(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2001/0022558 A1
`(43) Pub. Date:
`Sep. 20, 2001
`Karr, JR. et al.
`
`US 2001.0022558A1
`
`(54)
`
`(75)
`
`(73)
`(21)
`(22)
`
`(63)
`
`WIRELESS LOCATION USING SIGNAL
`FINGERPRINTING
`
`Inventors: Charles L. Karr JR., Tuscaloosa, AL
`(US); Dennis J. Dupray, Denver, CO
`(US)
`Correspondence Address:
`Dennis J. Dupray, Ph.D.
`1801 Belvedere Street
`Golden, CO 80401 (US)
`
`Assignee: TracBeam LLC
`
`Appl. No.:
`
`09/770,838
`
`Filed:
`
`Jan. 26, 2001
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`Continuation of application No. 09/194,367, filed on
`Nov. 24, 1998, which is a 371 of international appli
`cation No. PCT/US97/15892, filed on Sep. 8, 1997,
`which is a non-provisional of provisional application
`No. 60/056,590, filed on Aug. 20, 1997said applica
`tion application number is a non-provisional of pro
`visional application No. 60/044,821, filed on Apr. 25,
`1997 and which is a non-provisional of provisional
`application No. 60/025,855, filed on Sep. 9, 1996.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51)
`(52)
`
`Int. Cl." ............................ G01S 3/02; H04Q 7/20
`U.S. Cl. ............................................ 342/450; 455/456
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A location System is disclosed for commercial wireleSS
`telecommunication infrastructures. The System is an end-to
`end Solution having one or more location centers for out
`putting requested locations of commercially available hand
`sets or mobile stations (MS) based on, e.g., CDMA, AMPS,
`NAMPS or TDMA communication standards, for process
`ing both local MS location requests and more global MS
`location requests Via, e.g., Internet communication between
`a distributed network of location centers. The System uses a
`plurality of MS locating technologies including those based
`on: (1) two-way TOA and TDOA; (2) pattern recognition;
`(3) distributed antenna provisioning; and (4) Supplemental
`information from various types of very low cost non
`infrastructure base Stations for communicating via a typical
`commercial wireleSS base Station infrastructure or a public
`telephone Switching network. Accordingly, the traditional
`MS location difficulties, Such as multipath, poor location
`accuracy and poor coverage are alleviated via Such tech
`nologies in combination with Strategies for: (a) automati
`cally adapting and calibrating System performance accord
`ing to environmental and geographical changes; (b)
`automatically capturing location signal data for continual
`enhancement of a Self-maintaining historical data base
`retaining predictive location signal data; (c) evaluating MS
`locations according to both heuristics and constraints related
`to, e.g., terrain, MS Velocity and MS path extrapolation from
`tracking and (d) adjusting likely MS locations adaptively
`and statistically So that the System becomes progressively
`more comprehensive and accurate. Further, the System can
`be modularly configured for use in location Signaling envi
`ronments ranging from urban, dense urban, Suburban, rural,
`mountain to low traffic or isolated roadways. Accordingly,
`the System is useful for 911 emergency calls, tracking,
`routing, people and animal location including applications
`for confinement to and exclusion from certain areas.
`
`
`
`
`
`BASE
`STATION
`122
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`PROCESSNG
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`NFORMATION
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`SWITCHING
`CENTER 112
`
`-- F -
`---...-...---
`ENVIRONMENTALDATAPROVIDERS
`EAEPECATIONSPROVIDING TRAFFIC
`FLOW, WEATHER, ETC.
