(12) United States Patent
`Kekic et al.
`
`USOO6272537B1
`(10) Patent No.:
`US 6,272,537 B1
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`(54) METHOD FOR BUILDING ELEMENT
`MANAGER FOR A COMPUTER NETWORK
`ELEMENT USING A VISUAL ELEMENT
`MANAGER BUILDER PROCESS
`
`(75) Inventors: Miodrag M. Kekic, Mountain View;
`Grace N. Lu, Milpitas; Eloise H.
`Carlton, San Carlos, all of CA (US)
`(73) Assignee: Fujitsu Limited, Kawasaki (JP)
`(*) Notice:
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 08/972,092
`(22) Filed:
`Nov. 17, 1997
`(51) Int. Cl." .................................................. G06F 13/00
`(52) U.S. Cl. .......................... 709/223; 709/203; 709/219;
`709/329
`(58) Field of Search ..................................... 709/201, 202,
`709/203, 205, 206, 217, 218, 219, 220,
`223, 221, 313, 328, 329; 707/10, 104
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`..., 709/224
`5,491,796 * 2/1996 Wanderer et al. .
`... 709/220
`5,838,907 * 11/1998 Hansen ...........
`... 713/201
`5,848.233 * 12/1998 Radia et al.
`... 709/228
`5,848,246
`12/1998 Gish. ..................
`... 709/224
`5,870.558 * 2/1999 Branton, Jr. et al.
`5,909.545 * 6/1999 Frese, II et al. ..................... 709/208
`* cited by examiner
`Primary Examiner Viet D. Vu
`(74) Attorney, Agent,
`or Firm-Skjerven Morrill
`
`
`
`MacPherson LLP; Edward C. Kwok
`(57)
`ABSTRACT
`A client-Server network management System includes: a
`plurality of managed computer network elements, a man
`aged element Server that executes on a first computer, and at
`least one managed element Server client that typically
`executes on a Second computer. The managed element Server
`and managed element Server client are computer processes
`that execute from memory of their respective computers.
`The client-Server network management System is really two
`applications in one: a visual element manager builder and a
`manager. The manager provides the run-time environment in
`which element managers are executed to monitor and man
`age computer network behavior Such as network throughput,
`collision rate, and number of duplicate IP packets, to name
`a few. The manager portion of managed element Server is
`independent of any graphic user interface. The logic and
`Structure of the manager of managed element Server is
`cleanly Separated from the graphic user interfaces. The
`Visual element manager builder is a visual development
`environment in which device vendors or network managers
`may create Standardized element management applications,
`called element managers. A user can build an element
`manager without writing a any computer code. In addition,
`a user can edit an element manager without writing any
`computer code. A graphic user interface of this invention,
`that is displayed by the client, includes a visual image of a
`computer network element being managed. As a user looks
`at the Visual display in the graphic user interface, the user is
`provided the same Visual information as if the user where
`physically present at the location of the managed computer
`network element. Thus, at a glance, a user can obtain
`considerable information about the Status of the computer
`network element as represented by the Visual display.
`
`26 Claims, 50 Drawing Sheets
`
`PC
`
`-360
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`315
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`- 310
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`TTTTT
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`PORTABLE E.M.
`PC
`SERVERY-390
`391 CLIENT
`
`s
`
`i
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug.7, 2001
`
`Sheet 1 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
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`Lenovo
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`

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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 2 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
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`G-X All Elements
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`FIG. 6C
`
`305
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 3
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`Sheet 3 of 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
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`Sheet 4 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
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`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 5
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 5 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`TO CLIENT
`39
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`
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`TOMANAGED
`12 ELEMENTS
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`404 402
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`310
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`FIG. 4
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 6
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 6 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`501
`
`CREATE
`SERVER
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`502
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`ELEMENT
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`LIST
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`ELEMENTS
`
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`Ex. 1031 - Page 7
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 7 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`CREATE
`VISUAL
`E.M. BUILDER
`
`
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`510
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`CREATE
`MANAGER
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`TRAP
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`515
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`516
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`DSCOVER
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`ENABLED
`ELEMENTS
`
`517
`
`FIG. 5B
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 8
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug.7, 2001
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`Sheet 8 of 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug.7, 2001
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`Sheet 9 of 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 10 Of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
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`- www.
