ar
`
`at
`
`NN Greenwood S oa
`A Earnshaw ~~
`
`RS
`
`eee le[oma
`
`Chemistry
`of the
`raeoe
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 71
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 1
`
`

`

`~
`
`5f146d17s2
`
`103
`4f"5d16s2
`Lu
`
`71
`
`Lr
`
`5f147s2
`No
`
`102
`
`4f1'6s2
`Yb
`
`70
`
`5f127s2
`5f1'7s2
`Fm Md
`
`IOI
`
`100
`
`4f136s2
`Tm
`
`69
`
`4f126s2
`Er
`
`6s26p6
`Rn
`
`86
`
`5s25p6
`Xe
`
`54
`
`4s24p6
`Kr
`
`36
`
`3s23p'
`Ar
`
`18
`
`2s22p6
`Ne
`
`LO
`
`6s26p5
`At
`
`85
`
`5s25p5
`I
`
`53
`
`4s24p5
`Br
`
`35
`
`3s23p'
`Cl
`
`17
`
`2s22ps
`F
`
`9
`
`6s26p4
`Po
`
`84
`
`5s25p4
`Te
`
`52
`
`4s24p4
`Se
`
`34
`
`3s23p4
`
`s
`2s22p4
`0
`
`16
`
`8
`
`6s26p'
`Bi
`
`83
`
`5s25p3
`Sb
`
`51
`
`4s24p3
`As
`
`33
`
`3s23p3
`p
`
`15
`
`2s22p3
`N
`
`7
`
`18
`
`17
`
`16
`
`15
`
`68
`
`5f117s2
`Es
`
`99
`
`4f116s2
`Ho
`
`67
`
`5f1°7s2
`Cf
`
`98
`
`4f1D6s2
`Dy
`
`66
`
`5f'l6d17s2
`Bk
`
`97
`
`4f96s2
`Tb
`
`65
`
`96
`4f75d16s2
`Gd
`
`5f76d17s2
`Cm
`
`64
`
`Uun Uuu Uub
`110
`
`112
`
`111
`
`6s26p2
`Pb
`
`82
`
`5s25p2
`Sn
`
`50
`
`4s74p'
`Ge
`
`32
`
`3s23p2
`Si
`
`14
`
`2s22p2
`C
`
`6
`
`6s26p1
`Tl
`
`81
`
`5s25p1
`In
`
`49
`
`4s24p1
`Ga
`
`31
`
`3s23p1
`Al
`
`13
`
`2s22p1
`B
`
`5
`
`14
`
`13
`
`5d106s2
`Hg
`
`80
`
`4d105s2
`Cd
`
`48
`
`3d,o4s2
`Zn
`
`30
`
`12
`
`5d106s1
`Au
`
`79
`
`4ct105s'
`Ag
`
`47
`
`3d,o4s1
`Cu
`
`29
`
`5d96s1
`Pt
`
`4ct10
`Pd
`
`3d84s2
`Ni
`
`11
`
`10
`
`*tThe ground-state configurations for some lanthanide and actinide elements are uncertain
`
`6d27s2
`Th
`
`t 90
`
`4f15d16s2
`Ce
`
`* 58
`
`Db
`
`105
`
`5d36s2
`Ta
`
`73
`
`Rf
`
`5d26s2
`Hf
`
`t 104
`
`6d17s2
`Ac
`
`89
`
`* 72
`
`57
`
`5d16s2
`La
`
`4d45s1
`4d55s1
`Nb Mo
`
`41
`
`3d34s2
`V
`
`23
`
`4d25s2
`Zr
`
`40
`
`3d24s2
`Ti
`
`22
`
`4d15s2
`y
`
`39
`
`3d14s2
`Sc
`
`21
`
`4
`
`3
`
`88
`[Xe]6s2
`Ba
`
`1Rn]7s2
`Ra
`
`56
`
`[Kr]5s2
`Sr
`
`38
`
`20
`[Ne]3s2
`
`[Ar]4s2
`Ca
`
`12
`[He]2s2
`Be
`
`4
`
`Is2
`He
`
`2
`
`Is1
`H
`
`2
`
`3 Na Mg
`
`19
`[Ne]3s1
`
`[Rn]7s1
`7 Fr
`
`87
`[Xe]6s'
`6 Cs
`
`55
`
`[Kr]5s1
`5 Rb
`
`37
`
`[Ar]4s1
`4 K
`
`11
`[He]2s1
`
`2 Li
`
`3
`
`Period t
`
`'
`
`,.._
`
`5f'7s2
`Am
`
`95
`
`4f76s2
`Eu
`
`63
`
`51"7s2
`Pu
`
`94
`
`4f66s2
`Sm
`
`62
`
`5f46d17s2
`Np
`
`93
`
`4f'6s2
`Pm
`
`61
`
`5f'6d17s2
`u
`4f46s2
`Nd
`
`92
`
`60
`
`5f'6d17s2
`Pa
`
`91
`
`4f36s2
`Pr
`
`59
`
`Hs Mt
`
`109
`
`108
`
`78
`
`46
`
`28
`
`5d76s2
`Ir
`
`77
`
`4d85s1
`Rh
`
`45
`
`3d74s2
`Co
`
`27
`
`5d66s2
`Os
`
`76
`
`4d75s1
`Ru
`
`44
`
`3d64s2
`Fe
`
`26
`
`Bh
`
`107
`
`5d56s2
`Re
`
`75
`
`4d55s2
`Tc
`
`43
`
`Sg
`
`106
`
`5d46s2
`w
`
`74
`
`42
`
`3d54s1
`3d54s2
`Cr Mn
`
`25
`
`24
`
`9
`
`8
`
`7
`
`6
`
`5
`
`(see opposite for Table of Standard Atomic Weights)
`
`and ground-state electronic configurations
`
`Periodic Table of the Elements
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 2
`
`

