UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.,
`SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC., and APPLE INC.,
`
`Petitioners
`v.
`
`JAWBONE INNOVATIONS, LLC,
`
`Patent Owner
`
`Case IPR2022-01320
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`I.
`
`II.
`
`STATEMENT OF PRECISE RELIEF REQUESTED FOR EACH CLAIM
`CHALLENGED ............................................................................................. 1
`A.
`Claims and Statutory Grounds ............................................................. 1
`OVERVIEW OF THE ’080 PATENT ........................................................... 2
`A.
`Specification ........................................................................................ 2
`B.
`Prosecution History .............................................................................. 7
`THE LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ................................... 8
`III.
`IV. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................... 8
`V.
`SPECIFIC GROUNDS OF UNPATENTABILITY ...................................... 9
`A.
`Ground 1: Ikeda in View of McCowan and Kanamori Renders
`Obvious Claims 1-3, 5-9, 11-14, and 16-20 ........................................ 9
`1.
`Overview of Ikeda ..................................................................... 9
`2.
`Overview of McCowan ........................................................... 13
`a.
`McCowan is Prior Art ................................................... 16
`Overview of Kanamori ............................................................ 17
`The Ikeda-McCowan-Kanamori Combination ......................... 19
`a.
`The Ikeda-McCowan-Kanamori main microphone has
`the same formulation for signal processing as the virtual
`microphone V1 described in the ’080 patent, and the
`Ikeda-McCowan-Kanamori reference microphone has
`the same formulation for signal processing as the virtual
`microphone V2 described in the ’080 patent ................. 34
`Claim 7 .................................................................................... 37
`a.
`[7a] “A system, comprising: a first virtual microphone
`formed from a first combination of a first microphone
`i
`
`3.
`4.
`
`5.
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`signal and a second microphone signal, wherein the first
`microphone signal is generated by a first physical
`microphone and the second microphone signal is
`generated by a second physical microphone;” .............. 37
`[7b] “a second virtual microphone formed from a second
`combination of the first microphone signal and the
`second microphone signal, wherein the second
`combination is different from the first combination,” .. 41
`[7c] “wherein the first virtual microphone has a first
`linear response to speech and first linear response to
`noise,” ............................................................................ 43
`[7d] “the first linear response to speech being
`substantially similar across a plurality of frequencies for
`a speech source located within a predetermined angle
`relative to an axis of the microphone array and devoid of
`a null,” ........................................................................... 45
`[7e] “wherein the second virtual microphone has a
`second linear response to speech that has a single null
`oriented in a direction toward a source of the speech and
`a second linear response to noise,” ............................... 48
`[7f] “wherein the second linear response to noise is
`substantially similar to the first linear response to
`noise,” ............................................................................ 50
`[7g] “one or both of the first linear response to noise and
`the second linear response to noise being non- zero in a
`direction toward a source of noise, and” ...................... 51
`[7h] “the second linear response to speech is
`substantially dissimilar to the first linear response to
`speech,” ......................................................................... 52
`[7i] “wherein the speech is human speech; and” ........... 53
`[7j] “an adaptive noise removal application coupled to
`the first and second virtual microphones and generating
`denoised output signals by forming a plurality of
`ii
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`i.
`j.
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`

`

`6.
`
`7.
`
`k.
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`combinations of signals output from the first virtual
`microphone and the second virtual microphone, by
`filtering and summing the plurality of combinations of
`signals in the time domain, and by a varying linear
`transfer function between the plurality of combinations
`of signals,” .................................................................... 53
`[7k] “wherein the denoised output signals include less
`acoustic noise than acoustic signals received at the first
`and second physical microphones.” .............................. 58
`Claim 8: “The system of claim 7 and further comprising: a
`microphone array, the first and second physical microphones
`positioned m [sic] the microphone array.” .............................. 59
`Claim 9: “The system of claim 7, wherein the single null is a
`region of the second linear response to speech having a
`measured response level that is lower than the measured
`response level of any other region of the second linear
`response to speech.” ................................................................ 59
`Claim 11: “The system of claim 7 and further comprising: a
`communications channel coupled with the processing
`component and including one or more of a wireless channel, a
`wired channel, and a hybrid wireless/wired channel.” ........... 60
`Claim 12: “The system of claim 11 and further comprising: a
`communication device wirelessly coupled with the wireless
`channel of the communications channel.” .............................. 61
`10. Claim 13: “The system of claim 7, wherein the second
`microphone signal is multiplied by a ratio, wherein the ratio is
`a ratio of a third distance to a fourth distance, the third
`distance being between the first physical microphone and the
`speech source and the fourth distance being between the
`second physical microphone and the speech source.” ............ 62
`11. Claim 14 .................................................................................. 62
`a.
