IPR2023-01107
`
`DJI-1020
`
`DJI-1020
`IPR2023-01107
`
`

`

`IEEE Std 100-1992
`
`The New IEEE Standard Dictionary
`of Electrical and Electronics Terms
`[Including Abstracts of All Current IEEE Standards]
`
`‘Fifth Edition
`
`Gediminas P. Kurpis, Chair
`
`Christopher J. Booth; Editor
`
`

`

`
`
`The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA
`
`
`
`Copyright © 1993 by the
`Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`All rights reserved. Published 1993
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`ISBN 1-55937-240-0
`
`No partof this publication. may be reproduced in any form,
`in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`January 15, 1993
`
`SH15594
`
`

`

`IEEE Standards documentsare developed within the Technical Com-
`mittees of the IEEE Societies, the accredited committees of the Institute,
`and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board.
`Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation.
`They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards devel-
`oped within IEEE represent a consensusof the broad expertise on the sub-
`ject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that
`have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the stan-
`dard.
`Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE
`Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce,test, mea-
`sure, purchase, market, or provide other goods andservices related to the
`scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the
`time a standard is approved andissued is subject to change brought about
`through developments in the state of the art and comments received from
`users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least
`every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a documentis more
`thanfive years old and has not been reaffirmed,it is reasonable to conclude
`that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the
`present state ofthe art. Users are cautioned to check to determinethat they
`havethe latest edition of any IEEE Standard.
`Commentsfor revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any inter-
`ested party, regardless of membership affiliation: with IEEE. Suggestions
`for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed changeof
`text, together with appropriate supporting comments.
`Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning
`of portions of standards ‘as they relate to specific applications. When the
`need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE,the Institute
`will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards
`represent a consensusof all concerned interests, it is important to ensure
`that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of
`interests. For this reason IEEE and the membersofits technical commit-
`tees are not able to provide an:instant response to interpretation requests
`except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal con-
`sideration.
`:
`Shot
`Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be
`addressedto:
`
`Secretary, IEEE Standards Board
`445 Hoes Lane
`P.O. Box 1331
`Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331
`USA
`
`
`IEEEStandards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical
`and Electronics Engineers without regard to whethertheir adoption may
`involve patents on articles, materials, or processes. Such adoption. does
`not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor doesit assume any
`obligation whatever to parties adopting the standards documents.
`
`

`

`Foreword
`
`From their earliest years, both the American Institute of Electrical Engineering
`(AIEE) (1884) and the Institute of Radio Ergineers (IRE) (1912) published stan-
`dards defining technical terms. They have maintained this practice since they
`were combined in 1963 to becomethe IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
`Engineers).
`In 1928, the AIEE organized Sectional Committee C42 on Definitionsof Electri-
`cal Termis under the procedures of the American Standards Association, now the
`American National Standards Institute. In 1941, AIEE publishedits first edition
`of American Standard Definitions of Electrical Terms in a single volume. However,
`by the time a second edition was ready, the highly accelerated developmentof new
`terms madeit impracticable to publish in a single volume, and 17 separate docu-
`ments, each limited to a specific field, were published from 1956 to 1959.
`Overthe years, IRE published a large nurnberof standardsthat either included
`definitions or were devoted entirely to defirxitions. In 1961, it published all of its
`then-approved definitions in an alphabetically arranged single volume.
`The 1972, 1977, 1984, and 1988 editions of the IEEE Standard Dictionary of
`Electrical and Electronics Terms: included:all terms and definitions that had been
`standardized previously by IEEE, as well as many from American National Stan-
`dards and the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. This edition adds
`definitions from IEEE standards published since the 1988 edition, up to those
`approved in December of 1991.
`:
`This edition of IEEE Std 100-1992, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electri-
`cal and Electronics Terms, represents an evolution in our conception of the
`Dictionary andits place in our time.and in relation to the directions that electro-
`technology is heading. This is the first edition of the dictionary to be produced
`using desk-top publishing technology and in-house. Forthefirst time, this invalu-
`able compendium is in a single electronic database, and we are planning new
`products that will take advantage of the possibilities that this allows. The inclu-
`sion of abstracts of all current IEEE standards enhances the usefulness of the
`Dictionary to the standards-writing: commuinity:and to industry as a whole. We
`have taken thefirst step toward eliminating the need for the Sources section at
`the back of the Dictionary: only those definitions from sources other than IEEE
`standardsare listed; the numberof the originating IEEE standardis given at the
`endof the definition. The Acronyms and Abbreviations section is much reduced in
`size from that of the previous edition, and represents a rethinking of the entire
`section. Obsolete and irrelevant terms have been eliminated.
`The sponsoring body for this document was Standards Coordinating Committee
`10 on Definitions (SCC10), which consisted of the following members:
`
`D. C. Azbill
`Robert M. Blasewitz
`F. A. Denbrock
`D, N. Heirman
`John W. Horch
`M. R. Kincaid
`J. L. Koepfinger
`A. H. Meitzler
`
`Gedi Kurpis, Chair
`
`Marco W. Migliaro
`H. W. Mikulecky
`Frank D. Myers
`J. W. Radatz
`H. E. Reymers
`David E. Roberts
`F. A. Saal
`
`M. S. Sachdev
`R. M. Showers
`Thomas R. Smith
`F. M. Stepniak
`K. L. Swinth
`Leonard W. Thomas, Sr.
`R. S. Turgel
`Edward F. Vance
`
`