`LOCATION APPLICATIONS 146
`
`OCATIONHYPOTH
`ESZING FIRST
`ORDER) MODELS
`1224
`HYPOTHESIS EVALUATOR1228
`(MoST LIKELY LOGA9
`PUBLICTELE
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`NETWORK124 ar GNATED
`AND INTERNET
`EvronMENTALDATABSES FORESS
`468 -e APPLICATIONS
`1356
`N /
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`
`
`
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`Page 1 of 167
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`SAMSUNG EX-1007
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 1 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558A1
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 2 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558 A1
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 4 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558A1
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 6 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558A1
`
`Fig. 6(1)
`LOCATION CENTER 142
`220
`SIGNAL PROCESSING
`SUBSYSTEM
`VERIFED LOCATION SIGNATURE
`1, SIGNAL FILTERING
`FIRST ORDERLOCATION MODELS1224
`AND INPUT LOCATION
`DATASTRUCTURE
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`CREATION
`MODELS THAT OUTPUT LOCATION
`HYPOTHESES)
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`CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
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`SUPERVISOR
`1.CONTROLS LOCATION
`ESTIMATIONSYSTEM;
`2. DETERMINES CONTEXT
`OR STATE OF LOCATION
`PROBLEM, E.G., FIRST
`OR SECONDSET OF
`MEASUREMENTS FOR
`3. DETERMINES
`APPROPRIATE REPLIES
`TOBSS;
`4. NOTES"HEALTH" OF BS
`MEASUREMENTS.
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`OPERATOR
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`| ADAPTATION ENGINE (E.G., FORTUNING
`THE CONTEXT ADJUSTER).
`
`
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`1.BACKGROUND PROCESS TO
`ADAPTIVELY TUNE THE
`LOCATION ENGINE 139;
`2. USES STORED DATA TO
`ADJUST SYSTEM
`PARAMETERS ACCORDING
`TO PAST PERFORMANCES;
`3.GENERAL PURPOSE, USES
`NO DOMAINKNOWLEDGE
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`SWITCHING
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`MSC 112, SS
`105, and SCP 104
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`LOCATIONAPPLICATIONS)
`1DETERMINES THEAPPLICATIONS
`RECEIVING OUTPUT AND THE
`FREQUENCY OF OUTPUT TO EACH
`APPLICATION
`
`Page 7 of 167
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 7 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558 A1
`
`FIG 6(2)
`LOCATION CENTER 142
`LOCATION ENGINE 139
`al-m-m-m-m-F->
`
`NEURALNET TRAINING DATA BASE
`
`
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`AREACHARACTERISTICS
`ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BASE
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`1354
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`TRAFFICETC CONDITIONS.
`st
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`C Oc
`1416 & MAYBE FOMS. 1224
`
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`...
`
`YPOTHESIS EVALUATOR 122s
`CONTEXT ADJUSTER 1326
`1ADJUSTS THE CONFIDENCE AND/OR AREAFIEDS OF LOCATION
`HYPOTHESES OUTPUT BY FIRST ORDER MODELS TO OBTAN MORE RELIABLE
`TARGETMS ESTIMATES USING VERIFED LOCATIONSIGNATURE CLUSTERS
`IN THE LOCATION SIGNATURE DATABASE.
`2.IN ONE EMBODIMENT, THIS MODULEMODIFIES A TARGETMSLOCATION IN
`RELATION TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS: THE
`GEOGRAPHICAL AREACTYPE) ASSOCATED WITH A LOCATIONHYPOTHESIS,
`WEATHER, TIME OF DAY, SEASON, TRAFFIC, ETC;
`3. IN ONEEMBODIMENT, MAYUSE HEURISTIC (FUZZY LOGIC) RULES TO ADJUST
`THE CONFIDENCEVALUES:
`4. IN ONEEMBODIMENT, MAYALSOUSE EXPERT SYSTEM RULES FOR
`ADJUSTING CONFIDENCESDUETOBS ESS
`5. FORLBSs (FIXEDLOCATIONTRANSCEIVERS), MAYUSE OUTPUTFROM THE
`FIRST ORDER MODELS FOR SUCH TRANSCEIVERSAS AWAY TO CALIBRATE
`LOCATION HYPOTHESIS DEFAULT CONFIDENCEVALUES OF OTHER FOMS.
`
`r
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`PATHORTRACKING DATA, E.G., PREVIOUS
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`KTENETS fouT IARGETMSOCATION.HYPOTHESES&LOCATION
`PREDICTIONS FOR RECENTLY LOCATED MSs. E.G.,
`ASINGLE (SET OF
`MS PATHS MAYBE STORED HERE FOR USE IN
`NESTED) AREAS
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`WITH PROBABILITIES
`2. LOG CONTEXT OR STATE OF ATARGETMS
`ASSOCATED WITH
`LOCATION PROBLEM, EG, FIRST OR SECOND SET
`EACHAREA
`OF MEASUREMENTS FORTARGET MS.