`[14a] “A system, comprising: a first virtual microphone
`comprising a first combination of a first microphone
`signal and a second microphone signal,” ...................... 62
`iii
`
`8.
`
`9.
`
`

`

`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`i.
`
`j.
`
`k.
`
`l.
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`[14b] “the first virtual microphone having a first linear
`response to speech and a first linear response to noise,”
` ....................................................................................... 62
`[14c] “the first linear response to speech being
`substantially similar across a plurality of frequencies for
`a speech source located within a predetermined angle
`relative to an axis of a microphone array,” ................... 63
`[14d] “wherein the first microphone signal is output
`from a first physical microphone and the second
`microphone signal is output from a second physical
`microphone;” ................................................................. 63
`[14e] “a second virtual microphone comprising a
`second combination of the first microphone signal and
`the second microphone signal,” .................................... 63
`[14f] “the second virtual microphone having a second
`linear response to speech and a second linear response to
`noise,” ........................................................................... 63
`[14g] “the second linear response to noise being
`substantially similar to the first linear response to noise,”
` ....................................................................................... 64
`[14h] “one or both of the first linear response to noise
`and the second linear response to noise being non- zero
`in a direction toward a source of noise, and” ................ 64
`[14i] “the second linear response to speech being
`substantially dissimilar to the first linear response to
`speech,” ......................................................................... 64
`[14j] “wherein the second combination is different from
`the first combination,” .................................................. 64
`[14k] “wherein the first virtual microphone and the
`second virtual microphone are distinct virtual
`directional microphones; and” ...................................... 64
`[14l] “a processing component coupled to the first and
`iv
`
`

`

`m.
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`second virtual microphones, the processing component
`including an adaptive noise removal application
`receiving acoustic signals from the first virtual
`microphone and the second virtual microphone, filtering
`and summing the acoustic signals in the time domain,
`applying a varying linear transfer function between the
`acoustic signals, and generating an output signal,” ...... 65
`[14m]“wherein the output signal is a denoised acoustic
`signal.” .......................................................................... 66
`12. Claim 16: “The system of claim 14 and further comprising: a
`communications channel coupled with the processing
`component and including one or more of a wireless channel, a
`wired channel, and a hybrid wireless/wired channel.” ........... 67
`13. Claim 17: “The system of claim 16 and further comprising: a
`communication device wirelessly coupled with the wireless
`channel of the communications channel.” .............................. 67
`14. Claim 18: “The system of claim 14, wherein the acoustic
`signals from the first virtual microphone, the second virtual
`microphone or both are delayed.” ........................................... 67
`15. Claim 19: “The system of claim 18, wherein the delay is raised
`to a power that is proportional to a time difference between
`arrival of the speech at the first virtual microphone and arrival
`of the speech at the second virtual microphone.” .................... 69
`16. Claim 20: “The system of claim 19, wherein the power is
`proportional to a sampling frequency multiplied by a quantity
`equal to a third distance subtracted from a fourth distance, the
`third distance being between a first physical microphone and
`the speech source, the fourth distance being between a second
`physical microphone and the speech source, and the first and
`second physical microphones are positioned in the microphone
`array.” ...................................................................................... 72
`17. Claim 1 .................................................................................... 75
`a.
`[1a] “A system, comprising: a microphone array
`including a first physical microphone outputting a first
`v
`
`

`

`c.
`
`b.
