BuildingaLinux InternetServer
`
`CUMSESHOHESESEHESHOOETOSEFIOTOFEHATHRSHRORHERHEEHESERAID
`
`George Eckel
`Chris Hare
`
`
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`ON BLOOMINGTON
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`“Karen Walsh ee
`a RobertWolf -ae
`; Indexer. ee
`Bred Herriman: “ies
`
`|.
`
`Produst:Development
`Specialist:
`Emmett Dulaney —
`| SoftwareSpecialist
`Steve Weiss,
`ProductionEditor
`wl Amy Bezek.o -
`CopyEditer
`uo PhilWorthingtton.
`
`Building a Linux Internet Server
`By George Eckel and Chris Hare
`
`Published by:
`New Riders Publishing
`201 West 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproducedor transmit-
`ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
`photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
`system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the
`inclusion of brief quotations in a review.
`
`Copyright © 1995 by New Riders Publishing
`
`Printed in the United States of America 1234567890
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Hare, R. Christopher E., 1962-
`Building a Linux Internet server / R, Christopher E. haare, George
`Eckel,
`
`cm,
`p.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 1-56205-525-9
`2. Linux.
`1. Client/server computing.
`network)
`I, Eckel, George, 1954-
`.
`QA76.9.C55H36
`1995
`004.6'7--de2d
`
`3. Internet
`II. Title.
`
`(Computer
`
`95-38424
`CIP
`
`Warning and Disclaimer
`This book is designed to provide information about the Internet. Every
`effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate
`as possible, but no warranty orfitness is implied.
`
`The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The authors and New
`Riders Publishing shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any
`person or entity with respect to any loss or damagesarising from the
`information contained in this book or from the use of the disks or pro-
`grams that may accompany It.
`
`Publisher
`
`Associate Publisher
`
`Marketing Manager
`Acquisitions Manager
`Managing Editor
`
`Don Fowley
`Tim Huddleston
`
`Ray Robinson
`Jim LeValley
`Tad Ringo
`
`
`
`Building a Linux Internet Server
`
`|
`
`Ca ay
`\v hteahAe
`
`

`

`About the Authors
`
`George Eckel has worked on a number of books
`for Macmillan Publishing, including Memory Man-
`agementfor All of Us, Inside Windows NT. and
`Inside UNIX. As a professional writer, George has
`worked as a consultant for Hewlett-Packard, Sun
`Microsystems, Informix, AT&T, Time-Warner, and
`Silicon Graphics, Inc. Presently, he is a part of the
`core team that developed and demonstrated the
`world's first interactive television system. George
`is now working on the Japanese (NTT) implemen-
`tation of interactive television, and running a con-
`sulting business for companies setting up services
`on the Internet. You can reach him at
`geckel@warp.engr.sgi.com, or 510-820-5243.
`
`George is the father to three children—Madeline,
`Nathalie, and Genevieve—and happy husband of
`Shirlee, whose patience and support helped make
`this book possible,
`
`Chris Hare is the Operations Manager for a
`Canadian national Internet service provider,
`i*internet. He started working in computer-based
`technology in 1986, after studying Health Sci-
`ences. Since that time, he has worked in program-
`ming, system administration, quality assurance,
`‘training, network management, consulting, and
`technical management positions.
`
`Chris became the first SCO Authorized Training
`instructor in Canada in 1988, and has taught Unix
`courses all over the world for his previous em-
`ployers and for SCO. As a professional writer, Chris
`has authored almost 20 articles for Sys Admin
`magazine and has coauthored several books for
`New Riders Publishing,
`including /nside UNIX,
`internet Firewalls and Network Security, and the
`yet-to-be-released Unix Professional Reference.
`
`Chris lives in Ottawa, Canada with his wife, Terri,
`and their children, Meagan and Matthew.
`
`Trademark Acknowledgments
`All terms. mentioned in this book that are known
`to be trademarks or service marks have been ap-
`propriately capitalized, New Riders Publishing can-
`not attest to the accuracy of this information. Use
`- of a term in this book should not be regarded as
`affecting the validity of any trademark or service
`mark.
