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`Roofr v. Pictometry
`IPR2023-00435
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`Pictometry EX2033 (Part 2 of 3)
`Roofr v. Pictometry
`IPR2023-00435
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`insulation density
`
`I
`
`insulation density The number of fibers
`per square inch in an insulation
`product. Denser insulation brings
`higher resistance to heat, cold, and
`sound.
`insulation hanger A fastener, pin, or stud
`that holds insulation.
`insulation lath Gypsum lath with an
`aluminum foil backing that provides
`resistance to heat flow and moisture.
`insulation resistance The resistance of an
`insulator to a directly applied current.
`insulator An insulating device designed
`and used to physically support a
`conductor and electrically separate it
`from other conductors or objects.
`lnsulux"' The first widely used hollow
`glass block produced by Owens-Illinois
`Glass Company in 1935.
`insurance A contract, typically referred
`to as an insurance policy, in which
`the insurer, in return for the premium
`stated in the policy, agrees to pay the
`insured up to the limits specified in the
`policy for losses or damages incurred by
`the insured.
`insurance, bodily injury A form of
`insurance that covers physical injury,
`sickness, or disease sustained by a
`person. See also personal injury.
`insurance, builder's risk A specialized
`form of property insurance that
`provides coverage for loss or damage
`to the work during the course of
`construction. See also property
`insurance.
`insurance, care, custody, and control
`The term used to describe a standard
`exclusion in liability insurance policies.
`Under this exclusion, the liability
`insurance does not apply to damage
`to property over which the insured
`is for any purpose exercising physical
`control.
`
`insurance, certificate of A document,
`issued by an authorized representative
`of an insurance company, stating the
`
`286
`
`types, amounts, and effective dates
`of insurance in force for a designated
`insured.
`insurance, completed operations
`Liability insurance coverage for injuries
`to persons or damage to property
`occurring 1. when all operations under
`the contract have been completed or
`abandoned; or 2. when all operations
`at one project site are completed; or
`3. when the portion of the work out
`of which the injury or damage arises
`has been put to its intended use by
`the person or organization for whom
`that portion of the work was done.
`Completed operations insurance does
`not apply to damage to the completed
`work itself.
`insurance, comprehensive general
`liability A broad form of liability
`insurance covering claims for bodily
`injury and property damage that
`combines, under one policy, coverage
`for all liability exposures ( except as
`specifically excluded) on a blanket
`basis and automatically covers new and
`unknown hazards that may develop.
`insurance, contractor's liability
`Insurance purchased and maintained
`by the contractor to protect from
`specified claims that may arise out
`of, or result from, the contractor's
`operations under the contract, whether
`such operations are by the contractor
`or by any subcontractor, or by anyone
`directly or indirectly employed by any
`of them, or by anyone for whose acts
`any of them may be liable.
`insurance, employer's liability
`Insurance protection for the employer
`against claims by employees or
`employees' dependents for damages
`that arise out of injuries or diseases
`sustained in the course of their work,
`and that are based on common law
`negligence rather than on liability
`under workers' compensation acts.
`insurance, errors and omissions
`See professional liability insurance.
`
`insurance, extended coverage
`An endorsement to a property
`insurance policy that extends the
`perils covered to include windstorm,
`hail, riot, civil commotion, explosion
`(except steam boiler), aircraft,
`vehicles, and smoke. See also property
`insurance.
`insurance, liability Insurance that
`protects the insured against liability
`on account of injury to the person or
`property of another. See also completed
`operations insurance, comprehensive
`general liability insurance,
`contractor's liability insurance,
`employer's liability insurance, owner's
`liability insurance, professional
`liability insurance, property damage
`insurance, public liability insurance,
`and special hazards insurance.
`insurance, loss of use
`Insurance protecting against financial
`loss during the time required to
`repair or replace property damaged or
`destroyed by an insured peril.
`insurance, owner's liability Insurance to
`protect the owner against claims arising
`out of the operations performed for the
`owner by the contractor and arising out
`of the owner's general supervision.
`insurance, personal injury Bodily injury,
`and also injury or damage to the
`character or reputation of a person.