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`microphone signal and a second physical microphone
`outputting a second microphone signal;” ...................... 75
`[1b] “a processing component coupled to the
`microphone array and generating a virtual microphone
`array including a first virtual microphone and a second
`virtual microphone,” ..................................................... 75
`[1c] “the first virtual microphone including a first
`combination of the first microphone signal and the
`second microphone signal, the second virtual
`microphone including a second combination of the first
`microphone signal and the second microphone signal,
`wherein the second combination is different from the
`first combination,” ........................................................ 76
`[1d] “wherein the first virtual microphone and the
`second virtual microphone have substantially similar
`responses to noise and substantially dissimilar responses
`to speech; and” .............................................................. 76
`[1e] “an adaptive noise removal application coupled to
`the processing component and generating denoised
`output signals by forming a plurality of combinations of
`signals output from the first virtual microphone and the
`second virtual microphone, by filtering and summing
`the plurality of combinations of signals in the time
`domain, and by a varying linear transfer function
`between the plurality of combinations of signals,” ....... 77
`[1f] “wherein the denoised output signals include less
`acoustic noise than acoustic signals received at the
`microphone array.” ....................................................... 77
`18. Claim 2: “The system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic noise
`comprises noise content and the acoustic signals comprise
`speech content.” ...................................................................... 77
`19. Claim 3: “The system of claim 2, wherein the speech content
`comprises human speech.” ...................................................... 78
`20. Claim 5: “The system of claim 1 and further comprising: a
`vi
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`

`

`B.
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`communications channel coupled with the processing
`component and including one or more of a wireless channel, a
`wired channel, and a hybrid wireless/wired channel.” ........... 78
`21. Claim 6: “The system of claim 5 and further comprising: a
`communication device wirelessly coupled with the wireless
`channel of the communications channel.” .............................. 79
`Ground 2: Ikeda in view of McCowan, Kanamori, and Yang Renders
`Obvious Claims 4, 10, and 15 ........................................................... 79
`1.
`Overview of Yang .................................................................... 79
`2.
`Claim 10: “The system of claim 7 and further comprising: a
`voice activity detector (VAD) coupled with the processing
`component and operative to generate voice activity signals.” 80
`Claim 15: “The system of claim 14 and further comprising: a
`voice activity detector (VAD) coupled with the processing
`component and operative to generate voice activity signals.” 81
`Claim 4: “The system of claim 1 and further comprising: a
`voice activity detector (VAD) coupled with the processing
`component and operative to generate voice activity signals.” 82
`VI. DISCRETIONARY DENIAL IS NOT WARRANTED UNDER EITHER §
`314 OR § 325 ............................................................................................... 82
`VII. MANDATORY NOTICES UNDER 37 C.F.R. § 42.8 ................................ 86
`A.
`Real Party-in-Interest .......................................................................... 86
`B.
`Related Matters .................................................................................. 86
`C.
`Lead and Back-Up Counsel, and Service Information Under 37
`C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(3) ............................................................................ 88
`Service Information Under 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(4) ............................ 88
`D.
`VIII. GROUNDS FOR STANDING .................................................................... 89
`IX.
`FEES ............................................................................................................ 89
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`vii
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 89
`
`X.
`
`viii
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`
`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`
`Page(s)
`
`Cases
`
`Apple Inc. v. Fintiv, Inc.,
`
`IPR2020-00019, Paper 11 (PTAB Mar. 20, 2020)...................... 82, 83, 84, 85
`
`Ericsson Inc. v. Intellectual Ventures I LLC,
`
` IPR2014-00527, Paper 41 (P.T.A.B. May 18, 2015) ................................. 17
`
`General Plastic Industrial Co., Ltd. v. Canon Kabushiki Kaisha,
`
`IPR2016-01357, Paper 19 (PTAB Sept. 6, 2017) ....................................... 85
`
`Microsoft Corp. v. IPA Techs. Inc.,
`
`IPR2019-00811, Paper 44 (P.T.A.B. Oct. 15, 2020) ................................... 17
`
`Samsung Elecs. Am. v. Uniloc Luxembourg S.A.,
`
`IPR2017-01797, Paper 8 (Feb. 6, 2018) ...................................................... 86
`
`Sand Revolution II, LLC v. Cont’l Intermodal Grp.-Trucking LLC,
`
`IPR2019-01393, Paper 24 (June 16, 2020) .................................................. 85
`
`Toyota Motor Corp. v. Cellport Sys., Inc.,
`
`IPR2015-00633, Paper 11 (P.T.A.B. Aug. 14, 2015) ................................... 8
`
`Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc.,
`
`200 F.3d 795 (Fed. Cir. 1999) ......................................................................... 8
`
`ix
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`IPR2022-01320
`
`Statutes
`Statutes
`
`35 U.S.C. § 102(b) ................................................................................................. 1, 2
`35 U.S.C. § 102(D).........ceecsecessseceessreeceseseceeseceeessnsecessesceeseueucesnsecesseseeessusesesseeceesers 1,2
`
`35 U.S.C. § 311 .......................................................................................................... 1
`35 ULS.C. § 31 Lic cee cecssssssssssccccscecscsessssssnscesessecessssssssenscesesseseesssssssenssesesseseesesseees 1
`
`35 U.S.C. § 314(a) ................................................................................................... 82
`35 U.S.C. § 314(a) ou... eceessecessseceessreecesssecesceeceessneccessesceeeueeessnsesessesceessnevessesecessesers 82
`
`35 U.S.C. § 325(d) ................................................................................................... 83
`35 U.S.C. § 325(d)......:cccssssccessseceessreecssssecesceceessnesesseeececeuesensnsecessesceessuesessesecesseeers 83
`
`x
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`
`LIST OF EXHIBITS
`
`Exhibit
`
`Description
`
`Ex. 1001
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080 to Burnett (“the ’080 patent”)
`
`Ex. 1002
`
`File History of U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`
`Ex. 1003
`
`Declaration of Jeffrey S. Vipperman, Ph.D.
