones,
`an acoustic feed-back type System may be utilized. Such a
`System normally includes compensation filters which are
`used to equalize the transfer function of the output trans
`ducers. Since the characteristics of the Speakers are tightly
`controlled by these filters, the cost of the filters is relatively
`high. As a result, Such acoustic feed-back Systems are
`typically relatively expensive.
`Many microphones used with noise cancellation and noise
`reduction apparatus are inherently nondirectional or
`omnidirectional, Such as the electroStatic, piezoelectric,
`magnetic and carbon microphones. With omnidirectional
`Small microphones, at low frequencies there is Sufficient
`diffraction of Sound around the microphone So that dia
`phragm motion is insensitive to the direction of the Sound.
`At high frequencies, and correspondingly shorter
`wavelengths, the microphone becomes acoustically larger
`and shows a preference for Sound arriving perpendicular to
`the diaphragm. Thus, the Smaller in size of the microphone,
`the higher in frequency its behavior remains omnidirec
`tional. Hence, the omnidirectional microphones are Small
`compared to the wavelength and the microphone case
`Shields the rear Side of the diaphragm from receiving certain
`Sound waves at different angles. As a result, these prior art
`microphones are referred to as pressure microphones Since
`preSSure is a Scaler, and not a vector quantity. Thus, a
`directional microphone response able to increase the Sensi
`tivity of Sound in a far-field region from a variety of
`directions is desired for a microphone device in an active
`noise cancellation System. That is, to achieve a directional
`microphone response by adding the outputs of the omnidi
`rectional pattern and bidirectional or “figure-eight' pattern,
`and then simply adjusting the amplitude and phase of the
`Summed output Signal to produce the desired pattern. The
`figure-eight pattern is also known as a cosine pattern and is
`mathematically expressed a p=COS 0, in polar coordinates.
`In directional microphones, distance is a factor. The distance
`factor measures how much farther away from a Source a
`directional microphone may be used, relative to an omnidi
`rectional pattern, and still preserve the same ratio of direct
`to reverberant pickup. Thus, the prior art has failed to
`provide a directional microphone in an active noise reduc
`tion apparatus based on the omni-directional patterns and the
`cardioid patterns where the Sound preSSures arriving at a
`determined point are added vectorially.
`In devising the circuitry for an active noise cancellation
`apparatus for use with a boom microphone device or a
`directional microphone device comprising at least two
`microphones, it is known to use a three terminal microphone
`configuration. That is, a noise cancellation System having
`two or more microphones connected to an amplifier, for
`example, requires circuitry having three terminals: a power
`Supply input terminal, an audio signal output terminal, and
`a ground terminal. In an effort to reduce the complexity and
`cost of the noise cancellation System utilized in the
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`microphone, or boom microphone or the like which option
`ally may be used with a headset of the noise reduction
`apparatus, a two terminal microphone configuration is
`desired. It is desired to have a microphone configuration
`where the DC voltage Supplied from a power Supply is
`inputted on the same terminal as the AC audio signal
`outputted from the microphones, whereby the AC Signal is
`Superimposed on the DC Signal. Thus, the prior art has failed
`to provide a two terminal microphone configuration for use
`in an active noise cancellation apparatus, where the power
`and Signal are Superimposed on the first terminal and the
`Second terminal is grounded
`In yet a further attempt to reduce background noise So as
`to improve the intelligibility of electro-acoustic communi
`cation using headsets with a microphone, a technique has
`been developed, called active noise reduction that utilizes a
`Sensor microphone placed between the Speaker and the ear
`in the Sound field of the Speaker, and which Senses the
`background noise and programs audio. With this active type
`headphone device, a negative feedback loop is used whereby
`the electrical Signals converted from the external noises by
`a microphone unit are fed back in a reverse phase for
`reducing the noise in the vicinity of the headpho