( 12 ) United States Patent
`Girard et al .
`
`( 10 ) Patent No . : US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
`( 45 ) Date of Patent :
`Apr . 30 , 2019
`
`US010275950B2
`
`( * ) Notice :
`
`( 54 ) AVIONICS SYSTEM ADAPTED FOR
`EMPLOYING SMARTPHONE TO
`INPUT - OUTPUT FLIGHT DATA
`( 71 ) Applicant : BELL HELICOPTER TEXTRON
`INC . , Fort Worth , TX ( US )
`( 72 ) Inventors : William D . Girard , Euless , TX ( US ) ;
`Brian E . Tucker , Fort Worth , TX ( US )
`( 73 ) Assignee : Bell Helicopter Textron Inc . , Fort
`Worth , TX ( US )
`Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 202 days .
`( 21 ) Appl . No . : 13 / 951 , 900
`( 22 ) Filed :
`Jul . 26 , 2013
`Prior Publication Data
`( 65 )
`US 2015 / 0032296 A1 Jan . 29 , 2015
`Int . CI .
`( 2006 . 01 )
`G07C 5 / 00
`U . S . CI .
`G07C 5 / 008 ( 2013 . 01 )
`CPC
`Field of Classification Search
`CPC . . . HO4L 67 / 12 ; H04L 67 / 06 ; H04L 29 / 08558 ;
`H04L 67 / 14 ; H04L 67 / 18 ; H04L 67 / 325
`USPC . . . . . . . . . . 701 / 3 , 14 , 120 , 10 , 100 , 123 , 2 , 29 . 1
`See application file for complete search history .
`References Cited
`U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
`6 , 148 , 179 A
`* 11 / 2000 Wright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GO8G 5 / 0013
`340 / 531
`6 , 408 , 259 B1 *
`6 / 2002 Goebel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B64D 43 / 00
`701 / 100
`
`( 51 )
`
`( 52 )
`
`( 58 )
`
`( 56 )
`
`7 / 2010 Rui . . . . .
`7 , 755 , 890 B2 *
`B64D 43 / 00
`348 / 837
`8 / 2010 Lusardi
`7 , 769 , 501 B2 *
`G01C 23 / 00
`340 / 945
`8 , 280 , 741 B2 * 10 / 2012 Colin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GO8G 5 / 0013
`704 / 231
`8 , 364 , 328 B2
`1 / 2013 Hedrick
`9 / 2002 Keeble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G02B 6 / 4201
`2002 / 0131730 A1 *
`385 / 92
`2002 / 0140574 A1 * 10 / 2002 Starkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B60C 23 / 0413
`340 / 870 . 16
`2004 / 0148088 A1 *
`7 / 2004 Davis
`G07C 5 / 008
`701 / 123
`2005 / 0026609 A1 *
`2 / 2005 Brinkley
`GO6F 8 / 61
`kley . . . . . . . . . . .
`455 / 431
`2007 / 0236366 A1 * 10 / 2007 Gur .
`G06K 9 / 00
`340 / 945
`2007 / 0264953 Al * 11 / 2007 Srinivasan . . . . . . . . . . . . H04L 67 / 06
`455 / 186 . 1
`2008 / 0228330 A1 *
`9 / 2008 Srinivasan . . . . . . . . . . . . G01C 23 / 00
`701 / 3
`2009 / 0220929 A1 *
`9 / 2009 Daniel
`GO9B 9 / 00
`434 / 362
`( Continued )
`Primary Examiner — Redhwan K Mawari
`( 74 ) Attorney , Agent , or Firm — James E . Walton
`ABSTRACT
`( 57 )
`A system and method configured to monitor aircraft flight
`performance data . The system includes a wireless transmit
`ter in data communication with an avionics system of the
`aircraft , a portable wireless transceiver associated with the
`wireless transmitter , and a wireless database associated with
`the wireless transmitter . The method includes sensing flight
`performance data with the sensor , transmitting sensed flight
`performance data to the wireless transmitter , wirelessly
`transmitting the sensed flight performance data to the wire
`less database , and monitoring flight performance data with
`a display operably associated with the wireless database .