`

`Standnrd Atomic Weights of the Elements 1997
`
`[Scaled to A,(1 2 C) = 12, where 12C is a neutral atom in its nuclear and electronic ground state]
`The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of the material. The standard values of A,(E) and the uncertainties (in
`parentheses, following the last significant figure to which they are attributed) apply to elements of natural terrestrial origin. The footnotes to this Table elaborate the types
`of variation which may occur for individual elements and which may be larger than the listed uncertainties of values of A,(E). Names have not yet been assigned to
`elements with atomic numbers I 10, 111 and 112 (seep. 1280).
`
`Name
`
`Symbol
`
`Atomic
`Number
`
`Atomic
`Weight
`
`Footnotes
`
`Name
`
`Symbol
`
`Atomic
`Number
`
`Atomic
`Weight
`
`Footnotes
`
`Actinium•
`Aluminium
`Americium•
`Antimony
`Argon
`Arsenic
`Astatine•
`Barium
`Berkelium•
`Beryllium
`Bismuth
`Bohrium
`Boron
`Bromine
`Cadmium
`Caesium
`Calcium
`Californium•
`Carbon
`Cerium
`Chlorine
`Chromium
`Cobalt
`Copper
`Curium•
`Dubnium
`Dysprosium
`Einsteinium•
`Erbium
`Europium
`Fermium•
`Fluorine
`Francium•
`Gadolinium
`Gallium
`Gennanium
`Gold
`Hafnium
`Hassium
`Helium
`Holmium
`Hydrogen
`Indium
`Iodine
`Iridium
`Iron
`Krypton
`Lanthanum
`Lawrencium•
`Lead
`Lithium
`Lutetium
`Magnesium
`Manganese
`Meitnerium
`Mendelevium'
`
`Ac
`Al
`Am
`Sb
`Ar
`As
`At
`Ba
`Bk
`Be
`Bi
`Bh
`B
`Br
`Cd
`Cs
`Ca
`Cf
`C
`Ce
`Cl
`Cr
`Co
`Cu
`Cm
`Db
`Dy
`Es
`Er
`Eu
`Fm
`F
`Fr
`Gd
`Ga
`Ge
`Au
`Hf
`Hs
`He
`Ho
`H
`In
`I
`Ir
`Fe
`Kr
`La
`Lr
`Pb
`Li
`Lu
`Mg
`Mn
`Mt
`Md
`
`89
`13
`95
`51
`18
`33
`85
`56
`97
`4
`83
`107
`5
`35
`48
`55
`20
`98
`6
`58
`17
`24
`27
`29
`96
`105
`66
`99
`68
`63
`100
`9
`87
`64
`31
`32
`79
`72
`108
`2
`67
`I
`49
`53
`77
`26
`36
`57
`103
`82
`3
`71
`12
`25
`109
`101
`
`(227)
`26.98 I 538(2)
`(243)
`121.760(1)
`39.948(1)
`74.92160(2)
`(2!0)
`137.327(7)
`(247)
`9.012182(3)
`208.98038(2)
`(264)
`I0.811(7)
`79.904(1)
`112.411(8)
`132.90545(2)
`40.078(4)
`(251)
`12.0107(8)
`140.116(1)
`35.4527(9)
`51 .9961(6)
`58.933200(9)
`63.546(3)
`(247)
`(262)
`162.50(3)
`(252)
`167.26(3)
`151.964(1)
`(257)
`18.9984032(5)
`(223)
`157.25(3)
`69.723(1)
`72.61(2)
`196.96655(2)
`178.49(2)
`(269)
`4.002602(2)
`164.93032(2)
`1.00794(7)
`I 14.818(3)
`126.90447(3)
`192.217(3)
`55.845(2)
`83.80(1)
`138.9055(2)
`(262)
`207.2(1)
`[6.941(2)]t
`174.967(1)
`24.3050(6)
`54.938049(9)
`(268)
`(258)
`
`g
`g
`
`gm r
`
`m
`
`g
`
`g
`
`g
`g
`
`g
`
`g
`g
`
`g
`
`g
`
`g m r
`
`gm
`g
`
`g m
`g m r
`g
`
`Mercury
`Molybdenum
`Neodymium
`Neon
`Neptunium•
`Nickel
`Niobium
`Nitrogen
`Nobelium•
`Osmium
`Oxygen
`Palladium
`Phosphorus
`Platinum
`Plutonium•
`Polonium•
`Potassium
`Praseodymium
`Promethium•
`Protactinium•
`Radium•
`Radon•
`Rhenium
`Rhodium
`Rubidium
`Ruthenium
`Rutherfordium
`Samarium
`Scandium
`Seaborgium
`Selenium
`Silicon
`Silver
`Sodium
`Strontium
`Sulfur
`Tantalum
`Technetium•
`Tellurium
`Terbium
`Thallium
`Thorium•
`Thulium
`Tin
`Titanium
`Tungsten
`Ununnilium
`Unununium
`Ununbium
`Uranium•
`Vanadium
`Xenon
`Ytterbium
`Yttrium
`Zinc
`Zirconium
`
`Hg
`Mo
`Nd
`Ne
`Np
`Ni
`Nb
`N
`No
`Os
`0
`Pd
`p
`Pt
`Pu
`Po
`K
`Pr
`Pm
`Pa
`Ra
`Rn
`Re
`Rh
`Rb
`Ru
`Rf
`Sm
`Sc
`Sg
`Se
`Si
`Ag
`Na
`Sr
`s
`Ta
`Tc
`Te
`Tb
`Tl
`Th
`Tm
`Sn
`Ti
`w
`Uun
`Uuu
`Uub
`u
`V
`Xe
`Yb
`y
`Zn
`Zr
`
`80
`42
`60
`JO
`93
`28
`41
`7
`102
`76
`8
`46
`15
`78
`94
`84
`19
`59
`61
`91
`88
`86
`75
`45
`37
`44
`104
`62
`21
`106
`34
`14
`47
`II
`38
`16
`73
`43
`52
`65
`81
`90
`69
`50
`22
`74
`110
`Ill
`112
`92
`23
`54
`70
`39
`30
`40
`
`200.59(2)
`95.94(1)
`144.24(3)
`20.1797(6)
`(237)
`58.6934(2)
`92.90638(2)
`14.00674(7)
`(259)
`190.23(3)
`15.9994(3)
`!06.42(1)
`J0.973762(4)
`195.078(2)
`(244)
`(210)
`39.0983(1 )
`140.90765(2)
`(145)
`231.03588(2)
`(226)
`(222)
`I 86.207(1)
`I 02.90550(2)
`85 4678(3)
`101.07(2)
`(261)
`150.36(3)
`44.955910(8)
`(266)
`78.96(3)
`28.0855(3)
`107 .8682(2)
`22.989770(2)
`87.62(1)
`32.066(6)
`I 80.9479(1)
`(98)
`127 60(3)
`I 58.92534(2)
`204.3833(2)
`232.0381 (I)
`168.93421 (2)
`118 710(7)
`47.867(1)
`183.84(1)
`(269)
`(272)
`(277)
`238.0289(1)
`50.9415(1)
`131.29(2)
`173.04(3)
`88.90585(2)
`65.39(2)
`91.224(2)
`
`g
`g
`gm
`
`g
`
`g
`g
`g
`
`g
`g
`
`g
`
`g
`
`g
`g
`
`g
`
`g
`
`g
`
`gm
`
`gm
`g
`
`g
`
`'Element has no stable nuclides; the value given in parentheses is the atomic mass number of the isotope of longest known half-life. However, three such elements (Th,
`Pa and U) do have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and for these an atomic weight is tabulated.
`t Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.96 and 6.99; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific
`material.
`Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for normal material. The difference between the atomic weight
`g
`of the element in such specimens and that given in the Table may exceed the stated uncertainty.
`m Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractiona-
`tion. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the Table can occur.
`Range in isotopic composition of nonnal terrestrial material prevents a more precise A, (E) being given; the tabulated A,(E) value should be applicable to any
`normal material.
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 3
`
`