`Personal injury insurance includes
`coverage for injuries or damage to
`others caused by specified actions
`of the insured, such as false arrest,
`malicious prosecution, willful detention
`or imprisonment, libel, slander,
`defamation of character, wrongful
`eviction, invasion of privacy, or
`wrongful entry. See also bodily injury.
`insurance, personal liability See personal
`injury.
`insurance, professional liability
`Insurance coverage for the insured
`professional's legal liability for claims
`for damages sustained by others
`allegedly as a result of negligent acts,
`errors, or omissions in the performance
`of professional services.
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`item
`
`I
`
`item A subdivision of the breakdown,
`smaller than a category, but larger than
`an element.
`itemize To list or state each item
`separately, as in an itemized bid.
`ivorywood A South American wood used
`mostly for cabinet and lathe work.
`White to pale yellow-brown in color,
`sometimes even with a tinge of green,
`it is heavy, hard, and strong, yet lacks
`durability.
`lzod impact testing A type of impact test,
`used to estimate the resistance of a
`material, in which a falling or swinging
`pendulum delivers energy in a single
`impact.
`
`292
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`jut window I
`
`junction chamber That section in a sewer
`system where the flow from one or
`more sewers joins or converges into a
`main sewer.
`junction manhole A manhole located
`over the convergence of two or more
`sewers.
`junior beam Lightweight, structural steel
`sections rolled to full I-beam shape.
`junior channel An obsolete term for a
`lightweight structural channel.
`jurisdiction The authority of a judicial
`or administrative forum to hear and
`resolve disputes.
`jurisdictional dispute An argument
`between or among labor unions over
`which entity should perform certain
`work.
`just-in-time A "pull" logistical system
`driven by actual demand. The goal is
`to produce, provide or deliver parts
`or supplies just in time for the next
`operation. The approach reduces stock
`inventories or storage costs, but leaves
`no room for error. *
`jut Any protruding part of a building or
`structure, such as a jut window. See also
`jetty 1.
`jute A plant fiber, from which a strong,
`durable yarn is made and used mostly
`for carpet backing, burlap, and rope.
`
`jut window Any window that projects
`from an exterior wall, such as a bow
`window.
`
`''Re/>rinted with the permission of AACE International. Copyright© by AACE International; all rights reserved.
`
`301
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`low~carbon steel
`
`low-carbon steel (mild steel) Steel with
`less than 0.20% carbon. This type of
`steel is not used for structural members,
`due to its ductility. It is good for boilers,
`tanks, and objects that must be formed.
`low consumption toilet (low-flow)
`Any toilet designed to use 1.6 gallons
`of water or less per flush.
`low-density concrete Any concrete with
`a unit weight lower than 50 pounds per
`cubic foot.
`low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
`A widely used thermoplastic that is
`inexpensive and easy to process. Low
`density polyethylene is the softest and
`most flexible version of this material,
`and is commonly used in packaging
`and injection molding.
`low emissivity glass (low e glass)
`Insulating glass with a coating or
`special component that keeps heat in
`during winter and out during summer.
`Low e glass reflects internal long wave
`radiation, as that from a heat source,
`back into a home while keeping the
`short wave radiation of the sun out.
`lowest qualified bidder See lowest
`responsible bidder.
`lowest responsible bidder (lowest
`qualified bidder) The bidder who has
`submitted the lowest legitimate bid.
`The owner and architect must agree
`that this person ( or firm) is capable of
`performing the work covered by the bid
`proposal.
`lowest responsive bid The lowest bid that
`meets the requirements set forth in the
`bid proposal.
`low-flow toilet An economically and
`environmentally efficient toilet
`that uses less water per flush than a
`conventional model.
`
`low-hazard contents Building contents
`with such an exceptionally low level
`of combustibility that they are unable
`to propagate or sustain a fire in and of
`themselves.
`
`330
`
`low-heat cement (type IV cement)
`A special cement that minimizes the
`amount and rate of heat generation
`during hydration (setting). Strength
`is also achieved at a slower rate. Use
`is limited to structures involving large
`masses of concrete, such as dams, where
`the heat generated would be excessive
`if normal cement were used.
`low impact development The integration
`of site ecological and environmental
`goals and requirements into all phases
`of urban planning and design from the
`individual residential lot level to the
`entire watershed.