`
`Dedication
`
`In memorium for Nancy M. Eckel...
`For all the lovely memories...
`Ali the lovely times...
`Until we are togetheragain...
`
`Acknowledgments
`Chris Hare would like to take the opportunity to
`thank a few people. First off, to George Eckel for
`such a wonderful manuscript to work with. Next,
`to Emmett Dulaney and the staff at New Riders
`for their encouragement. They are wonderful
`people as always.
`
`A heartfelt thank you goes to Sohail Khan of Com-
`puters and More in Kanata, Ontario for assistance
`in providing some much-needed computing and
`network hardware to duplicate and test the vari-
`ous Componentsof this book on the Linux Oper-
`ating System.
`
`Finally, thanks to wife Terri for supporting me in
`yet another authoring project. The 3 a.m. morn-
`ings are almost becoming habit for her (and me).
`Nevertheless, these projects wouldn't be possible
`but for her encouragement.
`
`| Building a Linux Internet Server
`
`iii
`
`

`

`Contents at a Glance
`
`IItFOCUCTION voc eeeecccceceeceecccceepevecseeaeuecsssusasesssectusscensepeuserececsataececeuanes 1
`
`Part I Using the Internet for Business
`
`What Is the Internet? oo... cccecscecccceccceceeaseceeeersuuevesscenureesesuuaansesentans g
`
`Business and the Internet ...... 000. ccccccccccccecceceuncecaveceauessseauugunenrs 17
`
`Advertising on the Internet .........cccccccsccsscsseessssesevsseseeescrsevesesnntees 35
`
`1 2 3
`
`Part II Getting Connected to the Internet
`Understanding Basic Technology ..............cceccscecseneevevesecerneneneeees 45
`
`Tools for Accessing Internet Information wo... secs teens 57
`
`Connecting to the INternet ......ccccccececececsseeeecesesersssrevessesersnaraeeess 69
`
`Legal CONSiderations .0.......cccccecseccecesscsseseseceeencereseseestuscensnseeenee sens 85
`
`Making Your LAN S@CUI6 vc cccccccscscecsteseceststersvsseseeerseeeeessreeeteesnes 91
`
`4 5 6 7 8
`
`PartIII. Setting Up and Managing Internet Services
`Understanding LINUX ......cccpeecespeeeeeereees we aeeeeeescesseasuseteerensvasnestanss 101
`
`9
`
`10
`
`setting Up an FTP Service... eee pecs egeeceevetesaaaeesgenseneanas 119
`
`11
`
`12
`
`13
`
`14
`
`15
`
`16
`
`17
`
`18
`
`19
`
`Setting Up a More Secure FTP Service wo. cccceeesesececesenseneess 131
`
`Managing an FIP S€rvice oo... .ccccccecccscsecesseeereceverscsteseeceserereeinees 141
`
`Setting Up a freeWAIS Service occ eeeeeececeeeseeeseeeeaeeaes 161
`
`Managing a freeWAIS Service oc ccccccccececeeeccreeeseeveeseensecees 177
`
`Setting Up and Managing ZDIST oo... cseseseseeessecssessreeserees 193
`
`Setting Up a Gopher ServiCe ...... i cccsescecsecscsnsssesereecensrens 201
`
`Managing @ Gopher Service oo... ccc cecesereeeeeeeeteeeteteteteteeaae211
`
`Setting Up a WWW Service oo. ccccccccecersceseecsseseseccensneenieey 243
`
`Managing a WAWW Service woe cccccccccccsccceeceeeeeuseeneneteestenetecess 261
`
`Part IV Appendixes
`Gopher Servic@s vo... ccceeeeeeree peice a eneeseesneasseeeesseescnesaneseeesen es 289
`
`Free Software on the Internet ........ ce ecccscsesesescrsscsseesseessseenseens 313
`
`GIOSSALY oo. ecccceseccsecccacceseeesaeeseeecerevereevesdceraveevennentrevertesnteentess 317
`
`BIDIOGrAPAY vo... eececcecccesecccesescecccsuseceseeracevectettsecentnaesesevstespectaaeens 321
`Index... Lente enen ene raene ne tnnenassaranas encesfeel iteet ei aeeeeetenonne 323
`
`A B
`
`iv
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`Building a Linux Internet Server
`
`|
`
`

`

`Table of Gontents
`
`Introduction
`How This Book |S Organized .......ccccecceseecersetteeteesstretecee nett serenelereneinenennen 4
`New Riders Publishing ........ cee daetseteersattansuteesestiissstitantavsinsensssesenes“eceuereeieen 6°
`
`Part I: Using The Internet for Business
`7
`
`
`9
`1 WhatIs the Internet?