`

`Related Titles
`
`Brethericks Reactive Chemical Hazards, Fifth edition
`Urben
`
`Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Fourth edition
`Shaw
`
`Mullin Crystallization, Third edition
`
`Precipitation
`Sohnel and Garside
`
`Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, Fourth edition
`Armarego and Perrin
`
`Molecular Geometry
`Rodger and Rodger
`
`Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Second edition
`Rydborg, Chopin and Liljentzen
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 4
`
`

`

`Chemistry of the
`Elements
`•
`
`Second Edition
`
`N. N. GREENWOOD and A. EARNSHAW
`School of Chemistry
`University of Leeds, U.K.
`
`: UTTERWORTH
`E INEMANN
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 5
`
`

`

`Butterworth-Heinemann
`Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
`A division of Recd Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
`
`R A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
`
`OXFORD BOSTON JOHANNESBURG
`MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE
`
`Pirst published by Pergmuon Press plc 1984
`Reprinted with corrections 1985, 1986
`Repri nted 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995
`Second edition 1997
`© Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1984, 1997
`
`AIJ rights re erved. No part of Lhis pt1blicalio11
`may be reproduced in nny material form (including
`p hotocopy ing or storing in any medium by electr011i c
`me1ms aud whether or not l.ransienlly 0 1' incidentally
`to some other use of this publication) without the
`wriueu pe1t nission of the copyright bo lder except
`in accordance with the provisions f the Copyright,
`Designs and Palents Act l 988 or und er the terms of a
`icensing Agency Ltd,
`licence issued by the Copyright
`90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WI P 9HE.
`Applications for the copydght holder' s w1-ittcn penni sion
`to reproduce any part o.f this publicntion sh uld he addressed
`to the publishers
`
`British Library Cataloguing in'Publication Data
`A catalogue record for thi s book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN O 7506 3365 4
`Library of Cungi·ess Cat.aJoguing in Publication Data
`A catalogue record fo r this b ok is availa ble from the Library of Congress
`
`Printed in Great Britain
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 6
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface to the second edition
`Preface to the first edition
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Chapter 2
`
`Chapter 3
`
`Origin of the Elements. Isotopes and Atomic Weights
`Introduction
`1.1
`1.2 Origin of the Universe
`1.3 Abundances of the Elements in the Universe
`Stellar Evolution and the Spectral Classes of Stars
`1.4
`Synthesis of the Elements
`1.5
`1.5 .1 Hydrogen burning
`1.5.2 Helium burning and carbon burning
`The a-process
`1.5.3
`I .5.4 The e-process (equilibrium process)
`The s- and r-processes (slow and rapid neutron absorption)
`I .5.5
`I .5.6 The p-process (proton capture)
`The x-process
`1.5.7
`1.6 Atomic Weights
`1.6.1 Uncertainty in atomic weights
`I .6.2 The problem of radioactive elements
`
`Chemical Periodicity and the Periodic Table
`Introduction
`2.1
`The Electronic Structure of Atoms
`2.2
`Periodic Trends in Properties
`2.3
`Trends in atomic and physical properties
`2.3.1
`Trends in chemical properties
`2.3.2
`Prediction of New Elements and Compounds
`
`2.4
`
`Hydrogen
`Introduction
`3.1
`3.2 Atomic and Physical Properties of Hydrogen
`Isotopes of hydrogen
`3.2.1
`3.2.2 Ortho- and para-hydrogen
`Ionized forms of hydrogen
`3.2.3
`Preparation, Production and Uses
`3.3.1 Hydrogen
`3.3.2 Deuterium
`Tritium
`3.3.3
`3.4 Chemical Properties and Trends
`The coordination chemistry of hydrogen
`3.4.1
`
`3.3
`
`V
`
`xix .
`xxi
`
`1
`1
`1
`3
`5
`9
`9
`10
`11
`12
`12
`13
`13
`15
`16
`18
`
`20
`20
`21
`23
`23
`27
`29
`
`32
`32
`34
`34
`35
`36
`38
`38
`39
`41
`43
`44
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 7
`
`