`16 Claims , 2 Drawing Sheets
`
`. . . . . . . . . .
`
`r 301
`
`311
`
`AIRCRAFT
`
`313 7 , ) ) ) +
`
`DATA
`
`SENSOR
`
`AVIONICS
`
`TRANSMITTER
`
`DATA & ID
`
`( ( ( , ) ) )
`TRANSCEIVER
`
`310
`
`- 309
`
`303
`
`- 305
`
`DATABASE
`
`COMPUTER
`
`315
`
`DJI-1001
`IPR2023-01106
`
`

`

`US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
`Page 2
`
`( 56 )
`
`References Cited
`U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
`2010 / 0105329 A1 *
`4 / 2010 Durand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G06F 1 / 1632
`455 / 41 . 2
`2011 / 0241902 A1 *
`10 / 2011 Shavit
`GO8G 5 / 0026
`340 / 978
`2011 / 0313645 A1 *
`12 / 2011 Shukla . . .
`GO8G 5 / 065
`701 / 120
`2012 / 0053777 A1 *
`3 / 2012 Meisels . . . . .
`G07C 5 / 006
`701 / 29 . 1
`2012 / 0265372 A1 * 10 / 2012 Hedrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H04L 67 / 36
`701 / 3
`2013 / 0141572 A1 * 6 / 2013 Torres . . . . . . . . . . . . . H04N 7 / 185
`348 / 143
`2015 / 0032296 A1 *
`1 / 2015 Girard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G07C 5 / 008
`701 / 3
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Apr . 30 , 2019
`
`Sheet 1 of 2
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`US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
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`101
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`. . . . .
`1 ww
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`. . . . . . . . . .
`
`. .
`w wwwwwwwwww
`
`wwwwwwwwwwwwww
`
`w wwwwww ww .
`
`. .
`
`— 105
`
`107
`
`103
`
`.
`
`.
`
`. .
`
`. . . . . . . .
`
`. .
`
`.
`
`201
`
`219a
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`213a -
`
`213a -
`220a -
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`220a
`
`. . . . . . .
`
`FIG . 1
`
`2
`
`216a
`- 215a
`216b
`
`~
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`2196
`213b
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`220b
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`2156
`
`FIG . 2
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`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Apr . 30 , 2019
`
`Sheet 2 of 2
`
`US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
`
`( ( (
`
`S 301
`
`DATA & ID
`
`COMPUTER
`
`315
`
`FIG . 3
`
`307
`
`305
`
`- 303
`
`309
`
`10
`
`DATABASE
`TRANSCEIVER
`TRANSMITTER
`AVIONICS
`SENSOR
`
`( ( ( ) ) )
`
`DATA
`3137 . )
`
`3
`
`311
`
`7
`
`AIRCRAFT
`
`

`

`US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
`
`routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art
`AVIONICS SYSTEM ADAPTED FOR
`having the benefit of this disclosure .
`EMPLOYING SMARTPHONE TO
`The system of the present application overcomes prob
`INPUT - OUTPUT FLIGHT DATA
`lems commonly associated with conventional avionic sys
`BACKGROUND
`5 tems and methods . Specifically , the system includes a trans
`mitter that wirelessly transmits flight performance data from
`the aircraft avionics system to a wireless database . Further ,
`1 . Field of the Invention
`the system includes a portable wireless transceiver that
`The present application relates generally to aircraft avi
`receives and transmits flight performance data and / or pilot
`onics systems .
`10 information associated with the flight performance data to
`2 . Description of Related Art
`the wireless database . The system provides rapid and effec
`Aircraft avionics systems are well known in the art for
`tive means to monitor the flight performance of the aircraft ,
`control aircraft maneuverability . Prior to flight , the avionics
`and to provide monitoring and training of the pilot . The
`systems are typically manually programmed with flight
`system is also adapted to upload flight planning information
`planning information . The manual process results in signifi - 15 to the avionics system of the aircraft . Further detailed
`cant downtime , and in some scenarios , can result in mistakes
`description of these features are provided below and illus
`due to incorrect input .