`
`Page 8 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 8 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558A1
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`FIG 603)
`LOCATION CENTER 142
`LOCATION ENGINE 139
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`LOCATION SIGNATURE DATA BASE
`1STORES CDMA SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS FORVERIFED
`LOCATIONS (E.G., LOCATIONSIGNATURESORLOCSIGS);
`2. EACH LOC SIGALLOWSACCESS TO: MSLAT-LONG, BSID,
`POWERLEVELS (BSANDMS), TIMEIDATESTAMP,
`ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS INDICATING, E.G., RF
`BACKGROUND NOISE, MULTIPATH, DENSE URBAN,
`URBAN, SUBURBAN, RURAL MOUNTAIN, WEATHER,
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`3.SUPPORTED RETRIEVALS: BY GEOGRAPHICALAREA, BY
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`CLASSIFICATIONS, BYTIMEIDATE RANGE.
`4. LOCSIGS INPUT FROM 2 SOURCES: FIXEDLOCATION MSS
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`VERIFIED SOURCES PROVIDED BY A MBS 148 OR
`ANOTHER UNIT HAVING LOCATION VERIFICATION
`FUNCTIONALITY, E.G., POLICE, AMBULANCES, BUSES,
`TAXIS,
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`Page 9 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Patent Application Publication
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`US 2001/0022558A1
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 15 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 16 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20,2001 Sheet 18 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558 Al
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 19 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 20 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 22 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558A1
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 23 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 24 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 25 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 26 of 62 US 2001/0022558A1
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`100 DB
`
`104 DB
`
`START
`Is "NEW LOC OBJ" IN THE LOCATION
`SIGNATURE DATA BASE?
`KO
`
`YES
`
`108 DB
`
`
`
`INSERT "NEW LOC OBJ" IN THE
`LOCATION SIGNATURE
`DATA BASE 1320.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DB SEARCH AREA-- GET A REPRESENTATION OF
`A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SURROUNDING
`THE LOCATIONASSOCIATED WITH
`"NEW LOC OBJ".
`
`112 DB
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`116 DB
`
`DB LOC SIGS-E-GET ALL THE LOCSIGS IN THE
`LOCATION SIGNATURE DATA BASE THAT
`SATISFY THE CRITERIA OF
`"SELECTION CRITERIA" AND THAT ARE
`ALSO IN "DB SEARCH AREA1".
`
`
`
`
`
`NEARBY LOC SIG BAG - GET THE LOCSIGS FROM
`"DB LOC SIGS", WHEREIN FOREACH LOCSIG
`GOTTEN, THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
`LOCATIONASSOCIATED WITH THE LOC SIGGOTTEN
`AND THE LOCATIONASSOCIATED WITH
`"NEW LOC OBJ" IS CLOSER THAN, E.G.,
`SOME STANDARD DEVIATION (SUCH ASA
`SECOND STANDARD DEVIATION) OF THE
`DISTANCES BETWEEN LOCSIGS OF "DB LOC SIGS"
`AND "NEW LOC OBJ".
`
`LOC SIG--GET THE FIRST (NEXT) LOCSIG IN
`"NEARBY LOC SIG BAG".
`
`120 DB
`
`FIG. 17A
`
`Page 27 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 27 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558A1
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`124 DB
`
`LOC--AREPRESENTATION OF THE
`LOCATIONASSOCATED WITH
`"LOC SIG".
`
`
`
`BS- GET THE BASE STATION 122 ASSOCIATED WITH
`"LOC SIG".
`
`MARK"LOC SIG"SO THAT IT CANNOT BE RETRIEVED
`FROM THE LOCATION SIGNATURE DATA BASE.
`
`DB SEARCH AREA2 - GET A REPRESENTATION OF A
`GEOGRAPHICAL SERVICE AREA ABOUT LOCSIG
`INCLUDING "NEW LOC OBJ".