`

`vi
`
`Contents
`
`Chapter 4
`
`Chapter 5
`
`Chapter 6
`
`3.5
`3.6
`
`Protonic Acids and Bases
`The Hydrogen Bond
`3.6.1
`Influence on properties
`3.6.2
`Influence on structure
`3.6.3
`Strength of hydrogen bonds and theoretical description
`3.7 Hydrides of the Elements
`
`Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium and
`Francium
`4.1
`Introduction
`4.2
`The Elements
`4.2.1 Discovery and isolation
`4.2.2
`Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`4.2.3
`Production and uses of the metals
`4.2.4
`Properties of the alkali metals
`4.2.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
`4.2.6
`Solutions in liquid ammonia and other solvents
`Compounds
`4.3.1
`Introduction: the ionic-bond model
`4.3.2 Halides and hydrides
`4.3.3 Oxides, peroxides, superoxides and suboxides
`4.3.4 Hydroxides
`4.3.5 Oxoacid salts and other compounds
`4.3.6 Coordination chemistry
`4.3.7
`Imides, amides and related compounds
`4.3.8 Organometallic compounds
`
`4.3
`
`Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium and
`Radium
`5.1
`Introduction
`5.2
`The Elements
`5.2.1
`Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`5.2.2
`Production and uses of the metals
`5.2.3
`Properties of the elements
`5.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`5.3 Compounds
`5.3.1
`Introduction
`5.3.2 Hydrides and halides
`5.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
`5.3.4 Oxoacid salts and coordination complexes
`5.3.5 Organometallic compounds
`Beryllium
`Magnesium
`Calcium, Strontium and Barium
`
`Boron
`6.1
`Introduction
`Boron
`6.2
`Isolation and purification of the element
`6.2.1
`Structure of crystalline boron
`6.2.2
`6.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of boron
`6.2.4 Chemical properties
`Borides
`6.3.I
`6.3.2
`6.3.3
`
`Introduction
`Preparation and stoichiometry
`Structures of borides
`
`6.3
`
`48
`52
`53
`59
`61
`64
`
`68
`
`68
`68
`68
`69
`71
`74
`76
`77
`79
`79
`82
`84
`86
`87
`90
`99
`102
`
`107
`
`107
`108
`108
`110
`111
`112
`113
`113
`115
`119
`122
`127
`127
`131
`136
`
`139
`139
`140
`140
`141
`144
`144
`145
`145
`146
`147
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`Chapter 7
`
`Contents
`
`6.4
`
`6.5
`6.6
`6.7
`
`6.8
`
`6.9
`6.10
`
`Boranes (Boron Hydrides)
`6.4.1
`Introduction
`6.4.2 Bonding and topology
`6.4.3
`Preparation and properties of boranes
`The chemistry of small boranes and their anions (B1 -B4)
`6.4.4
`Intermediate-sized boranes and their anions (Bs -B9)
`6.4.5
`6.4.6 Chemistry of nido-decaborane, B10H14
`6.4.7 Chemistry of closo-BnHn 2-
`Carboranes
`Metallocarboranes
`Boron Halides
`6.7.1
`Boron trihalides
`6.7.2
`Lower halides of boron
`Boron -Oxygen Compounds
`6.8.1
`Boron oxides and oxoacids
`6.8.2 Borates
`6.8.3 Organic compounds containing boron-oxygen bonds
`Boron - Nitrogen Compounds
`Other Compounds of Boron
`6.10.1 Compounds with bonds to P, As or Sb
`6.10.2 Compounds with bonds to S, Se and Te
`
`Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium
`Introduction
`7 .1
`The Elements
`7 .2
`7 .2.1
`Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`7.2.2
`Preparation and uses of the metals
`7.2.3
`Properties of the elements
`7.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`7.3 Compounds
`7.3.1 Hydrides and related complexes
`7.3.2 Halides and halide complexes
`Aluminium trihalides
`Trihalides of gallium, indium and thallium
`Lower halides of gallium, indium and thallium
`7.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
`7 .3.4
`Ternary and more complex oxide phases
`Spinels and related compounds
`Sodium-.B-alumina and related phases
`Tricalcium aluminate, Ca3AhO6
`7.3.5 Other inorganic compounds
`Chalcogenides
`Compounds with bonds to N, P, As, Sb or Bi
`Some unusual stereochemistries
`7.3.6 Organometallic compounds
`Organoaluminium compounds
`Organometallic compounds of Ga, In and Tl
`Al-N heterocycles and clusters
`
`Chapter 8
`
`Carbon
`8.1
`Introduction
`8.2
`Carbon
`8.2.1
`8.2.2
`8.2.3
`8.2.4
`
`Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`Allotropic forms
`Atomic and physical properties
`Fullerenes
`Structure of the fullerenes
`Other molecular allotropes of carbon
`Chemistry of the fullerenes
`Reduction of fullerenes to fullerides
`
`7
`3
`3
`
`l
`2
`3
`3
`s
`9
`2
`7
`7
`I
`6
`
`9
`0
`0
`·1
`4
`4
`.5
`.5
`-6
`,7
`
`vii
`
`151
`151
`157
`162
`164
`170
`173
`178
`181
`189
`195
`195
`200
`203
`203
`205
`207
`207
`211
`211
`213
`
`216
`216
`217
`217
`219
`222
`224
`227
`227
`233
`233
`237
`240
`242
`247
`247
`249
`251
`252
`252
`255
`256
`257
`258
`262
`265
`
`268
`268
`269
`269
`274
`276
`278
`280
`282
`282
`285
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`Contents
`
`Addition reactions
`Heteroatom fullerene-type clusters
`Encapsulation of metal atoms by fullerene clusters
`Chemical properties of carbon
`8.2.5
`8.3 Graphite Intercalation Compounds
`8.4 Carbides
`Metallocarbohedrenes (met-cars)
`8.5 Hydrides, Halides and Oxohalides
`8.6 Oxides and Carbonates
`Chalcogenides and Related Compounds
`8.7
`Cyanides and Other Carbon - Nitrogen Compounds
`8.8
`8.9 Organometallic Compounds
`
`Chapter 9
`
`Chapter 10
`
`9.3
`
`Silicon
`Introduction
`9.1
`Silicon
`9.2
`9.2.1 Occurrence and distribution
`Isolation, production and industrial uses
`9.2.2
`9.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
`9.2.4 Chemical properties
`Compounds
`Silicides
`9.3.1
`Silicon hydrides (silanes)
`9.3.2
`Silicon halides and related complexes
`9.3.3
`Silica and si licic acids
`9. 3 .4
`Silicate minerals
`9.3.5
`Silicates with discrete units
`Silicates with chain or ribbon structures
`Silicates with layer structures