`A Revolution in COMMUNICATIONS vce cceccseeseceseetssersetescsessneesaesasseeesaneaeeees 10
`A Short History of the Internet... bebeeseuspeesentanseececasesseeuasseseeeteeeeres 10
`Internationalization of the Internet vo...a oe13
`Who Governs the INtGMin@t? ... cence eect nee rieel 14
`Who Pays for the INternet? occ ee resins retreresiesciseerrecirena 15
`What You Find on the Internet 0... cccccestteeeetersereretersetr reer terienaesianianis 15
`What Can You Do on the Internet? ooo. cere eee eeeeeee reer nnneeneenitaennea 16
`SUIMIMALY vo cccccecccccceccrerec cee ence een enn ern REED p Sree ene a sen eee Kaper ener enn ae te 16
`
`17
`2 Business and the Internet
`Who Is Using the Internet? vo... c eee cern erre reer eerineesenaresressneerereesies 18
`Profile of PC and Online Services’ Penetration into HOMe6S .........ccee 18
`Profile of Internet USAGES oo. cecccecete eee eter tii rn een iserieeeernseneaeeess 19
`Profiling the Typical Internet USP... cette nee teerentenienieeerrenree 19
`Looking at Internet Trends v0... cient ener eetectesecisssiveriasecsereniees 21
`Business Uses of the Internet ..0.... cee erreeer rnincoetecueseeesteeteceeeees 22
`Internal Uses of the Internet 00... cccecccccccsecescesseeerscesessessescpereerentes 22
`Offering External Internet S@rviCeS 0... ee eeeneeenreeereeenereraee reste 24
`A New Principle in Customer Relations .....cc cc ccceecceccesenererreetees 25
`TSICCOMIMUTING ooocee cece cert te cet terete ener Perr nnee eee cetiesenreneueeesenien eet 26
`Keeping Up with the World...cette cet e inser eienteriee 26
`RECUCING COSTS oo icee reece ee cee eter er arr n nn ene Dnr ete ecneatecnesenpessenasenetes 26
`What Businesses Are on the Internet...nl i irre 26
`Internet Shopping Network....00. cesses eeseceresscereeteeesssasenees 28.