`trated in the accompanying drawings .
`Conventional avionics systems can also be utilized to
`The system and method of the present application will be
`understood , both as to its structure and operation , from the
`display and store flight performance information of the
`aircraft during flight . The information is useful for moni - 20 accompanying drawings , taken in conjunction with the
`toring the aircraft performance , to assist with maintenance ,
`accompanying description . Several embodiments of the sys
`tem
`are presented herein . It should be understood that
`and to provide feedback during pilot training .
`Although the foregoing developments in the above - de
`various components , parts , and features of the different
`scribed system and method represent great strides , many
`embodiments may be combined together and / or inter
`shortcomings remain .
`25 changed with one another , all of which are within the scope
`of the present application , even though not all variations and
`particular embodiments are shown in the drawings . It should
`DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`also be understood that the mixing and matching of features ,
`The novel features believed characteristic of the embodi
`elements , and / or functions between various embodiments is
`ments of the present application are set forth in the appended 30 expressly contemplated herein so that one of ordinary skill
`claims . However , the embodiments themselves , as well as a
`in the art would appreciate from this disclosure that the
`preferred mode of use , and further objectives and advantages
`features , elements , and / or functions of one embodiment may
`thereof , will best be understood by reference to the follow
`be incorporated into another embodiment as appropriate ,
`ing detailed description when read in conjunction with the
`unless described otherwise .
`Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference
`accompanying drawings , wherein :
`FIG . 1 is a side view of a helicopter according to a
`characters identify corresponding or similar elements
`throughout the several views , FIG . 1 depicts an aircraft 101
`preferred embodiment of the present application ;
`FIG . 2 is a perspective view of a tiltrotor aircraft accord -
`in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present
`ing to an alternative embodiment of the present application ;
`application . In the exemplary embodiment , aircraft 101 is a
`40 helicopter having a fuselage 103 and a rotor system 105
`and
`FIG . 3 is a simplified schematic of the fight performance
`carried thereon . A plurality of rotor blades 107 is operably
`associated with rotor system 105 for creating flight .
`monitoring , analysis , and feedback system in accordance
`with the preferred embodiment of the present application .
`Although shown associated with a helicopter , it will be
`While the system and method of the present application is
`appreciated that the system of the present application could
`susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms , 45 also be utilized with different types of rotary aircraft and
`specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of
`vehicles . For example , FIG . 2 illustrates a tiltrotor aircraft
`example in the drawings and are herein described in detail .
`201 that utilizes the damper system in accordance with the
`It should be understood , however , that the description herein
`present application .
`of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the inven -
`Tiltrotor aircraft 201 includes rotor assemblies 213a and
`tion to the particular embodiment disclosed , but on the 50 213b that are carried by wings 215a and 215b , and are
`contrary , the intention is to cover all modifications , equiva -
`disposed at end portions 2160 and 216b of wings 215a and
`lents , and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of
`215b , respectively . Tilt rotor assemblies 213a and 2136
`the process of the present application as defined by the
`include nacelles 220a and 220b , which carry the engines and
`transmissions of tilt rotor aircraft 201 , as well as , rotor
`appended claims .
`55 proprotors 219a and 2196 on forward ends 221a and 221b
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`of tilt rotor assemblies 213a and 213b , respectively . Tilt
`rotor assemblies 213a and 213b move or rotate relative to
`PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
`wing members 215a and 215b between a helicopter mode in
`which tilt rotor assemblies 213a and 213b are tilted upward ,
`Illustrative embodiments of the apparatus and method are
`provided below . It will of course be appreciated that in the 60 such that tilt rotor aircraft 201 flies like a conventional
`development of any actual embodiment , numerous imple -
`helicopter ; and an airplane mode in which tilt rotor assem
`mentation - specific decisions will be made to achieve the
`blies 213a and 213b are tilted forward , such that tilt rotor
`developer ' s specific goals , such as compliance with system -
`aircraft 201 flies like a conventional propeller driven air
`related and business - related constraints , which will vary
`craft .