`Silicates with framework structures
`9.3.6 Other inorganic compounds of silicon
`9.3.7 Organosilicon compounds and silicones
`
`Germanium, Tin and Lead
`Introduction
`10.1
`10.2 The Elements
`10.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`10.2.2 Production and uses of the elements
`10.2.3 Properties of the elements
`10.2.4 Chemical reactivity and group trends
`10.3 Compounds
`10.3.1 Hydrides and hydrohalides
`10.3.2 Halides and related complexes
`Germanium halides
`Tin halides
`Lead halides
`10.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
`10.3.4 Derivatives of oxoacids
`10.3.5 Other inorganic compounds
`10.3 .6 Metal -metal bonds and clusters
`10.3.7 Organometallic compounds
`Germanium
`Tin
`Lead
`
`Chapter 11
`
`Nitrogen
`Introduction
`11.1
`
`286
`287
`288
`289
`293
`296
`300
`301
`305
`313
`319
`326
`
`328
`328
`329
`329
`330
`330
`331
`335
`335
`337
`340
`342
`347
`347
`349
`349
`354
`359
`361
`
`367
`367
`368
`368
`369
`371
`373
`374
`374
`375
`376
`377
`381
`382
`387
`389
`391
`396
`396
`399
`404
`
`406
`406
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`Contents
`
`11.2 The Element
`11.2.1 Abundance and distribution
`11.2.2 Production and uses of nitrogen
`11.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
`11.2.4 Chemical reactivity
`11.3 Compounds
`11.3.1 Nitrides, azides and nitrido complexes
`11.3.2 Ammonia and ammonium salts
`Liquid ammonia as a solvent
`11.3.3 Other hydrides of nitrogen
`Hydrazine
`Hydroxylamine
`Hydrogen azide
`11.3.4 Thermodynamic relations between N-containing species
`11.3.5 Nitrogen halides and related compounds
`11.3.6 Oxides of nitrogen
`Nitrous oxide, N20
`Nitric oxide, NO
`Dinitrogen trioxide, N203
`Nitrogen dioxide, N02, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N204
`Dinitrogen pentoxide, N205, and nitrogen trioxide, N03
`11.3. 7 Oxoacids, oxoanions and oxoacid salts of nitrogen
`Hyponitrous acid and hyponitrites
`Nitrous acid and nitrites
`Nitric acid and nitrates
`Orthonitrates, M1N04
`
`Chapter 12
`
`Phosphorus
`
`12. l
`Introduction
`12.2 The Element
`12.2.1 Abundance and distribution
`12.2.2 Production and uses of elemental phosphorus
`12.2.3 Allotropes of phosphorus
`12.2.4 Atomic and physical properties
`12.2.5 Chemical reactivity and stereochemistry
`12.3 Compounds
`12.3.1 Phosphides
`12.3.2 Phosphine and related compounds
`12.3.3 Phosphorus halides
`Phosphorus trihalides
`Diphosphorus tetrahalides and other lower halides of phosphorus
`Phosphorus pentahalides
`Pseudohalides of phosphorus(III)
`12.3.4 Oxohalides and thiohalides of phosphorus
`12.3.5 Phosphmus oxides, sulfides, selenides and related compounds
`Oxides
`Sulfides
`Oxosulfides
`12.3.6 Oxoacids of phosphorus and their salts
`Hypophosphorous acid and hypophosphites [H2PO(OH) and H2P02 -i
`Phosphorous acid and phosphites [HPO(OHh and HPoi-l
`Hypophosphoric acid (H4P206) and hypophosphates
`Other lower oxoacids of phosphorus
`The phosphoric acids
`Orthophosphates
`Chain polyphosphates
`Cyclo-polyphosphoric acids and cyclo-polyphosphates
`12.3.7 Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds
`Cyclophosphazanes
`Phosphazenes
`
`ix
`
`407
`407
`409
`411
`412
`416
`417
`420
`424
`426
`427
`431
`432
`434
`438
`443
`443
`445
`454
`455
`458
`459
`459
`461
`465
`471
`
`473
`
`473
`475
`475
`479
`479
`482
`483
`489
`489
`492
`495
`495
`497
`498
`501
`501
`503
`503
`506
`510
`510
`513
`514
`515
`516
`516
`523
`526
`529
`531
`533
`534
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`X
`
`Contents
`
`Polyphosphazenes
`Applications
`12.3.8 Organophosphorus compounds
`
`Chapter 13
`
`Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
`13.1
`Introduction
`13.2 The Elements
`13.2.1 Abundance, distribution and extraction
`13.2.2 Atomic and physical properties
`13.2.3 Chemical reactivity and group trends
`13.3 Compounds of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
`Intermetallic compounds and alloys
`13.3.1
`13.3.2 Hydrides of arsenic, antimony and bismuth
`13.3.3 Halides and related complexes
`Trihalides, MX3
`Pentahalides, MXs
`Mixed halides and lower halides
`Halide complexes of Mm and MV
`Oxide halides
`13.3.4 Oxides and oxo compounds
`Oxo compounds of Mm
`Mixed-valence oxides
`Oxo compounds of Mv
`13.3.5 Sulfides and related compounds
`13.3.6 Metal-metal bonds and clusters
`13.3.7 Other inorganic compounds
`13.3.8 Organometallic compounds
`Organoarsenic(III) compounds
`Organoarsenic(V) compounds
`Physiological activity of arsenicals
`Organoantimony and organobismuth compounds
`
`Chapter 14
`
`Oxygen
`
`14.1 The Element
`14.1.1
`Introduction
`14.1.2 Occurrence
`14. 1.3 Preparation
`14.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
`14.1.5 Other forms of oxygen
`Ozone
`Atomic oxygen
`14.1.6 Chemical properties of dioxygen, 0 2
`14.2 Compounds of Oxygen
`14.2.1 Coordination chemistry: dioxygen as a ligand
`14.2.2 Water
`Introduction
`Distribution and availability
`Physical properties and structure
`Water of crystallization, aquo complexes and solid hydrates
`Chemical properties
`Polywater
`14.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide
`Physical properties
`Chemical properties
`14.2.4 Oxygen fluorides
`14.2.5 Oxides
`Various methods of classification
`Nonstoichiometry
`
`536
`542
`542
`
`547
`
`547
`548
`548
`550
`552
`554
`554
`557
`558
`558
`561
`563
`564
`570
`572
`573
`576
`576
`578
`583
`591
`592
`593
`594
`596
`596
`
`600
`
`600
`600
`602
`603
`604
`607
`607
`611
`612
`615
`615
`620
`620
`621
`623
`625
`627
`632
`633
`633
`634
`638
`640
`640
`642
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`