`
`Ex. 1004
`
`Curriculum Vitae of Jeffrey S. Vipperman, Ph.D.
`
`Ex. 1005
`
`Ex. 1006
`
`Ex. 1007
`
`Ex. 1008
`
`Ex. 1009
`
`Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H11-
`18186A to Ikeda et al. (“Ikeda”)
`
`Certified Translation of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application
`Publication No. H11-18186A to Ikeda et al. (“Ikeda”)
`
`Iain A. McCowan et al., Near-Field Adaptive Beamformer for
`Robust Speech Recognition, Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 12,
`Issue 1 (2002), 87-106 (“McCowan”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0185804 to
`Kanamori et al. (“Kanamori”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0193130 to Yang et
`al. (“Yang”)
`
`Ex. 1010
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,471,538 to Sasaki et al. (“Sasaki”)
`
`Ex. 1011
`
`Ex. 1012
`
`Ex. 1013
`
`Ex. 1014
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0244698 to Dugger
`et al. (“Dugger”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0152167 to Taenzer
`(“Taenzer”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0120537 to Burnett
`et al. (“Burnett”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0031328 to Elko et
`al. (“Elko”)
`
`xi
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`
`Ex. 1015
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,370,401 to Baranowski et al. (“Baranowski”)
`
`Ex. 1016
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,006,115 to Wingate (“Wingate”)
`
`Ex. 1017
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,590,417 to Rydbeck (“Rydbeck”)
`
`Ex. 1018
`
`Ex. 1019
`
`Ex. 1020
`
`Ex. 1021
`
`Ex. 1022
`
`Ex. 1023
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0259811 to Kimm et
`al. (“Kimm”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0179888 to Burnett
`et al. (“Burnett II”)
`
`Excerpt of Bernard Widrow & Samuel D. Stearns, Adaptive Signal
`Processing, Prentice-Hall (1985) (“Widrow”)
`
`Scheduling Order, Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Google LLC,
`No. 6:21-cv-00985, Dkt. 27 (W.D. Tex. Jan. 7, 2022)
`
`Docket Control Order, Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Amazon.com,
`Inc. et al., No. 2:21-cv-00435, Dkt. 33 (E.D. Tex. Apr. 6, 2022)
`
`Patent Owner’s Claim Chart for U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080,
`Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Google LLC, No. 6:21-cv-00985
`(W.D. Tex.)
`
`Ex. 1024
`
`Declaration of Shauna L. Wiest Regarding McCowan
`
`Ex. 1025
`
`Ex. 1026
`
`Ex. 1027
`
`Excerpt of Lawrence E. Kinsler et al., Fundamentals of Acoustics,
`John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (4th ed. 2000)
`
`Excerpt of M. P. Norton et al., Fundamentals of Noise and
`Vibration Analysis for Engineers, Cambridge Univ. Press (2nd ed.