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`HTTP Server
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`FIG. 10
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`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 11
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
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`Sheet 11 Of 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`900
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`U.S. Patent
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`Sheet 14 Of 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`1210
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
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`Sheet 15 0f 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`(c)
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`Define
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`Lenovo
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
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`Sheet 16 of 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`1400
`
`Hotspot Properties
`1410
`
`hotpot (Bint
`
`friar
`
`soak
`
`Button Label:
`Buton sye Noma
`
`1412
`, 14
`
`1413
`
`904
`- - - - - - -
`
`Exit
`Cance
`<<Back || || Next
`
`904C 904D 904A 904B
`FIG. 14A
`
`
`
`1450
`
`Hotspot Properties
`1410
`
`hospit central
`
`603
`
`Graph Title
`Graph Style:
`Timespan Displayed: 30
`Polling Interval:
`
`1451
`Show Legend
`1452
`1454. 1453
`1455
`
`904
`- - - 1 - -
`
`904C 904D 904A 904B
`
`FIG. 14B
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 17
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 17 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`Select the Variable(s) Associated With Each Hotspot
`1503 1502
`1505
`Hotspot: Comp1
`v
`MIB File Later 150
`
`1500
`
`N 1501
`
`Selectable Variables
`
`Hotspot Variables
`
`1507
`
`t]-, fujitsu
`
`
`
`Enter the Attributes of Each Hotspot's Variable(s)
`1603 1602
`
`instance Access Mode
`MB Variable
`Attribute
`603 < npStartUp Flag InpStartUpFlag O
`read-only
`npMibVarCount inpMibVarCount O
`read-only
`npCommandExempCommandExe O
`read-only
`
`TVoe
`String
`String
`String
`
`Descriptio
`"This display string repres
`"This display string repres
`"This command to be exe
`
`a
`
`Y
`
`3.
`
`S;
`
`1604
`
`904C
`
`904
`FIG. 16
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 18
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 18 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`Define "About" Panel for "fjhub"
`
`1700
`
`Vendor Logo Image: fujitsu (2).gift
`1702 1706
`Element Manager Name: hub
`
`1703
`
`sy
`UJITS
`
`Element Manager information: Fujistu F9190 HA16 Hub Element Manager
`Version 1.0
`Copyright 1997 Fujitsu Software Corporation
`
`Reset
`
`1705
`
`cancel
`
`Apply
`1707
`FIG. 17
`
`603
`
`
`
`1800
`
`> 603
`
`State Definitions List for "Comp1" N180
`
`Name
`Initial
`
`Description
`Initial Component State
`
`FIG. 18A
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 19
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 19 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`1810
`
`1812
`1813
`
`603
`
`1820
`
`1812
`1813
`
`Define a State for "Comp1" Y-N 1811
`
`State Name:
`Description:
`Severity: Disabled
`1814 1815
`
`1707A 1707B 1707C 1707D
`
`FIG. 18B
`
`
`
`Define a State for "LED1" N 821
`
`State Name:
`Description:
`
`1823
`1822
`
`1707
`
`1707A
`
`FIG. 18C
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 20
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 20 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`Polling Event List for "Comp1"
`
`1901
`
`1900
`
`Event Name
`