`low-iron glass Glass with a low iron
`content that has a higher visible
`transmittance and thus a greater ability
`to collect solar energy.
`
`low-lift grouting The common and simple
`method of unifying concrete masonry,
`in which the wall sections are built to a
`height of not more than 4' (1.2 meters)
`before the cells of the masonry units
`are filled with grout.
`low-pressure mercury lamp A mercury(cid:173)
`vapor lamp, including germicidal
`and fluorescent lamps, whose partial
`pressure during operation is no more
`than 0.001 atmosphere.
`low-pressure sodium lamp A lamp that
`produces light via radiation from
`sodium vapor. Because it renders
`most colors gray, it is considered a
`monochromatic light source.
`low-pressure steam curing See
`atmospheric-pressure steam curing.
`low steel A characteristically soft steel
`that contains less than 0.25% carbon.
`low-temperature supply air Supply air
`below S0°F.
`low VOC Building materials and
`finishes that exhibit low levels of off(cid:173)
`gassing, the process by which volatile
`organic compounds (VOCs) are
`
`released from the material, impacting
`health and comfort indoors and
`producing smog outdoors. Low (or
`zero) VOC is an attribute to look for in
`an environmentally preferable building
`material or finish.
`
`low-voltage lamp A lamp, typically
`compact halogen, that operates at 12V
`and requires a transformer.
`low-voltage lighting control A remote
`control system that controls a number
`of lighting circuits. Lights are turned
`on or off automatically by electronic
`controls located within the low-voltage
`lighting control panel.
`L runner The fastener used at the base of
`solid gypsum lath.
`L-shore A shore with an L-head. See also
`L-head.
`lubricant A substance used to minimize
`friction between two areas.
`Lucite The trade name for a strong, clear
`plastic material manufactured in sheets
`and other forms.
`luffing boom (live boom) A crane boom
`with the ability to move vertically
`while slewing 360 degrees.
`lug 1. Any of several types of projections
`on a piece of material or equipment.
`Such projections are used during
`handling and installation. 2. A
`connector for fastening the end of a
`wire to a terminal.
`lug bolt A bolt with a flat iron bar welded
`to it.
`lug sill A windowsill or doorsill with ends
`that extend beyond the window or
`doors, converging with and built into
`the masonry of the jambs.
`lumber Timbers that have been split or
`processed into boards, beams, planks,
`or other stock that is to be used in
`construction and is generally smaller
`than heavy timber.
`
`

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`manufactured homes
`
`manufactured homes (mobile homes)
`Manufactured homes are factory(cid:173)
`finished inside and out, and usually
`have wheeled chassis.
`manufactured sand A fine aggregate that
`is produced by crushing stone, gravel,
`or slag.
`manufactured wood A joist, truss,
`beam, or other product made from
`smaller pieces of wood, usually glued
`together. Manufactured wood can
`provide greater strength and has the
`environmental benefit of using waste
`material rather than virgin lumber.
`manufacturer's specifications
`Documented installation or
`maintenance instructions produced
`by a product manufacturer. Often
`these instructions must be carefully
`followed in order to maintain a product
`warranty.
`map cracking See checking.
`maple A hardwood that grows in North
`America and Europe and has a
`dense uniform texture. Maple is used
`primarily in flooring and furniture.
`marble A metamorphic rock, chiefly
`calcium carbonate, with various
`impurities that give it distinctive
`colors. Marble is used in the
`architectural facing of both interior
`and exterior walls.
`marbling The application of paints to
`a surface to give it the appearance of
`marble.
`marezzo A cast imitation of marble used
`extensively for commode tops and wall
`facing.
`margin 1. The amount added to the cost
`of materials as a markup. 2. An edge
`projecting over the gable of a roof. See
`also verge. 3. The space between a door
`and the jambs. 4. The measurement of
`the exposure of overlapped shingles.
`marginal bar A glazing bar that separates
`a large glazed area in the middle of a
`window from smaller panes around the
`outside.
`
`margin draft In sronemasonry, a dressed
`border on the edge of the face of a
`hewn stone.
`margin light See side light.
`margin strip In wood flooring, a narrow
`strip that forms a border.
`
`margin trowel A plasterer's hand trowel
`on which the edges are turned up to
`finish plaster in corners.