`2003)
`
`Gary W. Elko et al., A Simple Adaptive First-Order Differential
`Microphone, Proceedings of 1995 Workshop on Applications of
`Signal Processing to Audio and Accoustics, IEEE (1995)
`
`Ex. 1028
`
`Excerpt of Alan V. Oppenheim et al., Discrete-Time Signal
`Processing, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (2nd ed. 1999)
`
`xii
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`
`Ex. 1029
`
`Declaration of Shauna L. Wiest Regarding Widrow
`
`Ex. 1030
`
`Declaration of Rachel J. Watters Regarding Widrow
`
`Ex. 1031
`
`Declaration of Shauna L. Wiest Regarding Oppenheim
`
`Ex. 1032
`
`Declaration of Rachel J. Watters Regarding Oppenheim
`
`Ex. 1033
`
`Declaration of Shauna L. Wiest Regarding Elko IEEE Workshop
`
`Ex. 1034
`
`Ex. 1035
`
`Ex. 1036
`
`Ex. 1037
`
`Ex. 1038
`
`Ex. 1039
`
`Ex. 1040
`
`Ex. 1041
`
`Complaint in Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Samsung Elecs. Co.,
`Ltd., 2:21-cv-00186 (E.D. Tex. May 27, 2021)
`First Amended Complaint in Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Samsung
`Elecs. Co., Ltd., 2:21-cv-00186 (E.D. Tex. October 26, 2021)
`Second Amended Docket Control Order in Jawbone Innovations,
`LLC v. Samsung Elecs. Co., Ltd., 2:21-cv-00186 (E.D. Tex.)
`Stipulation to be filed in Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Samsung
`Elecs. Co., Ltd., 2:21-cv-00186 (E.D. Tex.)
`Plaintiff’s Election of Asserted Claims in Jawbone Innovations,
`LLC v. Samsung Elecs. Co., Ltd., 2:21-cv-00186 (E.D. Tex.)
`Complaint in Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Apple Inc., Case No.
`6:21-cv-00984 (W.D. Tex. September 23, 2021)
`Scheduling Order in Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Apple Inc., Case
`No. 6:21-cv-00984 (W.D. Tex. January 7, 2022) (summons issued
`as to Apple Inc. 9/23/2021)
`Stipulation to be filed in Jawbone Innovations, LLC v. Apple Inc.,
`Case No. 6:21-cv-00984 (W.D. Tex.)
`
`xiii
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`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`
`I.
`
`STATEMENT OF PRECISE RELIEF REQUESTED FOR EACH
`CLAIM CHALLENGED
`A.
`Claims and Statutory Grounds
`Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Samsung Electronics America, Inc., and
`
`Apple Inc. (“Petitioners”) request review under 35 U.S.C. § 311 and cancellation of
`
`claims 1-20 of U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080 (Ex. 1001, “the ’080 patent”) as
`
`unpatentable in view of the following:
`
`Prior Art
`
`Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H11-18186A to Ikeda
`
`et al. (“Ikeda”) (Ex. 1005, translation at Ex. 1006); published January 22, 1999;
`
`prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102(b).
`
`Iain A. McCowan et al., Near-Field Adaptive Beamformer for Robust Speech
`
`Recognition, Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 12, Issue 1 (2002), 87-106
`
`(“McCowan”) (Ex. 1007); published in 2002; prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
`
`§ 102(b).
`
`1
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0185804 to Kanamori et al.
`
`(“Kanamori”) (Ex. 1008); published September 23, 2004; prior art under pre-
`
`AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102(b).
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0193130 to Yang et al. (“Yang”)
`
`(Ex. 1009); published December 19, 2002; prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
`
`§ 102(b).
`
`Unpatentability Grounds
`
`Ground 1
`
`Ikeda in view of McCowan and Kanamori renders obvious
`
`claims 1-3, 5-9, 11-14, and 16-20 under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
`
`§ 103.
`
`Ground 2
`
`Ikeda in view of McCowan, Kanamori, and Yang renders
`
`obvious claims 4, 10, and 15 under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
`
`§ 103.
`
`II. OVERVIEW OF THE ’080 PATENT
`A.
`Specification
`The ’080 patent describes a “dual omnidirectional microphone array
`
`(DOMA)” for adaptive noise suppression. Ex. 1001, 3:49-50, 4:52-53, Abstract.
`
`Two omnidirectional microphones are used to “form two distinct virtual directional
`
`2
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`

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`U.S. Patent No. 10,779,080
`IPR2022-01320
`microphones which are configured to have very similar noise responses and very
`
`dissimilar speech responses.” Ex. 1001, 3:49-56, 4:48-51, 7:39-51. The two virtual
`
`microphones are “paired with an adaptive filter algorithm” to reduce noise.
`
`Ex. 1001, 3:57-62.