`
`128 DB
`
`132 DB
`
`136 DB
`
`138 DB
`
`
`
`
`
`LOC SIG BAG--CREATE LOCSIG BAG DATASTRUCTURE
`HAVING ONLY THE SINGLE ITEM, "LOC SIG".
`
`INVOKE THE PROGRAM,
`"DETERMINE LOCATION SIGNATURE FIT ERRORS", FOR
`DETERMINING AN ERROR IN HOW SIMILAR"LOC SIG" IS WITH
`OTHERVERIFED LOC SIGS IN THE LOCATION SIGNATURE
`DATA BASE. IN PARTICULAR, INVOKE THIS PROGRAM WITH
`THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS:
`(A) "LOC";
`(B) "LOC SIG BAG";
`(C) "DB SEARCH AREA2";
`(D) "LOC SIG POP" FOR INDICATING THE VERIFIED LOC
`SIGS IN THE LOCATION SIGNATURE DATA BASE TO
`WHICH "LOC SIG" IS TO BE COMPARED,
`(E) AN INDICATION OF THE OUTPUT DESIRED, WHICH,
`IN THIS CASE, ISAN ERROR RECORD RELATED TO
`"LOC SIG".
`
`140 DB
`
`
`
`144 DB
`
`UNMARK"LOC SIG"SO THAT IT CAN BE
`RETRIEVED FROM THE LOCATION
`SIGNATURE DATA BASE.
`
`FIG. 17B
`
`Page 28 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 28 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558 A1
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`IS THERE ANOTHER LOC SIG
`IN "NEARBY LOC SIG BAG"?
`
`YESK) 148 DB
`
`NO
`
`152 DB
`
`ERROR REC SET - THE SET OF ALLERRORS RETURNED.
`
`INVOKE THE PROGRAM,
`"REDUCE BAD DB LOC SIGS", FOR REDUCING
`THE CONFIDENCE OF THE LOC SIGS WHOSE
`CORRESPONDINGERRORS ARE RELATIVELY HIGH.
`ALSO, DELETE ANY LOCSIG WHOSE CONFIDENCE
`BECOMES TOO LOW.
`
`156 DB
`
`
`
`INVOKE THE PROGRAM,
`"INCREASE CONFIDENCE OF GOOD DB LOC SIGS", FOR
`INCREASING THE CONFEDENCE OF THE LOC SIGS
`WHOSE CORRESPONDINGERRORS ARE RELATIVELY
`LOW.
`
`END
`
`160 DB
`
`FIG. 17C
`
`Page 29 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 29 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558A1
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`Page 30 of 167
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 31 of 62
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 32 of 62
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`Page 33 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 33 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558 Al
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`Page 34 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication
`
`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 34 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558 Al
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 35 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558 Al
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`Page 36 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication
`
`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 36 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558A1
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`Page 37 of 167
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`

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`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 37 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558 A1
`
`START
`
`APPLY PRE-PROCESING CONSTRAINTS TO ACCOUNT FOR
`DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN (a) CURRENT
`CONDITIONS, AND (b) PAST CONDITIONS WHEN
`THE VERIFIED LOCSIGS OF "LOC SIG BAG" WERE
`COLLECTED; i.e., APPLY CONSTRAINTS TO TAKE
`INTO ACCONT ADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
`REGARDING DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THE
`CONDITIONS RELATED TO THE PRESENT WIRELESS
`ENVIRONMENT, TYPE AND STATUS OF THE BASE
`STATION OF "BS" IN COMPARISON TO THE
`CONDITIONS OCCURRING FOR THE LOC SIGS OF
`"LOC SIG BAG"
`
`DD THE PRE-PROCESSING CONSTRAINTS YTELD ARESULT
`INDICATING THAT ANY SUBSEQUENTLY DERIVED LOC SIG
`ESTIMATE WOULD BE EXCESSIVELY UNRELIABLE
`
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`NO
`FOREACH OF THE LOC SIG SIGNAL
`TOPOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS, C, OF A LOC
`SIG VARIABLE, "EST LOC SIG",
`(A) DETERMINE ASMOOTHSURFACE,
`S(C), OF MINIMAL CONTOUR