`marigold window See rose window.
`marine glue A waterproof glue used on
`exterior plywoods and other wood-
`gluing applications where water may be
`encountered.
`marine paint A paint containing elements
`to withstand exposure to sunlight, salt,
`and fresh water.
`
`marine plywood A high-grade plywood
`especially adaptable to boat hull
`construction. All inner plies must be B
`grade or better.
`marked face The front or veneer side of a
`wood building product.
`marketable title A title that is free of any
`defects.
`market approach An appraisal method
`that values property based on the
`market value of similar buildings sold
`in a recent time period in a comparable
`market area.
`market price The price at which both
`seller and buyer are ready and willing
`to commit to a sale in the ordinary
`course of trade.
`market value The monetary price upon
`which a willing buyer and a willing
`seller in a free market will agree to
`exchange ownership, both parties
`knowing all the material facts but
`neither being compelled to act. The
`market value fluctuates with the degree
`of willingness of the buyer and seller
`and with the conditions of the sale.*
`marking gauge A carpenter's hand tool
`for scribing a line parallel to an edge.
`The gauge has a scribe on a rod whose
`distance is adjustable at the head, and
`rides along the edge of the material.
`
`mark out To lay out the locations where
`cuts are to be made on lumber.
`markup A percentage of other sums that
`may be added to the total of all direct
`costs to determine a final price or
`contract sum. In construction practice,
`the markup usually represents two
`factors important to the contractor.
`The first factor may be the estimated
`cost of indirect expense often referred
`to as general overhead. The second
`factor is an amount for the anticipated
`profit for the contractor.
`marl A silty clay, found in the bottom
`of lake beds or swamps, with a high
`percentage of calcium carbonate.
`marl brick A high-grade brick made from
`marl.
`marquee A canopy extending out from
`an entrance for protection from the
`weather.
`marquetry Mosaics of inlaid wood and
`sometimes ivory and mother of pearl.
`martin lock A lock designed to be
`mortised into a door stile rather than
`mounted on the surface.
`Martin's cement Similar to Keene's
`cement and used in plaster. This type of
`cement contains potassium carbonate
`as an additive in place of the alum used
`in Keene's cement.
`mash hammer A heavy, short-handled
`mason's hammer with two striking
`faces. Used with a chisel to remove old
`mortar between bricks in preparation
`for repointing. This term is also used
`regionally as another name for a sledge
`hammer.
`masking The temporary covering of areas
`adjacent to those to which paint is to
`be applied. Masking is applied either by
`sticking something on, as with masking
`tape, or by covering with a firm mask.
`masking sound Background noise used
`to cover unwanted sounds, or provide
`privacy.
`masking tape An adhesive-backed
`tape used for masking that comes in
`rolls and various widths. The tape is
`
`*Re/irinted with the Jiermission of AACE International. Co/iyright © by AACE International; all rights reserved.
`
`338
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`LLed
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`£
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`ILeamntneenee
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`plum plumber
`PLYWD, ply plywood
`PM post meridiem
`pmh production man-hour
`pmp pump(s)
`PNEU pneumatic
`PNL panel
`Pntd painted
`Pntg painting
`PO purchase order
`POL polish, petroleum, oil and lubricants,
`polished
`polarogr polarographic
`polthn polyethylene
`polyest polyester
`polyiso polyisocyanurate
`polyprop, PP, pp! polypropylene
`PORC porcelain
`Pord painter, ordinary
`Port portable
`PORT CEM portland cement
`pos, POS positive
`posn position
`pot. potential
`POTW publicly owned treatment works
`pp ponderosa pine, pages, piping
`PP-AC air-conditioning power panel
`Ppd prepaid
`PPE personal protective equipment
`PPGL polished plate glass
`PPH parts per hour
`ppm parts per million
`PPSD package, power supply
`ppt, pptn precipitate, precipitation, parts
`per thousand
`PR payroll, pair
`
`Pres process( es)
`prcst precast
`pre-assm preassembled
`preb prebend
`prec preceding
`precp precipitation
`pre-eng pre-engineered
`prefab prefabricated
`prefin prefinished
`prelim preliminary
