- 1 -
`
`Pro-Dex v. Intelligent Automation
`U.S. Patent 7,091,683
`Pro-Dex Ex. 1032
`
`

`

`
`
`- 2 -
`
`

`

`:
`;
`This book is in the
`Addison-Wesley Series Physics
`Sponsoring Editor: Bruce Spatz, Debra Hunter, Steve Mautner
`Developmental Editor: David M. Chelton
`Production Supervisor: Marion E. Howe
`Copy Editor: Jacqueline M. Dormitzer
`Text Designer: Catherine L. Dorin
`Layout Artist: Lorraine Hodsdon
`Illustrators: Oxford Illustrators, Ltd.
`Art Consultant: Loretta Bailey
`Manufacturing Supervisor: Ann DeLacey
`Cover: Marshall Henrichs
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Sears, Francis Weston, 1898—
`University physics.
`Includes index.
`1. Physics.
`I. Zemansky, Mark Wald
`If. Young, Hugh D.
`Il. Title, Teoe
`QC21.2.536
`1986
`a
`ea
`ISBN 0-201-06681-5
`coaoseO
`
`eed Missiles and Space Company. 25, Education
`idge MA. 90, National
`Photo credits: page 1, NASA.3, Lockh
`DevelopmentCenter. 49 and 71, Dr. Harold Edgerton, M.LT., Cambri
`|
`119, AP/Wide World Photos.
`Center for Atmospheric Research/National Science Foundation.
`Navigation Co. 182,
`143, Dr. Harold Edgerton, M.LT., Cambridge MA. 145, Matson
`;
`210, R. V. Willstrop/Anglo-Australian Telescope Board. 249,
`Education Development Center.
`i
`963, Dr. Harold Edgerton,
`Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and Transportation District.
`:
`2
`M.LT., Cambridge MA. 289, U.S. Geological Survey. 291, M. S. Paterson, Australian National
`University. 306, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial
`Coll
`ofScience and Technology.
`340, N.Y. State Department of Commerce. 357, Nancy Rodger/Exploratorium. 374, Lockheed
`Corp. 389, Barry L. Runk/Grant Heilman Photography. 403, Pacific Gas & Electric. 424, Kurt
`Rogers, San Francisco Examiner. 451, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 473, M.P. Moller, Inc.
`475, Fundamental Photographs. 496, The Exploratorium. 512, Steinway & Sons. 527, AT&T
`Bell Laboratories. 529, Lockyer Collection. 546, Education Development Center. 575;
`WellcomeInstitute for the History of Medicine. 604, ChipClark. 625, American Institute of
`Physics. 653 and 681, AT&T Bell Laboratories. 683, Fundamental Photographs. 714, Pacific
`Gas & Electric. 742, Chip Clark. 767, Varian Associates, Inc. 788, Pacific Gas & Electric. 813,
`NASA. 835, Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. 837, Corning Glass Works. 868, Chip Clark. 887,
`Palomar Observatory. 953, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 955, U.S. Dept. of
`Energy. 980, IBM Corp. 1007, Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc. 1036, Chip Clark. 1060
`Stanford Linear Accelerator.
`:
`
`Inc. All rights reserved. No part
`
`ronaerte 1987 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Compan:
`:
`i ae remay be teproduced,stored in a Berea stem
`‘i
`:
`a
`‘pal
`eee eeamatedin/any
`the prior eeelectronic, mechanical, photocopyin; Hoe
`Published
`si
`n permission of the publisher. Printed j
`» recording, or otherwise, without
`ished simultaneously in Ganada
`ed
`in the United States of Americe
`x
`:
`merica.
`ABCDEFGHIJ-MU-8987
`
`}
`
`- 3 -
`
`

`

`TABLE 12-3 Stresses and Strains
`
`12-4 ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY
`
`Tension or
`ression
`
`:
`y=—+
`
`:
`:
`oung’s
`
`:
`=
`Hydrostatic
`Bulk
`=
`eo
`= —-_+_—
`ressure
`modulus
`AV/Vo
`4
`pose Ese
`Shear
`S= Fi/A
`a
`Shear
`
`ee modulusa
`
`we
`
`=
`
`a ductile metal undertension. |
`
`12-4 ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY
`We are now ready to examinethe limitations of Hooke’s law. Supposexe plot
`a graphofstress as a function of the corresponding strain. if Hooke s law is
`obeyed,stress is directly proportional to strain andthe graph isa straight line.
`Rea! materials show several types of departuresfrom this idealized behavior.
`Figure 12—9 shows a typical stress-strain graphfor a metal such as copper
`or soft iron. Thestress in this case is a simple tensile stress, and the strain is
`shown as the percent elongation. Thefirst portion yethe curve,up to a strain
`ofless than 1%, is a straightline, indicating Hooke s-law behavior with stress
`directly proportional to strain. This straight-line portion endsat point a; the
`Sie<shiithis-point isealled the propordonal Bat”
`easy
`Froma to b, stress and strain are no longer proportional, butif
`the
`loa is
`removedat any point between O and 6, the curveis retraced and the material
`returns toits original length. In the entire region Ob the materialis said to be
`elastic or to show elastic behavior. Point b, the end of this region, called the
`Yieldpoint,
`and the correspondingstress is called the elastic limit. Up to this
`eld
`point,
`ed by the material are oe the load is
`§ point the forces exe
`toed
`«|
`returns to its origi al shape, and
`the energy put into
`thea . —theaerecovered. The deformationis said
`
`has a purely tensile stress, as shown in Fig. 12—1. But if we take a cross section
`at an angle, as in Fig. 12—8a,
`thestress at this face can be represented as
`having both tensile and shear components, as shown in Fig. 12—8b. Theforce
`acting at a particular cross section has a definite direction and magnitude and
`can be represented by meansofits components, but these dependalso on the
`orientation of the section. To describe completely the state ofstress in a mate-
`rial, we must describe three mutually perpendicular cross-sectional orienta-
`tions, perhaps using three unit vectors, and then describe the three
`components offorce (per unit area) at each cross section. Theresulting set of
`nine numbers is called thestress tensor and is an example ofa class of physical
`quantities called tensors.
`The various types ofstress,strain, and elastic moduli are summarized in
`Table 12-3.
`
`42-8 Abar intension. The stress at
`an inclined section (a) can be resolved
`into (b) a normal stress F,/A', anda
`tangential or shear stress F)/A’.
`
`Proportional limi
`Z
`“a
`ry
`
`oe “~plastic
`behavior
`
`-Flastic behavior
`
`12-9 Typical stress—strain diagram for
`
`- 4 -
`
`