`Federal EXPreSs .0......cccccccscccteeeecereereerrrenseestnaseeserritensenaesennieees bonnes 29
`Hewlett Packard ......cceccceceeccececctestertseaaseesseeseeese i eeeeeeeeereneniieseeeeneninigs 29
`COMMEICENGE eect ee eter ee nn OE Gn En nn En nner 30
`Paramount PICTUS ........cceceececsesseseeeneeresseneeeeeeds pa pe atgaeageesecevenseeaaanaecoes 30
`Canadian Airlines ........cc00eed eeaenaa deena seeeeQeenseseeeteserees geese nenoenceeeteeeattiaas 31
`Other Business Examples .....0cccccccceceececeeeree rer etieentesenieeesnereenreeeneieeey 31
`SUIMMALY veces eenr OPS c ree pens SRDS Ere e neon reer 33
`3 Advertising on the Internet
`35
`How Not to Advertise on the INternet...........ccccccccceeertensereeeseteeessenseneneees 36
`How to Advertise on the Internet ...........cccccceceececenntereerererrcereeesunenen ree 36
`
`
`
`| Table of Contents
`
`

`

`Three Advertising Principles ......cccccctieessenesnenerererreseneneerteese nesses ses 36
`Throwing Away Old Advertising Principles oo... eerste te isis 37
`Multimedia Internet Interfaces Help Motivate Users...eter 37
`Where Business Fits In... ceciicecec ier enennsserieir resis nerrsestenerentegeeg se ees 39
`Appropriate Ways to Advertise on the INternet .......cccceenereeerernreeeees 39
`GN ccccceccscecercececeeceeseceescsncenserseeteeseeeeneenenersssireesyensninecgensorsescasesee seen 39
`AWAUCS cecccecccceceececceeesteneeteeneeees tees cage teen ED ERED EE EAE E EEE SE EEE EEE 40
`CUI cccccccccccsececcececcececceeseceeveeeeceeeeeeeepeece0e sce eee 00 tas 00200100 082g 008 2022000004 40
`ENGt cccccccccecceceasesceeceeteeseascaneaseeceeeeeeeeee cee cce0Hie pees 0000020 CUE PC2 208000000084 40
`Special Interest CONNECTIONS oo... eee ieeete reese tect tte teeters tee 40
`WWW LIDrary cccccccceccccee tees esnerenesereensesseeeeresssneneneateneseisseeraenranirggtsris 40
`WebCrawler vccccccccccscessescereectenseseeerceseeecrneesesreeeer eer ene renee ge ene gge nee 40
`VV WWOLIT cc ccecceesccsecceeeceeeeceeeeeeeceseeeeceete ne eeenees ee ee erect nee ees E Uae ete 220084 AQ
`Homme Pages Brokel .occcccscccrcecee reer ersten ere seen ie ees see ee esis 40
`COMMErCENEt cecccsecccccscecceceeeteeeeneesenereneeeeeceesennssersuaeeesneaensseeneesneesr grees 40
`Shopping Network ....cccccsesecccec eres sree seit ee ee eee eee es 41
`Commercial ServiCe....cccccccc nce eee rnte tester ri niene resi A
`Internet [FO ...ceceececssescesesceseee cere ees eee ener ener EES eee eee EE CEES eee CEES 4)
`Internet BUSINESS CONTE eee cect et rer et erin erier trie sesresee ernie nts 4)
`Interesting BUSINESS Sit@S.......c cere e tte etree esse tesenenenneie A)
`Become Active in the INternet oo... ccc cere re tener rear nee reser eee 41
`Newsgroups with Which to ACVErtiSe oe. teense ices ncnirtitreisissin 41
`Create Your OWn NEWSQPOUD .o.. cee eee er errr tn erence ete ei reres cas 42
`Send Your Service Announcement to Catalog Maintainers .......ciee 42
`SUIIVIALY cecscescccecseeeeeeeceeeeeene eens secenece penne eee SEES EE OE EEE ES EAE TERETE 42
`
`
`45
`4 Understanding Basic Technology
`Internet Connection Technology Prien... ccc reine nnartee 46
`Using High-Speed Leased LIne...... ccc irene iter: 46
`Dialing Up the Internet .....cece cette i reteteeetreeeeseseeueeeeeeeeeeneeeniies 48
`Running TCP/IP on Your Personal COMPUTEL «eeeseeseeceaeeee 48