`prem premium
`prep preparation, prepared
`press pressure
`pretreat pretreated, pretreatment
`prfcn purification
`prgm program
`pri primary
`prin principal
`pris prismatic
`pr! parallel
`prod. production, product
`prog progressive
`proj project, projection, projecting
`prom programmable read only memory
`prop. property, propelled, propeller,
`proportional
`prot protection, protective
`prov provisional
`prox proximity
`PRP potentially responsible party,
`purpose
`prs pairs
`Prscg processing
`prt particle
`PRV pressure-regulating valve, pressure
`relief valve
`
`PS polystyrene
`ps pieces, power shift
`p.s.e. planed and square-edged
`psf pounds per square foot
`psi, psig pounds per square inch
`psj planed and square-jointed
`PSP plastic sewer pipe
`Pspr painter, spray
`Psst painter, structural steel
`PT pipe thread, potential transformer,
`part, point, packed tower
`pt paint, pint, payment, port, point
`ptfe polytetrafluoroethylene
`ptg planed, tongued, and grooved
`PTN partition
`PTTU packed tower treatment unit
`PU pickup, plutonium, ultimate load
`PUD pickup and delivery
`PUR polyurethane
`pur purlins
`PVA polyvinyl acetate
`PVC polyvinyl chloride
`pvmt pavement
`pvntr preventer
`PW paper wrapped
`PWA Public Works Administration
`PWR pressurized water reaction
`pwr power
`pwred powered
`pwt pennyweight
`IPH single phase
`3PH three phase
`
`385
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`partnering
`
`l?
`
`partnering A set of collaborative processes
`(as opposed to a relationship only);
`a commitment to achieve mutually
`identified objectives between two
`(or more) organizations, based on
`cooperation, open communication,
`and heightened effectiveness through
`continuous improvement.
`partnership The joining of two or more
`individuals for a business purpose
`whereby profits and liabilities are
`shared.
`party wall A common wall between two
`living units.
`Pascal's law A principle that states that
`pressure applied to a confined fluid at
`any point is transmitted equally in all
`directions.
`pass 1. One-direction application of a
`substance, such as paint or a layer of
`shotcrete, placed in one movement
`over the field of operation. 2. A single
`progression of a welding operation
`along a joint, resulting in a weld bead.
`passage (passageway) A horizontal space
`for moving from one area of a building
`to another.
`pass door A door through the wall
`separating a stage from the auditorium.
`passenger elevator An elevator mainly
`used for people.
`passings The dimension of the overlap
`between sheets of flashing.
`
`passivate To render a material, such as a
`steel surface, inert, typically by using a
`chemical or electrochemical process.
`passive design An approach to design
`that minimizes energy consumed by
`burning fuel or using power. See also
`sustainable design.
`
`passive solar energy system A solar
`energy system that collects and
`distributes thermal energy through a
`structure via natural means, without
`using pumps or fans.
`pass-through An opening in a partition
`for passing objects between adjacent
`areas.
`
`pass-through clause Contract language
`that allows a general contractor
`to pass risk and responsibilities to
`subcontractors by reference.
`paste 1. Caulk or lime putty. 2. A
`concentrated pigment that must be
`diluted before it is applied.
`paste board See paper board.
`paste content (of concrete) Proportional
`volume of cement paste in concrete,
`mortar, or the like, expressed as volume
`percent of the entire mixture. See also
`neat cement paste.
`paste filler A filler in paste form used in
`preparing wood surfaces for painting.
`paste paint A paste-like mixture of
`pigment and solvent, usually requiring
`additional solvent for use.
`paste volume (of concrete) See paste
`content.
`pat A specimen of neat cement paste
`about 3" (76 mm) in diameter and½"
`( 13 mm) in thickness at the center,
`and tapering into a thin edge on a flat
`glass plate for indicating setting time.
`patch 1. A piece of wood or synthetic
`material used to fill defects in the plies
`of plywood. Also called a plug. 2. A
`compound used in stonemasonry to
`replace chips and broken corners or
`edges in fabricated pieces of cut stone
`or to fill natural voids. The patch is
`applied in plastic form.
`patch board (patch panel) A board
`with jacks and plugs for terminals of
`electric circuits. The circuits may be
`temporarily interconnected by patch
`cords.