`VARATION FOR THE SET OF POINTS
`CX,Y,Z) SUCH THAT (X,Y) ISA
`LOCATION AND ZIS A VALUE OF CAT
`THE LOCATION (X,Y) FORSOME LOC
`SIGIN"LOC SIG BAG";
`(B) INTERPOLATE/EXTRAPOLATE A
`VALUE FOR THE C-COORDNATE OF
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`ASSIGNA DEFAULT VALUE TO ANY UNDEFINED LOC SIG FIELDS
`OF "EST LOC SIG"
`
`|
`
`FIG. 21
`
`/ RETURN
`NEST"LOCSIG/
`
`Page 38 of 167
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 38 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558A1
`
`LOC AREA TYPE- GET THE AREA TYPE(S) FOR "LOC"
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SEARCH AREA- GET A DEFAULT MAXIMUM SEARCH AREA
`HAVING"LOC"
`
`SAVED SEARCH AREA SEARCH AREA
`search Area types get the cruzzy logic Area
`TYPE(S) FOR "SEARCH AREA"
`
`MEN ACCEPTABLE NBR LOC SIGS-- 0
`
`
`
`AREA TYPE - GET FIRST
`(NEXT). AREATYPE IN
`"SEARCH AREA TYPES"
`
`DOES "AREA TYPE" REFERENCE
`A NEW AREA TYPE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`YES C’so
`TOTAL NBR LOC SIGS--THE
`NUMBER OF
`VERIFED LOC SIGS IN
`THE LOCATION
`SIGNATURE DATA BASE
`1320 HAVING A LOCATION
`(THE "MS LOC"
`ATTRIBUTE) IN
`"SEARCH AREA"
`IS"MIN ACCEPTABLE NBR LOC SIGS"
`> "TOTAL NBR LOC SIGS"?
`YES C NO
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`RETURN
`
`Page 39 of 167
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 39 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558 A1
`
`SAVED SEARCH AREA-SEARCH AREA
`
`SEARCH AREA- GET A
`SMALLER AREA FOR
`"SEARCH AREA",
`WHEREN THIS SMALLER
`AREA STILL CONTAINS "LOC".
`
`
`
`
`
`AREA PERCENT-PERCENTAGE OF AREA FOR
`"SEARCH AREA" THAT IS OF THE TYPE
`"AREA TYPE", OR, USING FUZZY LOGIC,
`HAVING A FUZZYVALUE ABOVE A
`PREDETERMINED THRESHOLD.
`
`MIN ACCEPTABLE NBR LOC SIGS
`MIN ACCEPTABLE NBR LOC SIGS +
`(MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE VERIFIED LOCSIG DENSITY
`FOR "AREA TYPE") * (SIZEOF(SEARCH AREA) *
`(AREA PERCENT / 100)
`
`
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`FIG. 22B
`
`Page 40 of 167
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`

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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 40 of 62
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`Page 41 of 167
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`Page 41 of 167
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 41 of 62
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`US 2001/0022558 Al
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`Page 42 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 42 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558 Al
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`Page 43 of 167
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`Patent Application Publication
`
`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 43 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558A1
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 44 of 62
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`Page 45 of 167
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`Page 45 of 167
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`
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 45 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558 A1
`
`
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`Page 46 of 167
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Sep. 20, 2001 Sheet 46 of 62
`
`US 2001/0022558 A1
`
`204CA
`
`FIG. 26A
`
`LOC HYP LIST-CREATE AN EMPTY NEW
`LOCATION HYPOTHESIS LIST AND PUT "LOC HYP"
`ON THIS LIST.
`
`
`
`208CA
`
`212CA
`
`MESH- GET AMESH OF AREA CELLS RELATED TO THE
`FIRST ORDERMODEL THAT GENERATED "LOC HYP".
`
`PT MIN AREA-GET A "SMALL" AREA ABOUT AN
`ESTIMATED TARGET MS POINT LOCATION PROVIDED BY
`"LOC HYP", WHEREIN THIS AREA INCLUDES ONE OR
`MORE MESH CELLS SURROUNDING THE TARGETMS
`PONT LOCATION.
`
`216CA
`
`220CA
`
`PT MAX