`A Brief Introduction to TCP/IP .....ccei rene er rir ie iae rer rier tigi eein 49
`[Po occccccccecectescerertaqerseeveseesesescnses:tceneecneecseeteesseeneerireesersaesereneegeeiessasesnase 50
`TOR oo ooccccccccccccceeseseecerecereceneecsceeceeceeee eo stents eeieseereretieecneeeseagesnereseeieneees 51
`G1SEEPS CECEOOOOCEOOOOOCOOOOOLS 52
`Naming AddreSs@......cceeeeecee errr eneeecesvcuuecceceesuarauereveseuneenteeeserssegenes 52
`Big Brother: inetd...wc cec ace cane aan AEGAN EAAANAL ECHL LE UEEUEDOHED ELSES ESSE SS ACEEEEOUEES 53
`Using Daemons vices tsereeneisssunseerteeenesnsnrneneetaennanensareenseres 54
`How Service Requests and Replies Happen 0...ccc 54
`SUIMIMALY occeccecccgeevececeeeneeeeecerenaseeee tee cne tered cegeee genre nee eeaee ete eeee gee gee ents ces beeeees 55
`
`Buildinga Linux Internet Server
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`5]
`5 Tools for Accessing Internet Information
`USING TINGE cece cece rier en re en etre ns et eter ne nene ennagerieerieennenias 58
`USING telnet oc cei rece cte rere renee en He ene neencrccnesanenereasseseees 59
`Getting and Sending E-mail...........ce eeeeeceecuesseeeaeeseececeevsuaeesneseceeavanenreceestias 59
`
`Offering an FTP Service....... Lea eee e en eOUDAGEED UAE GEAE GEES GEAEEEE;EAEEEEELEEE;EEEEEEE DEE CE EEE EEE 59
`Offering an Archie S@rviCe 0.eee i tr eet aeeeinirerieriiet ener 62
`Offering a Gopher S@rvice oo...er iiuicriinrenitenies 62
`Offering a WAIS Service oo. eeevee kere eeegiseniesesesscengeiseenessapeceessesegs 64
`Offering a WWW Service ..cccccccccscscecsseresesnststessesseetsiesesensisisieeeseeeeeitenes 65
`Deciding What Service to Off6D ..cccccceccccsescecsecseececeeteeetnsessitirsnenensees 67
`SUIMMANY ooo ceceeneS ESS EEE EE EEE 67
`
`69
`6 Connecting to the Internet
`An Overview of Internet Service Categories 0.0... ccecessecccsseeerereeeeesensens 70
`Categories Of Service oo... eee eter rer cenneetreseareeeaerias ./1
`Defining Your Company's Ne@eds 0...eee r reer eeeaeeren 72
`Understanding Bandwidth Terminology ........: cc cccccsnrereecceseeeneeeneeeenns 73
`Using a Dedicated or Shared Telephone Line 2... cece erect rees 73
`Considering Connection Costs ve terre ee ce speneenereesinrnines 74
`System and Personnel REQUITEMENTHS 0.0... ttt etree tteeren 75
`Determining, Hardware Requirements ...c.ccccceer ee erteeereteeereees 75
`Manning the POSt .c.ccccccccccscerr certs cece erin setrenetinieeiieniiegsieesiaess 77
`Making the Decision..,....... bocce deeeeeneaeeeeteeeeeeeneae seen sebereeeengysgeeeaateniveeeenenianens 77
`Determining Hardware Requirements for Dial Up
`and Proxy CONNECtIONS wo. eter center tiees 78
`Using the Dial Up Connection wu... lccicscevetetceeteasasansees 78
`Looking at Internet Providers for Dial Up Connections be ceeeseeeevaneeeteneens 79
`Using SLIP and PPP uu... cece errr et nner inentieasriesceeererasieeseseids 80
`Using ISDN voo.ccecccccccecceeere cere cer ne en er ne ner eens tneneienrapsaseieeecaenets 81
`Using Switched BGK ....ccccccc cece cect entree escent ney eecneescnasetnreeenanerngey 81
`Using a LeasedLING....ceccee cect rr cee eer ester tere venieeeneeeniaeesnneennees 82
`Using Service Providers oo. c cc cecenerenrenerrneriesneeresiaeneserentesireces 83
`Getting an Internet ACCreSS oo... ce cece eerrresereteeereeesseerenrineriaes 83