`from one implementation to another . Moreover , it will be 65
`FIG . 3 shows a simplified schematic of system 301
`appreciated that such a development effort might be com -
`according to the preferred embodiment of the present appli
`plex and time - consuming , but would nevertheless be a
`cation . System 301 preferably includes one or more of a
`
`35
`
`

`

`US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
`
`It is also contemplated utilizing system 301 to upload
`transmitter 303 , a transceiver 305 , and a database 307 . It will
`flight planning data to avionics system 309 . For example , a
`be appreciated that the features of system 301 discussed
`user can enter flight planning on transceiver 305 and / or other
`herein are hereby incorporated in aircraft 101 , 201 , and other
`devices in communication with transmitter 303 . The use can
`similarly suitable aircraft and / or vehicles .
`either wirelessly transmit the flight planning data to trans
`Transmitter 303 is in data communication with an avion - 5
`mitter 303 or connect transmitter 303 directly to transceiver
`ics system 309 associated with aircraft 311 . During opera -
`305 and then thereafter connect transmitter 303 directly to
`tion , a sensor 310 associated with avionics system 309
`avionics system 309 . The user can then upload the flight
`senses performance data of aircraft 311 during flight , which
`planning information to avionics system 309 . It will be
`in turn is received , stored , and transmitted to transceiver
`305 .
`10 appreciated that this process eliminates the need to manually
`enter flight planning information on avionics system 309 ,
`In the preferred embodiment , transmitter 303 is a Secure
`which commonly results in entry error .
`Digital ( SD ) or a non - volatile memory card that is config -
`It will be appreciated that system 301 provides the nec
`ured to receive , store , and / or transmit data to and from
`e ssary link to facilitate the automatic download and / or
`avionics system 309 . To facilitate transmission , transmitter
`303 includes a wireless device 313 configured to transmit 15 upload of data to onboard avionics , without the need for
`data to and from transceiver 305 . It will be appreciated that
`specialized and dedicated onboard hardware . Also , the
`transmitter 303 could also be configured to fit within trans
`method of utilizing system 301 eliminates errors that can be
`ceiver 305 , e . g . , a mini SD card fitted within a smartphone
`caused by manual entry of flight planning information .
`It will also be appreciated that the wireless connectivity
`and / or portable tablet .
`In the contemplated embodiment , transceiver 305 is a
`20 discussed herein alleviates the need to remove / replace
`portable smartphone and / or tablet configured to receive data
`memory cards often , allows for easier integration with
`from transmitter 313 and relay the data to database 307 .
`online / internet analysis solutions , improves user experience
`Transceiver 305 is also contemplated having a touch or
`by integrating common devices into the solution . Another
`voice key entry feature that enables a user to enter infor -
`advantage of system 301 is that it uses non - aviation / off
`mation to be relayed to avionics system 309 and / or database 25 board communication devices , e . g . , transmitter 305 and
`307 . For example , the pilot identification information asso -
`computer 315 , as the primary method , which allows for
`ciated with the flight performance data can be sent together
`easier upgrades / improvements in hardware and software , as
`minimal qualification are required . Since the wireless com
`to database 307 .
`Database 307 is configured to store data from transmitter
`m
`unications is occurring through a standardized and con
`303 and can be operably associated with a computer 315 for 30 trolled interface , e . g . , writing data to transmitter 303 , the
`viewing and analysis of the data via a computer display ( not
`onboard system is protected from malicious attacks to
`shown ) . In an alternative embodiment , database 307 could
`hardware through the wireless interface . The method also
`be adapted to send and receive data directly from transmitter
`allows the data to be associated with the pilot / user via the
`303 , thereby eliminating the need for transceiver 305 . It will
`transceiver 305 identity , removing the need for additional
`be appreciated that database 307 could be configured to
`35 log - in and improve security with individual , unique pilot ID
`automatically populate aircraft and pilot logbooks with data
`information .