`
`In one embodiment, two virtual directional microphones V1 and V2 are formed
`
`based on two physical omnidirectional microphones O1 and O2 according to the
`
`l()=l()∙ -y- 2()
`2() = 2() - -yl()
`β=2- l
`=
`∙ s
`
`
`following equations expressed in the z (digital frequency) domain:
`
`Ex. 1001, 4:33-36, 4:42-45, 4:66-67, 9:46-53, 11:1-2. In the equations:
`
`where d1 and d2 “are the distance from O1 and O2 to the speech source,” respectively;
`
`c is the speed of sound; and fs is a sampling frequency. Ex. 1001, 9:54-67. The
`
`figure below visually represents the equations for V1 and V2 above. Ex. 1003, ¶¶ 31-
`
`32; see also Ex. 1001, 2:28-34, 7:17-38, Fig. 2. This example assumes a near-field
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`speech source located on the axis of the microphone array of O1 and O2 at an angle
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`θ of 0°. Ex. 1001, 2:28-34, 7:17-38, 9:46-67, 10:30-32, 11:62-65, 16:4-6, Fig. 2; Ex.
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`1003, ¶¶ 31-32.
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`Ex. 1003, ¶ 32.
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`In this formulation of virtual microphones V1 and V2, “the noise (far-field)
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`responses of V1 and V2 are very similar while the speech (near-field) responses are
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`very different.” Ex. 1001, 16:4-6; Ex. 1003, ¶¶ 33-35; see also Ex. 1001, 9:39-12:7,
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`15:29-16:55. Figures 11 and 9 (reproduced below) show these “different” linear
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`responses of the virtual microphones V1 and V2, respectively, to a near-field speech
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`source. Ex. 1001, 10:18-22, 11:20-24, 11:62-65, 16:4-6.
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`Ex. 1001, Figs. 11, 9.
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`Figures 12 and 10 (reproduced below) show these “similar” linear responses
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`of the virtual microphones V1 and V2, respectively, to a far-field noise source. Ex.
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`1001, 10:22-27, 11:25-29, 11:62-65, 16:4-6.
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`Ex. 1001, Figs. 12, 10.
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`The linear response of the virtual microphone V1 is “flat for all frequencies
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`within approximately +−30 degrees of the axis of the array,” as shown in Figure 13
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`(reproduced below). Ex. 1001, 11:30-35, 11:43-61; Ex. 1003, ¶ 36.
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`Ex. 1001, Fig. 13.
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`The virtual microphone signals are input to an adaptive noise removal system,
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`which can use “any adaptive filter or noise removal algorithm.” Ex. 1001, 3:57-62,
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`6:67-7:3, 8:50-9:3, 9:22-38; Ex. 1003, ¶ 37; see also Ex. 1001, 4:52-7:16. In an
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`embodiment, the adaptive noise removal system combines the signals from virtual
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`microphones V1 and V2 “by filtering and summing in the time domain.” Ex. 1001,
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`7:4-16, 8:50-9:3, 9:22-38. “The adaptive filter generally uses the signal received
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`from a first microphone … to remove noise from the speech received from at least
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`one other microphone …, which relies on a slowly varying linear transfer function
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`between the two microphones for sources of noise.” Ex. 1001, 7:7-12. The system
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`then generates an output signal “in which the noise content is attenuated with respect
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`to the speech content.” Ex. 1001, 7:12-16.
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`Prosecution History
`B.
`The ’080 patent was filed on July 22, 2013, as U.S. Patent Application No.
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`13/948,160 (“the ’160 application”). Ex. 1001, Cover. The ’080 patent claims
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`priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 12/139,355, filed on June 13, 2008, and four
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`provisional applications, the earliest of which was filed on June 13, 2007. Ex. 1001,
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`Cover.
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`During prosecution of the ’160 application, the Examiner rejected the initial
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`claim as anticipated by U.S. Patent No. 8,068,619 and based on non-statutory double
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`patenting. Ex. 1002, 57, 98-106. In response, the applicant canceled the claim and
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`added twenty new claims. Ex. 1002, 113-123. The Examiner then rejected the new
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`claims based on non-statutory double patenting. Ex. 1002, 130-136. The applicant
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`filed a terminal disclaimer to overcome the double patenting rejection. Ex. 1002,
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`142-153, 160-168, 222-234, 248. The Examiner then allowed the claims, stating that
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`“a dual virtual microphone array as claimed including having a linear response to
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`both speech and noise could not be anticipated nor, in combination, be rendered
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`obvious over the prior art of record.” Ex. 1002, 249-256.