`Chapter 15
`
`Contents
`
`Sulfur
`15.1 The Element
`Introduction
`15.1.1
`15.1.2 Abundance and distribution
`15.1.3 Production and uses of elemental sulfur
`15.1.4 Allotropes of sulfur
`15.1.5 Atomic and physical properties
`15.1.6 Chemical reactivity
`Polyatomic sulfur cations
`Sulfur as a ligand
`Other ligands containing sulfur as donor atom
`15.2 Compounds of Sulfur
`15.2.1 Sulfides of the metallic elements
`General considerations
`Structural chemistry of metal sulfides
`Anionic polysulfides
`15.2.2 Hydrides of sulfur (sulfanes)
`15.2.3 Halides of sulfur
`Sulfur fluorides
`Chlorides, bromides and iodides of sulfur
`15.2.4 Oxohalides of sulfur
`15.2.5 Oxides of sulfur
`Lower oxides
`Sulfur dioxide, SO2
`Sulfur dioxide as a ligand
`Sulfur trioxide
`Higher oxides
`15.2.6 Oxoacids of sulfur
`Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
`Peroxosulfuric acids, H2SO5 and H2S2Os
`Thiosulfuric acid, H2S2O3
`Dithionic acid, H2S2O6
`Polythionic acids, H2SnO6
`Sulfurous acid, H2SO3
`Disulfurous acid, H2S2Os
`Dithionous acid, H2S2O4
`15.2.7 Sulfur-nitrogen compounds
`Binary sulfur nitrides
`Sulfur-nitrogen cations and anions
`Sulfur imides, Ss-n (NH)n
`Other cyclic sulfur-nitrogen compounds
`Sulfur-nitrogen-halogen compounds
`Sulfur-nitrogen-oxygen compounds
`
`Chapter 16
`
`Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
`
`16.1 The Elements
`Introduction: history, abundance, distribution
`16.1.1
`16.1.2 Production and uses of the elements
`16.1.3 Allotropy
`16.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
`16.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
`16.1.6 Polyatomic cations, Mxn+
`16.1.7 Polyatomic anions, M/-
`16.2 Compounds of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
`16.2.1 Selenides, tellurides and polonides
`16.2.2 Hydrides
`16.2.3 Halides
`Lower halides
`Tetrahalides
`
`)
`)
`l
`3
`i
`7
`7
`1
`2
`s
`s
`0
`0
`1
`3
`5
`7
`2
`3
`3
`4
`8
`0
`0
`2
`
`xi
`
`645
`
`645
`645
`647
`649
`652
`661
`662
`664
`665
`673
`676
`676
`676
`679
`681
`682
`683
`683
`689
`693
`695
`695
`698
`701
`703
`704
`706
`710
`712
`714
`715
`716
`717
`720
`720
`721
`722
`730
`735
`736
`736
`
`747
`
`747
`747
`748
`751
`753
`754
`759
`762
`765
`765
`766
`767
`768
`772
`
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`xii
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`Contents
`
`Hexahalides
`Halide complexes
`16.2.4 Oxohalides and pseudohalides
`16.2.5 Oxides
`16.2.6 Hydroxides and oxoacids
`16.2.7 Other inorganic compounds
`16.2.8 Organo-compounds
`
`Chapter 17
`
`The Halogens: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and
`Astatine
`
`17.2.3
`
`17.1 The Elements
`17.1.1
`Introduction
`Fluorine
`Chlorine
`Bromine
`Iodine
`Astatine
`17.1.2 Abundance and distribution
`17.1.3 Production and uses of the elements
`17 .1.4 Atomic and physical properties
`17.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
`General reactivity and stereochemistry
`Solutions and charge-transfer complexes
`17.2 Compounds of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine
`17.2.1 Hydrogen halides, HX
`Preparation and uses
`Physical properties of the hydrogen halides
`Chemical reactivity of the hydrogen halides
`The hydrogen halides as nonaqueous solvents
`17.2.2 Halides of the elements
`Fluorides
`Chlorides, bromides and iodides
`lnterhalogen compounds
`Diatomic interhalogens, XY
`Tetra-atomic interhalogens, XY 3
`Hexa-atomic and octa-atomic interhalogens, XFs and IF1
`17.2.4 Polyhalide anions
`17.2.5 Polyhalonium cations XY 2n +
`17.2.6 Halogen cations
`17.2.7 Oxides of chlorine, bromine and iodine
`Oxides of chlorine
`Oxides of bromine
`Oxides of iodine
`17.2.8 Oxoacids and oxoacid salts
`General considerations
`Hypohalous acids, HOX, and hypohalites, xo-
`Halous acids, HOXO, and halites, XO2 -
`Halie acids, HOXO2, and halates, XO3 -
`Perhalic acid and perhalates
`Perchloric acid and perchlorates
`Perbromic acid and perbromates
`Periodic acids and periodates
`17.2.9 Halogen oxide fluorides and related compounds
`Chlorine oxide fluorides
`Bromine oxide fluorides
`Iodine oxide fluorides
`17.2.10 Halogen derivatives of oxoacids
`17.3 The Chemistry of Astatine
`
`775
`776
`777
`779
`781
`783
`786
`
`789
`
`789
`789
`789
`792
`793
`794
`794
`795
`796
`800
`804
`804
`806
`809
`809
`809
`812
`813
`816
`819
`820
`821
`824
`824
`828
`832
`835
`839
`842
`844
`844
`850
`851
`853
`853
`856
`859
`862
`865
`865
`871
`872
`875
`875
`880
`881
`883
`885
`
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`Contents
`
`Chapter 18 The Noble Gases: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon
`and Radon
`Introduction
`18.1
`18.2 The Elements