`received from the aircraft , e . g . , flight hours , landings , and so
`In an alternative embodiment , it is contemplated utilizing
`forth . Conventional methods include the process of manu -
`a cable as means for data communication between transmit
`ally keeping the logbooks , and the above method would
`ter 303 and avionics system 309 . This embodiment could be
`reduce the record - keeping burden and reduce the manual 40 utilized in aircraft that does not include ports for transmitter
`303 , e . g . , a SD card port .
`entry errors .
`One feature believed unique to the present application is
`Utilizing system 301 as a training exercise is another
`utilizing wireless means to transfer secured information
`contemplated method of use . For example , after flight , the
`from avionics system 309 to database 307 . This process is
`flight performance information is sent to database 307 by
`achieved enables rapid and efficient means to convey data 45 one or more means discussed above , then thereafter
`with little to no flight downtime . It should be understood that
`reviewed by a flight instructor . Thereafter , the flight instruc
`there are many different means of wireless communications
`tor can provide feedback based upon the flight performance
`that are contemplated , including , but not limited to , radio
`data . It should be appreciated that one advantage of this
`waves such as Bluetooth technology , cellular , Wi - Fi , Near
`method is to protect the privacy of the pilot ' s data so that
`Field Communication , and so forth . It is contemplated 50 only the instructor has access in lieu of multiple pilots
`utilizing short - range wireless communication from transmit -
`having access . Confidentiality is often a requirement for
`ter 303 to transceiver 305 and utilizing long - range commu
`many of the flight data monitoring programs normally
`imposed by pilot unions .
`nication from transceiver 305 to database 307 .
`In one contemplated method of utilizing system 301 ,
`In one contemplated embodiment , computer 315 and
`transmitter 303 , with wireless communication capabilities , 55 transceiver 305 can be configured to communication directly
`is inserted into the avionics system 309 prior to flight . Data ,
`with each other to provide feedback via automated rules . For
`such as flight performance data , is written to transmitter 303
`example , computer 315 can process the data stored in
`during flight , and once the flight is over , the user can then
`database 307 and then transmit the analysis directly to the
`download the data directly to transceiver 305 or command
`pilot on transceiver 305 . This could take the form of
`the data to be sent directly to database 307 , e . g , internet 60 individual events , e . g . , " at 07 : 45 , you conducted a banked
`share or network . Once received by database 307 , the user
`turn of more than 30 degrees ” , and / or through use of a
`can analyze the data using third party software via computer
`scoring system such as a safety score , e . g . , “ Your Safety
`Score for this flight was an A ; no negative conditions were
`315 .
`In an alternative method , transmitter 303 could be con -
`found . ”
`It is apparent that a system and method with significant
`figured to facilitate automatic download of flight perfor - 65
`mance data to either transceiver 305 and / or database 307
`advantages has been described and illustrated . The particular
`embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only , as the
`after flight .
`
`

`

`US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
`
`15
`
`25
`
`embodiments may be modified and practiced in different but
`equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art
`having the benefit of the teachings herein . It is therefore
`evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above
`may be altered or modified , and all such variations are 5
`considered within the scope and spirit of the application .
`Accordingly , the protection sought herein is as set forth in
`the description . Although the present embodiments are
`shown above , they are not limited to just these embodi
`ments , but are amenable to various changes and modifica - 10
`tions without departing from the spirit thereof .
`What is claimed is :
`1 . An aircraft , comprising :
`a sensor configured to sense flight performance of the
`aircraft during flight ;
`an avionics system associated with the sensor , the avion
`ics system comprising :
`a memory card interface ;
`a database in data communication with the sensor and the
`avionics system , the database being configured to store 20
`information relating to a pilot flying the aircraft during
`flight and the flight performance of the aircraft during
`flight ;
`a wireless transmitter having memory , the wireless trans
`mitter in data communication with the avionics system
`and the database , the wireless transmitter comprising a
`non - volatile memory card coupled to the memory card
`interface of the avionics system , and
`a transceiver comprising an input device , the transceiver
`having a transceiver identity associated with pilot iden - 30
`tification information , the transceiver being configured
`for receiving information relating to sensed flight per
`formance from the wireless transmitter , for associating
`the thus received information with the pilot identifica -
`tion information associated with the transceiver iden - 35
`tity , and for transmitting the received information with
`the thus associated pilot identification information to
`the database ;
`wherein the transceiver is a wireless transceiver in data
`communication with the wireless transmitter ;
`wherein the wireless transceiver is configured to wire -
`lessly receive and transmit aircraft flight performance
`data to the database ;
`wherein the stored sensed flight performance is only
`accessible with the associated pilot identification infor - 45
`mation ;
`wherein the avionics system is configured to monitor
`aircraft flight performance data from the sensor ; and
`wherein the pilot identification information is entered
`directly into the input device of the transceiver .