`STU 8a] 00 =aeEEE ESSE ET EESSOEEESEOTSSE SISOS SSOOEOSEEOSOOEE® 84
`7 Legal Considerations
`85
`Protecting Your Materials ......0...0 cece attests rersterceerereeseesesiinrenees 86
`a1 0(=)0nc]0:TEEPE SEES OEE TSETOEESESESTOSECEEOSIOS 86
`Patented D@SIQNS .......cceecece cee cette ne ern nen ee cenierir pe ciees cries retina 86
`Trade SOCrOUS ooeccccccecccccne te teeeceee center rete ence nnn eet e Eee Ie E eee aaa reer 87
`Copyrighted Materials ...0..ccecececeer cee trreencneereeieeteeieiierrires 87
`Avoiding Legal Problems .......:.cccee eerste ttre erie enieccsenieeneriitecneniers 88
`Seek PerMiSSiOn ....cccccecceccecetetee eect tee er One enn nner rae enn ee et 88
`AVOId LID ooo. ccc ec rece eter ee enrE EERIE OC a EEE 88
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`/
`
`:
`
`Export ProDleMs oo... cc ceccecesscessseesesseeeecsseecseeceseecsutsennsesasecnieyertecitsssaees 88
`AVOID POPMOQrapny oo..sccccceecccceessescsseseeecssecseeaesesscaeecsscueseaesneesrscinnvatens 88
`Pirated Software... Tere enue teres cates pee eey ect caseveeeretenttattanenny 88
`Checking Uploaded Material .......cccccccccsssccsseccccsssevesvevsvssestesesteveseeesevees 89
`SUIMUIMELY icc ceeecesceeeeteeeeetesetccsseetecseeccsseeuersusensensassevevsnieversanetsaeesyeetecees 89
`8 Making Your LAN Secure
`91
`Guarding the Gateway oo... cccccccsecsecepcesssssepescsscavcstcrevevsessevattestatsavvavseees 92
`KINS OF FireWAlIS ..0.. cc ceccccceeccecsecsececsevsesatsssevsserevsevarsiensesssravsesatessersssrass 92
`INNING HOST occ cececessessaccseccsuecseccesseetecsecreccsesrtsassariveassnrettiesaseniversens 92
`MONItOriNG HOSt ooo. ceccecsecsecessesseccesceeecssessucuscerensessurescaevaassseeaveaeereens 9?
`Getting Firewall Software ......... ee secssseeeeecaaeeesecsasoeseeveneaeseegecertietessuentnarenes 93
`Using the Firewall Toolkit .0...ccccccccccsccsseessecsecesevsevsrscersesecaneeaperayey 93
`Using the CERN WWW Service in Proxy Mode .....ccceccecesssseeeeeen 94
`USING SOCKS ooo. ceccccccccecesscceseecsessnessresenreesfeet ttettasescauestereeransnntens 95
`Placing the Gateway Computer oc... cccccccceccucecsecseetsseesevenevesecsuscneeesesiess 95
`INIIN@ CONFIQUIATION ooo. cccceccsecsececsuecesevsseceseevrsstsasssasscesesvivettateersesses 96
`Monitored Configuration ....cccccccccccecssecseeessessvsresssevnesersetvatereeveseesey, 97
`A Grab Bag of Security Addenda wo... eccccccccecesecssereeeveseesscenerssritsneees 97
`SUMIMALY oo oec ce ccc ccc ceeeeeseessescatesesseesvaecaseussuseessssarsissatessaeseasaavaesansavensereas 98
`
`
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`Part III: Setting Up and Managing Internet Services
`99
`
`
`101
`9 Understanding Linux
`A Brief History Of LINUX vc cccececsccccsesecsscsseesscsevesensssessirensenesetaveneeesns 102
`SUPPOFtING Hardware oo... ceccecccecsscsseeseeesecsecsecassaccsvessseceevescesgaesaesnseneatvansas 102
`PFOCOSSOP viiccceccseccteseeceessesessecseseessesccrsecssgcaeucessvaresavcasvevasvanevausvanesseses 103
`Memory Requirements oo... cc eccececscssesecscescesessessessesseseergerserquiteanapern 103
`Hard Disk RequireMent......cccecccccccsecscecessessessescsssevstssesevssereseessieenes 103
`VIDEO REQUIFEMENHS oo... cecccccceccesescsecescesscrscasecaecssvsavuevatesascenveseersveseens 104