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`III. THE LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`Based on the relevant factors, In re GPAC Inc., 57 F.3d 1573, 1579 (Fed. Cir.
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`1995), a person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) would have had a minimum
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`of a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering, computer science, electrical
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`engineering, mechanical engineering, or a similar field, and approximately three
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`years of industry or academic experience in a field related to acoustics, speech
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`recognition, speech detection, or signal processing. Ex. 1003, ¶¶ 22-23. Work
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`experience can substitute for formal education and additional formal education can
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`substitute for work experience. Ex. 1003, ¶¶ 22-23.
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`IV. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
`The claim terms of the ’080 patent should be given their plain and ordinary
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`meaning as understood by a POSITA, consistent with the ’080 patent’s disclosure
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`and prosecution history. 37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b).
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`For purposes of this Petition, no claim terms require construction. Toyota
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`Motor Corp. v. Cellport Sys., Inc., IPR2015-00633, Paper 11 at 16 (P.T.A.B. Aug.
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`14, 2015) (citing Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803
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`(Fed. Cir. 1999)).
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`V.
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`SPECIFIC GROUNDS OF UNPATENTABILITY
`A.
`Ground 1: Ikeda in View of McCowan and Kanamori Renders
`Obvious Claims 1-3, 5-9, 11-14, and 16-20
`1.
`Overview of Ikeda
`Ikeda discloses a microphone apparatus including an adaptive noise
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`cancellation system. Ex. 1006, ¶¶ [0018]-[0024], [0027]-[0030], Abstract, Fig. 1.
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`The microphone apparatus includes “two omnidirectional microphone units M1 and
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`M2.” Ex. 1006, ¶ [0018], Fig. 1.
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`As shown in Figure 1 (annotated below), Ikeda discloses a signal system
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`functioning as a main microphone having directional characteristics, where a delay
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`circuit 2 delays the output of microphone M2 and an inversion adding circuit 3
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`subtracts the output of delay circuit 2 from the output of microphone M1 and outputs
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`a main signal Vm. Ex. 1006, ¶¶ [0002]-[0004], [0012], [0018]-[0022], Figs. 2-3;
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`Ex. 1003, ¶¶ 43-44.
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`Ex. 1006, Fig. 1 (annotated).
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`As shown in Figure 1 (annotated below), Ikeda discloses a signal system
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`functioning as a reference microphone having directional characteristics, where a
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`delay circuit 1 delays the output of microphone M1 and an inversion adding circuit
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`4 subtracts the output of delay circuit 1 from the output of microphone M2 and
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`outputs a reference signal Vr. Ex. 1006, ¶¶ [0012], [0018]-[0020], [0023]-[0024],
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`Figs. 4-5; Ex. 1003, ¶ 45.
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`Ex. 1006, Fig. 1 (annotated).
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`Based on their directional characteristics, the main microphone is configured
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`to pick up a target sound and noise, and the reference microphone is configured to
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`pick up noise. Ex. 1006, ¶¶ [0021], [0023]; Ex. 1003, ¶ 46; see also Ex. 1006,
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`¶¶ [0012], [0026], Fig. 10, Abstract.
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`Main signal Vm and reference signal Vr (as converted to digital signals Dm
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`and Dr, respectively) are input to the adaptive noise cancellation system including
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`an adaptive filter 7 and a digital adder 8, as shown in Figure 1 (annotated below).
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`Ex. 1006, ¶¶ [0012], [0027]-[0029]; Ex. 1003, ¶ 47. Signal Dr is input to adaptive
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`filter 7, and the difference between the output of adaptive filter 7 and signal Dm is
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`calculated by digital adder 8. Ex. 1006, ¶ [0027]; Ex. 1003, ¶ 47.
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`Ex. 1006, Fig. 1 (annotated).
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`The response characteristics of adaptive filter 7 “are determined so as to
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`cancel the respective noise components contained in” signal Dm and signal Dr. Ex.
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`1006, ¶ [0028]; Ex. 1003, ¶ 48. Ikeda states:
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`As a result of the response characteristics of the adaptive
`filter 7 being determined successively in this way, the
`noise component contained in the main signal Vm is
`cancelled by the noise component contained in the
`reference signal Vr due to subtraction by digital adder 8.
`The output of the digital adder 8 is converted to an analog
`signal by a D/A converter 9. A signal primarily consisting
`of the target sound component can be acqui