`Status DeSCription
`
`l
`
`1804
`?= a far an
`
`1804A
`
`F.G. 19A
`
`1910
`
`1912
`Define a Polling Event for "Comp1" Y-N-
`1911
`1914
`Event Name: A
`?t On
`Interval (secs):
`Description:
`Log Results: DJ Q-
`1916
`
`
`
`1913
`
`Selectable Attributes
`EPANE's
`hubPortStatend
`1917 sysDescr
`atTable
`
`1918 Polled Attributes
`
`Associated Rules
`
`603
`
`1920
`
`1921
`
`-
`
`904
`1919
`- - - -
`Exit
`cancel KBack Nexts
`904B
`FIG. 19B
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 21
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 21 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`Select Requisite State(s) for Polling "Comp1"
`
`Default Polling Interval (secs): 5
`
`1930
`
`N1931
`
`Selectable States
`Initial
`State
`State2
`
`1918 Requisite States Polling Interval
`
`<Remove
`
`1 938
`
`939
`
`904
`
`904E
`FIG. 19C
`
`2000
`
`Trap Event List for "Comp1" N 2001
`
`Event Name
`
`Description
`
`Ya 2002
`
`S 2003
`
`603
`
`
`
`603
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 22
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 22 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`2100
`
`2102 2101 Define a Trap Event for "Comp1"
`2104 2105
`Event Name:
`Generic Code: cold start
`V
`
`603
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2107
`Selectable Attributes
`hub PortStatendex
`hubPortLinkintegTest || Moves
`sysDescr
`atTable
`<Remove
`
`2103
`
`2110
`
`Trap Attributes
`
`ASSOciated Rules
`
`208
`
`2109
`
`2106
`
`1707
`- - - - - -
`
`1707A
`
`FIG 21
`
`2200
`
`Trap Rules List for "trap1"
`
`N2201
`
`Rule Name
`
`Description
`
`\ 2202
`
`V 2203
`
`1804
`?-a-? are Fan
`
`1804A
`
`FIG. 22
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 23
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 23 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`2300
`
`Describe the Trap Rule for "trap1"
`
`Rule Name:
`
`Description:
`
`Selectable States
`AnyState
`initial
`state 1
`State2
`
`2304
`
`2306 Requisite Initial States
`
`2305
`
`Moved
`
`<<Remove
`
`904
`
`Exit
`
`<<Back
`
`904B
`
`FIG. 23
`
`2400
`
`
`
`603
`
`Expression:
`
`Modifiers
`
`Enter the Trap Rule Condition for "test" of "trap1" - 240
`
`2402
`
`Operands
`sysServices
`sysupTime
`sysLocation
`
`Frequency
`Operators
`E = ||Expression must be
`true for
`Consecutive OCCurences
`
`&& H
`
`2403
`
`904
`
`2406
`
`FIG. 24
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 24
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 24 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`2500
`
`Select the Trap Rule Actions for "rule1" of "trap1" - 250
`2506 2505
`2502 m:
`Change State To:
`2503
`Execute Command:
`2508
`2504
`Forward Trap To: F.
`
`2507
`
`904
`
`Exit
`
`cance
`
`FIG. 25
`
`Enter Trap Rule Alarm Log Information for "rule1" of "trap1" Ys 2601
`
`2605
`Record this information to the Alarm Log whenever the Rule Condition is satisfied
`
`Description of Event
`
`Condition
`
`Possible Solution
`
`603
`
`
`
`603
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 25
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 25 0f 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`2700
`
`- 2701
`
`2702
`
`2705
`
`/
`
`Auto Discovery
`
`603-
`
`\
`
`PAddress:
`
`2703
`Limited Search:
`Yes IV
`
`2704
`
`Read Community:
`
`27O6
`
`Discover
`
`Stop
`
`2707
`FIG. 27
`
`192.240.4
`
`192.240.5
`
`192.240.6
`
`192.240.7
`
`FIG. 28
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 26
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 26 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`Define a Group - 2901
`
`2900
`
`2902
`
`2903
`
`2904
`
`2905
`
`603
`
`1707C
`1707A
`F.G. 29
`
`?