`18.2.1 Distribution, production and uses
`18.2.2 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
`18.3 Chemistry of the Noble Gases
`18.3.1 Clathrates
`18.3.2 Compounds of xenon
`18.3.3 Compounds of other noble gases
`
`Chapter 19 Coordination and Organometallic Compounds
`Introduction
`19.1
`19.2 Types of Ligand
`19.3 Stability of Coordination Compounds
`19.4 The Various Coordination Numbers
`Isomerism
`19.5
`Conformational isomerism
`Geometrical isomerism
`Optical isomerism
`Ionization isomerism
`Linkage isomerism
`Coordination isomerism
`Polymerization isomerism
`Ligand isomerism
`19.6 The Coordinate Bond
`19.7 Organometallic Compounds
`19.7.1 Monohapto ligands
`19.7.2 Dihapto ligands
`19.7.3 Trihapto ligands
`19.7.4 Tetrahapto ligands
`19.7.5 Pentahapto ligands
`19.7.6 Hexahapto ligands
`19.7.7 Heptahapto and octahapto ligands
`
`Chapter 20
`
`Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium
`Introduction
`20.1
`20.2 The Elements
`20.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`20.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
`20.2.3 Properties of the elements
`20.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`20.3 Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium
`20.3.1 Simple compounds
`20.3.2 Complexes
`20.3.3 Organometallic compounds
`
`Chapter 21 Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium
`21.1
`Introduction
`21.2 The Elements
`21.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`21.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
`21.2.3 Properties of the elements
`21.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`21.3 Compounds of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium
`21.3.1 Oxides and sulfides
`
`xiii
`
`888
`
`888
`889
`889
`890
`892
`893
`893
`903
`
`905
`905
`906
`908
`912
`918
`918
`919
`919
`920
`920
`920
`921
`921
`921
`924
`925
`930
`933
`935
`937
`940
`941
`
`944
`944
`945
`945
`945
`946
`948
`949
`949
`950
`953
`
`954
`954
`955
`955
`955
`956
`958
`961
`961
`
`)
`}
`)
`I
`i
`i
`~
`2
`5
`9
`2
`4
`4
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`3
`3
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`9
`2
`s
`5
`1
`2
`s
`s
`.o
`'1
`,3
`5
`
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`xiv
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`Contents
`
`21.3.2 Mixed (or complex) oxides
`21.3.3 Halides
`21.3.4 Compounds with oxoanions
`21.3.5 Complexes
`Oxidation state IV (d0)
`Oxidation state III ( d 1)
`Lower oxidation states
`21.3.6 Organometallic compounds
`
`Chapter 22
`
`Chapter 23
`
`Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum
`22.1
`Introduction
`22.2 The Elements
`22.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`22.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
`22.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
`22.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`22.3 Compounds of Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum
`22.3.l Oxides
`22.3.2 Polymetallates
`22.3.3 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides
`22.3.4 Halides and oxohalides
`22.3.5 Compounds with oxoanions
`22.3.6 Complexes
`Oxidation state V (do)
`Oxidation state IV ( d 1)
`Oxidation state III ( d2)
`Oxidation state II ( d3)
`22.3.7 The biochemistry of vanadium
`22.3.8 Organometallic compounds
`
`Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
`23.1
`Introduction
`23.2 The Elements
`23.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`23.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
`23.2.3 Properties of the elements
`23.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`23.3 Compounds of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
`23.3.1 Oxides
`23.3.2
`Isopolymetallates
`23.3.3 Heteropolymetallates
`23.3.4 Tungsten and molybdenum bronzes
`23.3.5 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides
`23.3.6 Halides and oxohalides
`23.3.7 Complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten
`Oxidation state VI (d0)
`Oxidation state V (d1)
`Oxidation state IV (d2)
`Oxidation state III (d3)
`Oxidation state II ( d4)
`23.3.8 Biological activity and nitrogen fixation
`23.3.9 Organometallic compounds
`
`Chapter 24
`
`Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
`24.1
`Introduction
`24.2 The Elements
`
`962
`964
`966
`967
`967
`969
`971
`972
`
`976
`976
`977
`977
`977
`978
`979
`981
`981
`983
`987
`988
`993
`994
`994
`994
`996
`998
`999
`999
`
`1002
`1002
`1003
`1003
`1003
`1004
`1005
`1007
`1007
`1009
`1013
`1016
`1017
`1019
`1023
`1023
`1024
`1025
`1027
`1031
`1035
`1037
`
`1040
`1040
`1041
`
`PAC ET AL. EXHIBIT 1041
`Page 16
`
`