`Mice and Pointing Devic@s wo... ccccscsseccssscrsascevsescsssevsuevesesverseeteres 104
`CD-ROM DIiveS yi. eeccceeccccscseccscecssesesesesserevaccaevareseseatvasvaneesscscevsereess 105
`TAP DIVES oo ccceccecsnseececcsecccateasesssaretsassnsescatsateiesvesecsuevisevaneess 105
`PrINter SUPPOME occ ccccecceceecseecsesecceuseecesssssusevecscresesvestaavestensersnerteareses 105
`Network Interface Cards .......cccecccsesscccsssessessensesrersessssserenitasssecaraueas 105
`SOUNC DOVICES ooo. cceccecectetessecseevscescesecsecaesevtavsavsntiesattantasvansataseeseess 105
`Online DOCUMENTATION oo. cececccessesseessessessesevsessenteestersesvetearessvapeervavenees 105
`INstalling LINUX occ ccecccsecssesscsseseveeecessuecssserserecssssetatersyuatsanesesuasersevserases 106
`Creating a Boot and Root Disk wo..ccicccecsssccesscssecseccsssessevarsecseveteerseeree, 106
`Creating Hard Disk Partitions ...00.ccccccccecsccssssseecesevevecssecsceeseeccsececesess 108
`Installing the SOftWArE oo. cccccccccssescesessseveeecsesseeeresesausevanavsnveesess 112
`RESTAITING ooo cerccteceseecscesssccseecssesseessnvsusessesarsvavansagsauessasranesarectavessuevaneess 116
`SUMIMALY vo. eccecceccsceessecssscesesseeseeseesessseapsassresaresseseuvsuserseateassuntaveiseaseuseves 117
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`Building a Linux Internet Server |
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`119
`10 Setting Up an FTP Service
`Naming YOUr S@rviCe i... ccccccecsssccseccsseccsseeccsssscstsssevenssecereecausrsaueetssenges 120
`Configuring an FTP Service woo... cecccceccscsesscserevevescersesesssccsesecusecsuseesseeess 121
`Setting Up the Anonymous User vo... cee cecccsccescesessevenscessecsecensepapeeaueanes 122
`Reorganizing Your Files ......:..ccccpcccessccscrsesseccscccstecccsaueececsesevtaevecsavasecause 123°
`Login Directory PermiSSiOns ....c.ccceccscccccsecsseesssesssscssersecetsrsuaversaeeeieaens 124
`Naming the System AdMinistrator .....cccccccccscsecseccseessecensecssesecerteevireans 126
`Trying Out Your FTP AIchive .......cccceccececcsecccssesscresnsevscteesaveusesensseenansssanes 127
`What Your Session Should Look LiK@ oo... ccccccecccssccsscessccsersestesecseensavaes 127
`What Might Go Wrong ......ccccccccccscesccsssecseeeecentrersessecrsanseregeptiecesersrttaieeees 128
`SUMIMALY wascececcccsecsssseeseecueeccsescsascecseceucrevensrevensssuaescvateestavenaeuesiesnteeesanens 129
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`131
`11 Setting Up a More Secure FTP Service
`Getting the SOUrCe COd6 wii cccicccscsscccccsececeersevsaceseecerececenesersnrseesensreenes 132
`Installing the SErviC@ ......ccccccccseccscecesccessssccscseuecersauecsersegesreverseuuversetyescaae 133
`Installation Notes .......bere enb ents seseeeeeeceeeescceeeenroeersaneegiensunesemieesvays 137
`New DirectorieS .......ccsecceseccsseecessseseveerssegensvesensdase saaeseceegenceseenststtarsaans 137
`New Command-Line Options .......ccccccsccecsecssecceescscsseesevsrsssesererteseeges 139
`SUIMIMALY .ecccccccccesseeseesesesesenseaeenuscesesesessatesseusersvavcereceesiteauverseetsreterssreers 139
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`12 Managing an FTP Service
`Organizing Your Archive FileS ......cccccccccccseceescccsrsesvcssecssuvesecsseseeseatecvens 142