`
`3000
`Configure an Element to Manage for "All Element" - 3001
`
`
`
`3004 - This is a sample EM for the Use
`-3005
`
`(Zule Element
`3010
`
`3011
`
`Manager Name:
`Description:
`HostName:
`
`Selectable Groups
`
`603
`
`3007 Group Membership
`All Elements
`
`3006
`
`<Remove
`
`Read comunyielse
`Write Community: public
`Polling Retries:
`3
`Polling Time-out:
`
`3012
`3013
`
`3014
`
`3008
`
`1707
`
`OK I
`
`Cancel
`
`Apo
`
`1707A
`
`1707C
`
`FIG. 30
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 27
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 27 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`3115
`
`3100
`
`Alarm. History Alarm Filter
`301 - Alarm History Log for All Devices
`3122
`3120
`3121
`cócustomized Filter G5 Default Filter G3 No Filter
`305
`3106
`3107 3108
`3104
`3103
`3102
`Component State
`Severity Ack'd By
`Element
`Date
`12-Jun-972:28:54sample GSioux Comp1
`state2
`FatalErr
`12-Jun-97 2:28:53sample (asioux Comp1
`State 1
`Disabled
`
`DeSCA
`olling event
`hub PortState Inde
`
`603
`
`{
`
`
`
`603
`
`3110
`
`3115
`
`Alarm History Alarm Filter
`
`Acknowledge
`
`Details
`
`3112
`
`3111
`
`v
`
`)
`
`3200
`
`Alarm Filter
`
`Acknowledge Status —— Acknowledger
`O Acknowledged
`O Display Alarms Acknowledged By:
`O) Not Acknowledged
`O Do not Display Alarms Acked By:
`O Both
`
`FatalErr
`
`Severity
`Warning
`
`Disabled
`
`Critical
`
`Unknown
`
`Normal
`
`w
`
`Resetto Defaults
`3202
`320
`FIG. 32
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 28
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 28 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`3300
`
`3322
`
`State. .
`
`3301 - Status of "Memory"
`
`3306
`
`3307
`
`3308
`
`View By:Attribute Namew
`3309 3310
`
`Attribute Name
`
`Event Name
`
`memoryCommittedBy Poll Memory
`memoryCommitLimit Poll Memory
`memory PageFaultsPe Poll Memory
`memoryCacheFaultsP Poll Memory
`
`Polling
`O
`
`On
`On
`On
`On
`
`Value
`
`noSuchName
`noSuchName
`noSuchName
`noSuchName
`
`Description
`Ole Bytes is
`
`A.
`
`"Committed Bytes displays the
`"Commit Limit is the size (in b
`"Page Faults/sec is a count of
`"Cache Faults occur whenever
`
`3305
`
`3315
`
`3313
`3316
`Update All Value(s) IEfva
`
`FIG. 33
`
`
`
`Define Hotspot Properties
`
`1451
`Graph Title Attributes of 6 NIC Stats
`Graph Style: 3-D
`1452 v Show Legend
`Time Window (secs): 30
`- 1454 1453
`Polling Interval (secs):
`1455
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 29
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 29 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`Status of "System"
`
`3300
`
`State: Initial
`
`View By: Attribute Namew
`
`sysName
`sysContact
`sysLocation
`sysupTime
`sysServices
`
`Poll System
`Poll System
`Poll System
`Poll System
`Poll System
`
`"An administratively-assigned name for this
`"The textual identification of the contact perso
`"The physical location of this node (e.g. Dtele
`19 days, 23 hours"The time (in hundredths of a second)since th
`72
`"A value which indicates the set of services th
`
`1.
`
`3315
`
`Update All Value(s) || Edit Value.
`
`FG. 35A
`
`
`
`154300.0
`
`154200.0
`
`154100.0
`
`154000.0
`
`SnmplnPkts
`SnmpOutPkts
`
`153900.0
`01:50 01:56 02:02 02:08 02:14 02:20
`time (secs)
`
`FIG. 35B
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 30
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 30 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
`
`NetPrism MibEBrOWser
`
`3600
`
`Device Name:
`
`MB File:
`
`MBURL:
`
`O).