`patch gun 1. A hand tool that "shoots"
`a premixed material for patching and
`repairing exterior finishes like stucco.
`2. A hand tool used to apply joint
`compound to drywall.
`patching machine A machine that cuts
`out the defect in a piece of veneer and
`replaces the defect with a solid piece of
`veneer used as a patch. The machine is
`often referred to by the brand name of
`the machine.
`
`patch panel See patch board.
`patent defect A defect present in
`materials, equipment, or completed
`work detectable by reasonably careful
`observation. A patent defect is
`distinguished from a latent defect,
`which could not be discovered by
`reasonable observation. See also latent
`defect.
`patent glazing Any of a number of
`devices, usually preformed neoprene
`gaskets, for securing glass in frames
`without putty.
`patent hammer A hammer with chisel(cid:173)
`like faces, used for dressing stone.
`patent-hammered Stonework finish
`applied to the face of building stone.
`patent knotting A solution of shellac and
`benzine or similar solvent used to seal
`knots in wood.
`patent plaster A packaged hard plaster.
`patent stone (artificial soil) Stone chips
`embedded in a binder of mortar,
`cement, or plaster. The surface may be
`ground and/or polished.
`patina Color and texture added to a
`surface as a result of oxidation or use,
`such as the green coating on copper or
`its alloys.
`patio An outdoor area, usually paved
`and sometimes shaded, adjoining a
`building.
`patten The base of a column.
`pattern 1. A plan or model to be a guide
`in making objects. 2. A form used to
`shape the interior of a mold.
`pattern cracking Fine openings on
`concrete surfaces in the form of a
`pattern, resulting from a decrease in
`volume of the material near the surface
`and/or an increase in volume of the
`material below the surface.
`
`patterned glass A type of glass used to
`control light, obscure visual detail
`for privacy, or to provide decorntive
`effects.
`
`*Re/Jrinted with the /Jermission of AACE International. Co/Jyright © 2008, by AACE International; all rights reserved.
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`permafrost
`
`p
`
`permafrost Permanently frozen soil or
`subsoil found in arctic or subarctic
`regions.
`permanent bracing Bracing that forms
`part of a structure's resistance to
`horizontal loads. Permanent bracing
`may also function as erection bracing.
`permanent form Any form that
`remains in place after the concrete
`has developed its design strength.
`A permanent form may or may
`not become an integral part of the
`structure.
`permanent load The load, including a
`dead load or any fixed load, that is
`constant through the life of a structure.
`
`permanent set Inelastic elongation or
`shortening.
`permanent shore An upright used to
`support dead loads during alterations to
`a structure and left in place.
`permeable paving Paving materials that
`allow rainwater to pass through into
`the ground to replenish the water table.
`permeability 1. The property of a material
`that permits passage of water vapor. 2.
`The property of soil which permits the
`flow of water.
`
`permeability to water, coefficient of
`The rate of discharge of water under
`laminar flow conditions through a unit
`cross-sectional area of a porous medium
`under a unit hydraulic gradient and
`standard temperature conditions,
`usually 20°C.
`permeameter An instrument to measure
`the coefficient of permeability of a soil
`sample.
`permeance The resistance, measured
`in perms, to the flow of water vapor
`through a given thickness of material.
`permit A document issued by a governing
`authority such as a building inspector
`approving specific construction.
`Among the types of permits are the
`building permit, demolition, zoning,
`grading, septic, plumbing and electrical
`permits.
`
`permit, building See building permit.
`permit, occupancy See certificate of
`occupancy.
`permit, zoning See zoning permit.
`perpend 1. A stone which extends
`completely through a wall and is
`exposed on each side of the wall. 2. A
`joint between masonry units.
`personal injury (insurance terminology)
`Protection against claims for bodily or
`character injury, or damage to one's
`reputation. This insurance protects
`against damage caused by specified
`actions of the insured. Includes false
`arrest, malicious prosecution, willful
`detention or imprisonment, libel,
`slander, defamation of character,
`wrongful eviction, invasion of privacy,
`or wrongful entry. See also bodily
`injury.
`personal property 1. Generali y, all
`property that is not real property,
`such as tangible goods including
`furniture, cars, books, and equipment,
`and intangible goods, such as money,
`notes, bonds, and stocks. 2. One of
`four categories in which assets can be
`classified.