`

`When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on September 17,
`1992, it had the following membership:
`
`Donald C. Loughry,Vice Chair
`Marco W. Migliaro, Chair
`Andrew G. Salem, Secretary
`Donald N. Heirman
`Ben C. Johnson
`Walter J. Karplus
`Ivor N. Knight
`Joseph Koepfinger*
`Irving Kolodny
`D. N. “Jim” Logothetis
`LawrenceV. McCall
`
`T. Don Michael*
`John L. Rankine
`Wallace S. Read
`Ronald H. Reimer
`Gary S. Robinson
`Martin V. Schneider
`Terrance R. Whittemore
`Donald W. Zipse
`
`Dennis Bodson
`PaulL. Borrill
`Clyde Camp
`Donald C. Fleckenstein
`Jay Forster*
`David F. Franklin
`Ramiro Garcia
`Thomas L. Hannan
`*Member Emeritus
`
`Also included are the following nonvoting IKEE Standards Board liaisons:
`Satish K. Aggarwal
`James Beall::
`Richard B. Engelman
`David E. Soffrin
`Stanley Warshaw
`
`

`

`

`

`Howto Use This Dictionary
`
`The terms defined in this dictionary are listed in alphabetical order. Following
`each definition are numbers giving the source from which the definition was
`derived. If the number is unbracketed,it is the number designation of the IEEE
`standard from which the definition originated; if the numberis bracketed,it refers
`to the sources given in the Sources section at the back of the book. For further
`information on IEEE standards, the Abstracts section provides the abstracts for
`IEEE standards available at this document's press-time. The very last section of
`the New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms provides a
`list, in alphanumeric order, of acronymsand abbreviations in use in the fields of
`electrical and electronics engineering.
`
`

`

`

`

`data bank.(A) A collection of data libraries. Note:
`A record contains one or more items, a file
`contains one or more records,
`a_
`library
`contains one or more files, and a data bank
`contains one or morelibraries. (B} A collection
`of data relating to a particular subject area.
`Note: The data may or may not be machine-
`readable.
`610.5-1990
`
`database (data management) (software). (A) A
`collection of
`logically related data stored
`together in one or more computerized files.
`Note: Each data item is identified by one or
`more keys. See also: database management
`system.
`610,5-1990, 610.12-1990
`(B)} In CODASYL,the collection of all the record
`occurrences,
`set occurrences,
`and areas
`controlled by a specific schema.
`610.5-1990
`database access method. A technique for
`organizing and storing a physical.database in
`computer storage.
`610.5-1990
`database administration (DBA). The responsi- ~
`bility for the definition, operation, protection,
`performance, and recovery of a: database.
`610.5-1990
`
`icientifies a record in that database.
`
`610.5-1990
`
`system (DBMS). A
`database management
`computer system involving hardware, software,
`Gr both that provides a systematic approach to
`Creating,
`storing,
`retrieving and processing
`iziformation stored in a database. A DBMSacts
`&s an interface between computers’ programs
`anddata files as well as between users and the
`Clatabase.
`It may include backup/recovery,
`checkpoint processing,
`and ad-hoc query
`Capability.
`610.5-1990
`database manipulation language (DBML). See:
`data manipulation language.
`610.5-1990
`database organization. The manner in which a
`Catabase is structured; for example, a hierar-
`Chical organization, a relational organization.
`See also: reorganization.
`610.5-1990
`database record.
`(A) A collection of data ele-
`nents that are stored in a database. (B) A col-
`lection of..hierarchically dependent segments
`(one root and all its descendants) within a hier-
`archical database. See also: record.
`610.5-1990
`
`individual
`database administrator (DBA). An’
`whois responsible for the definition, operation,
`protection, performance, and recovery: of a
`database. See also: data administrator.
`610.5-1990
`
`*-:
`
`(DBCL). A
`language
`command
`database
`procedural data manipulation language used
`to access a database through a database
`management system.
`610.5-1990
`database creation. The process of naming,
`allocating space, formatting, and: defining: a
`database. See also:
`database ‘definition;
`database design.
`610.5-1990
`database definition. (A) The process of translat-
`ing a conceptual schema for a database into a
`data storage schema. See also: database cre-
`ation; database design; redefinition. (B) The
`result of such a translation.
`610.5-1990
`
`database description language (DBDL). See:
`data definition language.
`610.5-1990
`database design. (A) The process of developing a
`conceptual schema for a database that will
`meet a user's requirements. See also: database
`creation; database definition. Syn:
`imple-
`mentation design. (B) The result of the pro-
`cessin (A).
`610.5-1990
`database extract. A file, each record of which
`contains data items selected from a database
`based on a particular criterion.
`610.5-1990
`database integrity. The degree to which the
`data in a database are current, consistent and
`
`database reorganization. See: reorganization.
`610.5-1990
`
`database. security. The degree to which a data-
`base is protected from exposure to accidental
`or malicious alteration or destruction. See also:
`data security; database integrity.610,5-1990
`database segment. See: segment.
`610.5-1990
`database sublanguage. See: data sublanguage.
`:
`610.5-1990
`
`database: system. A software system that sup-
`Ports. multiple applications using a common
`database.
`610.5-1990
`
`Database Task Group (DBTG). A task group of
`the CODASYL Programming Language Com-
`mittee that established a set of standards for
`specification and design of network database
`structures. See also: CODASYL database.
`610.5-1990
`
`data block. See: block.
`
`610.5-1990
`
`data-break. See: direct memory access.
`610.5-1990
`
`data breakpoint. A breakpoint that is initiated
`when a specified data item is accessed. Syn:
`Storage breakpoint. Contrast with: code
`breakpoint. See also: dynamic breakpoint;
`epilog breakpoint; programmable break-
`point; prolog breakpoint; static breakpoint.
`610.12-1990
`
`data broadcall. An operation wherein participat-
`ing slaves capture the data that are placed on
`
`