`
`MB Instance:
`
`3601 Browse a MIB Tree
`4
`Read Community:
`
`3602
`
`Select to load
`3603
`
`IV. Write Community: public
`3604
`
`3606
`
`3607 /
`
`, Set Value:
`
`3609
`
`MB Tree
`
`3605
`
`| 3608
`
`3610 3611
`
`3616
`
`Clear Result
`
`FIG. 36
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 31
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 31 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 32
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 32 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
`
`O O O O O O O O
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 33
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug.7, 2001
`
`Sheet 33 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`JZEDIS
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`Lenovo
`
`Ex. 1031 - Page 34
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 34
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug.7, 2001
`
`Sheet 34 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
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`Lenovo
`
`Ex. 1031 - Page 35
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 35
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug. 7, 2001
`
`Sheet 35 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
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`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 36
`
`

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`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug.7, 2001
`
`Sheet 36 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
`
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`Lenovo
`
`Ex. 1031 - Page 37
`
`Lenovo
`Ex. 1031 - Page 37
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Aug.7, 2001
`
`Sheet 37 of 50
`
`US 6,272,537 B1
`US 6,272,537 B1
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 7, 2001
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`Sheet 49 of 50
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`US 6,272,537 B1
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`1
`METHOD FOR BUILDING ELEMENT
`MANAGER FOR A COMPUTER NETWORK
`ELEMENT USING A VISUAL ELEMENT
`MANAGER BUILDER PROCESS
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`Reference to Appendices A to D
`Appendices Ato Dare a part of the present disclosure and
`each is incorporated herein by, reference in its entirety. A
`portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains
`material which is Subject to copyright protection. The copy
`right owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction
`by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure,
`as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files
`or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights what
`SOCWC.
`
`15
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`The invention generally relates to generally to computer
`network management, and in particular to managing hetero
`geneous computer network elements.
`
`2
`Single management application. SNMP defines the protocols
`and message formats which are used to communicate
`between the management application and the computer
`network element. With SNMP, a network manager can
`configure computer network elements and monitor computer
`network performance and status. SNMP, version 1 is defined
`by Several Standards documents that include:
`RFC 1155, "Structure and Identification of Management
`Information for TCP/IP-based Internets,” May, 1990;
`RFC 1157, “A Simple Network Management Protocol
`(SNMP).” May 1990.
`RFC 1212, “Concise MIB Definitions,” March, 1991; and
`RFC 1213, “Management Information Base for Network
`Management of TCP/IP-based Internets: MIB-II,” March
`1991. Each of the above documents is incorporated herein
`by reference to demonstrate the level of skill in the art for
`SNMP, AS used in the standards document, RFC stands for
`Request For Comment.
`A computer network 100 (FIG. 1), that is managed using
`SNMP, includes, for example, a management station 110, a
`workstation 120, a bridge 130, a router 140, and a printer
`150. Network 100 also could include, for example, personal
`computers, repeaters, and hubs. SNMP is a client-server
`based application protocol. Management Station 110
`executes a SNMP manager application 115 that communi
`cates with SNMP agent processes 121, 131, 141, and 151.
`Specifically, SNMP manager 115 communicates with
`client processes, i.e., agent proceSS 121 on WorkStation 120,
`agent proceSS 131 on bridge 130, agent process 141 on
`router 140, and agent process 151 on printer 150 using
`SNMP. An agent computer proceSS must be programmed for
`each of the computer network elements, and the actions that
`are to be taken must be specifically programmed for each
`computer network element.
`Each of agent processes 121, 131, 141, and 151 monitors
`and controls the operation of the computer network element
`containing the agent process, i.e., elements 120, 130, 140,
`and 150 respectively, by maintaining a data base of objects
`122, 132,142, and 152, respectively, called the Management
`Information Base (MIB). The MIB reflects the status of the
`managed computer network element. Each of the agent
`processes 121, 131, 141, and 151 responds to network
`management requests from SNMP manager 115. An agent
`process can also Send unsolicited messages, called trap
`events, to SNMP manager 115 to apprise manager 115 of
`network events. Manager 115 maintains statistics that define
`the operation of network 100 in MIB 112.
`The SNMP standards define proxy agents that may be
`used to acceSS management information from a remote
`device. A common usage of proxy agents is to translate
`protocols when the remote device does not support SNMP.
`SNMP uses well-established standards to define the
`format, content, and database Structure of management
`information objects that are Stored by the age