`personal protective equipment
`(PPE) Special clothing, devices
`and equipment worn by workers
`for protection against documented
`or potential site hazards. Examples
`include respirators and eye, ear and
`skin protection. See also level A-D
`clothing.
`perspective 1. The technique of preparing
`a perspective drawing. 2. The
`appearance of objects in depth.
`
`perspective center A point of origin or
`termination of perspective rays used in
`preparing a perspective drawing.
`perspective drawing A three-dimensional
`graphic presentment of a project (or
`part of a project).
`PERT (project evaluation and review
`technique) Along with CPM, PERT is
`a probabilistic technique for planning
`and evaluating progress of complex
`
`programs. Attempts to determine
`the time required to complete each
`element in terms of pessimistic,
`optimistic, and best-guess estimates. *
`
`pervious cesspool A tank in the ground
`which receives domestic sewage or
`other organic wastes. The walls and
`floor of the tank are designed to permit
`the liquids to seep through to the soil.
`
`pervious soil A soil that allows relatively
`free passage of water.
`pessimistic time estimate The maximum
`time required for an activity under
`adverse conditions. It is generally
`held that an activity would have no
`more than one chance in a hundred of
`exceeding this amount of time. *
`petcock A small valve installed on
`equipment or piping for drainage of
`liquids or air.
`
`o6
`
`petcock
`
`petrifying liquid A penetrating solution
`used for waterproofing masonry
`surfaces.
`petrography The branch of petrology
`dealing with description and systematic
`classification of rocks, aside from their
`geologic relations, mainly by laboratory
`methods, largely chemical and
`microscopical. Also, loosely referred to
`as petrology or lithology.
`petroleum asphalt Asphalt refined
`directly from petroleum, as opposed to
`asphalt from natural deposits.
`petroleum hydrocarbon Petroleum
`products are complex mixtures of
`hydrocarbon compounds, ranging from
`light, volatile, compounds to heavy,
`long-chained, branched compounds.
`The composition of petroleum
`hydrocarbons varies depending upon
`the source of the crude oil and the
`refining practices used. A number
`
`'''Reprinted with the pennission of AACE International. Copyright© 2008, by MCE International; all rights reserved.
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`of solvents are refined from cured
`petroleum and used to lower the
`viscosity of oils and resins.
`petroleum oil A refined spray oil made
`from a flammable hydrocarbon-based
`mixture found beneath the earth's
`surface. Petroleum oils are categorized
`as unsaturates, aromatics, naphthenes,
`and paraffins.
`petroleum spirit A thinner, for paints
`and varnishes, having a low-aromatic
`hydrocarbon content, obtained in
`petroleum distillation.
`petrology The science of rocks,
`dealing with their origin, structure,
`composition, etc., from all aspects and
`in all relations. See also petrography.
`pew A bench-like seat used in a church.
`p-grade Molding stock intended to
`be covered with opaque finishes or
`overlays. P-grade stock can be finger(cid:173)
`jointed and/or edge-glued.
`pH A measure of hydrogen ion
`concentration expressed as an
`exponential number used to determine
`the relative acidity or alkalinity of a
`liquid.
`phantom line A broken line, usually fine,
`with alternating long and short dashes,
`in order to show details.
`phase A major period in the life of
`an asset or project. A phase may
`encompass several stages.
`phase converter An electrical device that
`converts single-phase power to the
`smooth, continuous and universally
`adaptable three-phase power.
`phased application The installation of
`built-up roofing plies in two or more
`applications, usually at least one day
`apart.
`phased construction Implies that
`construction of a facility or system
`or subsystem commences before
`final design is complete. Phased
`construction is used in order to achieve
`beneficial use at an advanced date. *
`
`phasing Working on a construction
`project in parts and at specified
`intervals. Usually phasing is required
`when construction activity is not
`permitted at certain locations or on
`particular dates during the project.
`phenol A product of the petroleum
`industry used in the production of
`phenolic resin, epoxy resins, plasters,
`and exterior plywood glue. Phenol is
`made from benzene. It exists naturally
`in coal tar and wood tar. However,
`phenol from these sources is rarely used
`in the production of glue.
`