`

`Chapter 25
`
`Contents
`
`24.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`24.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
`24.2.3 Properties of the elements
`24.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`24.3 Compounds of Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
`24.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
`24.3.2 Oxoanions
`24.3.3 Halides and oxohalides
`24.3.4 Complexes of manganese, technetium and rhenium
`Oxidation state VII (d0)
`Oxidation state VI (d1)
`Oxidation state V (d2)
`Oxidation state IV (d3)
`Oxidation state III (d4)
`Oxidation state II (d5)
`Lower oxidation states
`24.3.5 The biochemistry of manganese
`24.3.6 Organometallic compounds
`
`Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
`Introduction
`25 .1
`25.2 The Elements Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
`25.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`25.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
`25.2.3 Properties of the elements
`25.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`25.3 Compounds of Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
`25.3.1 Oxides and other chalcogenides
`25.3.2 Mixed metal oxides and oxoanions
`25.3.3 Halides and oxohalides
`25.3.4 Complexes
`Oxidation state VIII ( d0)
`Oxidation state VII ( d 1)
`Oxidation state VI (d2)
`Oxidation state V (d3 )
`Oxidation state IV ( d4)
`Oxidation state III ( d5)
`Oxidation state II ( d6)
`Mixed valence compounds of ruthenium
`Lower oxidation states
`25.3.5 The biochemistry of iron
`Haemoglobin and myoglobin
`Cytochromes
`Iron-sulfur proteins
`25.3.6 Organometallic compounds
`Carbonyls
`Carbonyl hydrides and carbonylate anions
`Carbonyl halides and other substituted carbonyls
`Ferrocene and other cyclopentadienyls
`
`Chapter 26
`
`Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium
`Introduction
`26. l
`26.2 The Elements
`26.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
`26.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
`26.2.3 Properties of the elements
`26.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
`26.3 Compounds of Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium
`
`2
`3
`3
`3
`4
`•5
`17
`17
`19
`3
`6
`7
`.9
`\3
`~3
`!4
`!.5
`!7
`ll
`15
`!7
`
`10
`
`xv
`
`1041
`1041
`1043
`1044
`1045
`1045
`1049
`1051
`1054
`1054
`1055
`1055
`1056
`l057
`1058
`1061
`1061
`1062
`
`1070
`1070
`1071
`1071
`1071
`1074
`1075
`1079
`1079
`1081
`1082
`1085
`1085
`1085
`1085
`1086
`1086
`10