`2 . The aircraft of claim
`1 , wherein the transceiver is
`portable .
`3 . The aircraft of claim 2 , wherein the transceiver is a
`smartphone .
`4 . The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the transceiver is 55
`configured to upload data to the avionics system via the
`wireless transmitter .
`5 . The aircraft of claim 4 , wherein the uploaded data is a
`flight planning data .
`6 . The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the wireless transmitter 60
`removably attaches to the wireless transceiver .
`7 . The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the wireless transmitter
`removably attaches to the avionics system , the non - volatile
`memory card being an SD card .
`8 . The aircraft of claim
`1 , wherein the transceiver is 65
`configured to receive and store aircraft flight performance
`data .
`
`40
`
`50
`
`9 . An aircraft flight performance monitoring system ,
`comprising :
`a wireless transmitter having memory , the wireless trans
`mitter in data communication with an avionics system
`of an aircraft , the avionics system comprising a
`memory card interface and the wireless transmitter
`comprising a non - volatile memory card coupled to the
`memory card interface of the avionics system ;
`a database in data communication with the avionics
`system , the database being configured to store infor
`mation relating to a pilot flying the aircraft during flight
`and flight performance of the aircraft during flight ;
`a transceiver comprising an input device ; the transceiver
`having a transceiver identity associated with pilot iden
`tification information , the transceiver being configured
`for receiving information relating to sensed flight per
`formance from the wireless transmitter , for associating
`the thus received information with the pilot identifica
`tion information associated with the transceiver iden
`tity , and for transmitting the received information with
`the thus associated pilot identification information to
`the database ;
`wherein the stored sensed flight performance is only
`accessible with the associated pilot identification infor
`mation ;
`wherein the wireless transmitter is configured to receive
`and transmit flight performance data from the avionics
`system to the transceiver , which in turn is transmitted
`to the database ; and
`wherein the pilot identification information is entered
`directly into the input device of the transceiver .
`10 . The system of claim
`9 , wherein the wireless trans
`mitter removably attaches to the avionics system .
`11 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the transceiver is
`configured to wirelessly receive information from the wire
`less transmitter .
`12 . The system of claim 9 , wherein the transceiver is a
`smartphone .
`13 . A method to monitor aircraft flight performance data ,
`comprising :
`providing an avionics system comprising :
`a sensor for sensing flight performance data ; and
`a memory card interface ;
`sensing flight performance data with the sensor ;
`providing a wireless transmitter comprising :
`memory ; and
`a non - volatile memory card configured for coupling to
`the memory card interface of the avionics system ;
`transmitting the sensed flight performance data to a trans
`ceiver having a transceiver identity associated with
`pilot identification information ;
`entering the pilot identification information directly on the
`transceiver ;
`associating , by the transceiver , the sensed flight perfor
`mance data received from the wireless transmitter with
`the pilot identification information associated with the
`transceiver identity ;
`transmitting , by the transceiver , the received sensed flight
`performance data with the associated pilot identifica
`tion information to a database ; and
`allowing access to the received sensed flight performance
`data only with the associated pilot identification infor
`mation .
`14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the transmitting by
`the transceiver of the associated sensed flight performance
`data and pilot identification information includes wirelessly
`
`

`

`US 10 , 275 , 950 B2
`transmitting the associated sensed flight performance data
`and pilot identification information to the database .
`15 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising :
`removably attaching the wireless transmitter to the trans
`ceiver .
`16 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the non - volatile
`memory card is an SD card .
`
`5
`
`