`Providing Navigational Aids .........cccccecccscccssscceessanecceeecssseetresstrevcrteerseees 143
`Using README Files ..........cccccccccsecsseesessescneeerstessesessecsessnegeatescevausssees 143
`USING AllASGS wo cccccccscccccccsssseuecccvesersevevsevteserececcccurstevevecaatesserererayes 144
`DefiningPaths ....... Leeeecsauececeeeccscnensersseusaaeeceeeeccraueengersnsseeuuaeceesaneenseeeseas 145
`Using Symbolic LINKS 0... ccccccsseceeccccsusseccesseccssueevensaseversdeventeecsentsertes 145
`Using IS-IR Files oo... ccc ccccccccsesccescersceccsecessececsesranersaevecseenteseniessrieeeraees 146
`USING APChie oo... eecccscececesessseesesenscesseecsssecesennnevenerenssv edeeeeeesaaseeeeneseas 146
`Checking syslog Files .......cccciccccccccccsccessssevevcsseussseeceenresesnreeervteesrenescens 147
`Checking ftpadmin E-Mail .....0.eccccccccsccsseverssersesensesecsueveueectueserrertierens 148
`Configuring the WU Version of ftOd woo ceccccccesseceseesecesersessesecnteeueens 148
`Restricting User ACCESS ......cccccceecccssscsevssscsecccsssecectrevecsetavsastaveventeesees 149
`Restricting User Access Based on CPU Load ......ccccccceescceeceeeeeees 150
`Restricting Access for Security REASONS oo... .cecseeececcseesseetseeceenes 151
`Restricting Users’ ACTIONS ....cccccccccccsscessescseessssesssaesersrsseseteverecrsessesas 153
`Creating and Managing Groups of USEIS ...cecccceeesccssceceecccseseeseeneeees 153
`Sending Messages to FTP USers .0.....ccccecccceesscceseceessceccnseseenseeeseenteess 154
`Logging User EV6nts ..c.cccccccccccscertsrssevepseseussevcsesessusecsusessrstinseseiteses 157
`Restricting Uploading ....... ccc ccecscccsescceuevesseccscueccunassveneesscitesseniesesss 158
`Using the Administrative TOols ..,...cccccccccecssceseccessecesesscseeecsesesaperaypenseenees 159
`USING FtPSAUt ee ec ceeceeeenreeteersscaescaesessaecressessseeaesseceesateetereneeaiey 159
`Using ftpwho weccceccceecees:ss seveveaesuestevanvecsisavstsstevtetenstnsteensataveitatstetssees 160
`USING FtDCOUNT ...c.ccececcseescsesesensesssscessecnseecsstsesstenereyeeuyenevecarecatenutes 160
`SUMIM APY ooccccceceeeecceeeeeee etree cseassresaessesseessessesceasieveressvsesissedsintinniseasiags 160
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`13 Setting Up a freeWAIS Service
`Understanding the Parts of freeWAIS wo. ccccern nee 162
`An Overview Of freeWAIS .occccccccccecseeseccrsrsseteseecrenrteniienstsiasiastisases 164
`Getting the SOPLWArEerr neti ener 164
`Understanding Files in the Src DireCtOry occ ree eter tenes 167
`Editing the Makefile 00...er it nr ene erties 167
`Editing the Directory Paths... isc eter retreats 168
`Setting Library Variables ....... ccc ieecceceeeieeeecseerererneeneenertrereeienioerey 168
`Setting Compiler Options wo... cece cence et aereiiie 168
`Building X and Motif Clents voce cc cct reeset erteveteeeerriaaeereeeeg 168
`Building the Service oo... ccc cinerea et nee enrerieriereiteees 172
`Testing Your freeWAIS Service...veceeecececeneaensavccrettenteeescesesnetetes 172
`INGOXING FIGS oo. ccc ec ccc ee eee ennn ren ener ee 172
`Using freeWAIS Clients to Find DOCUMENTS .....en 173
`Starting and Checking Your S€rviCe voces eter nie ecieieenes 173
`Starting waisserver With INCtd oo.c cece irre ete poseeetereens 173
`Starting waisserver WITHOUT INCTC oo.erie enies 174
`TOSTING WAISSEIVET .... i cecteecteeretereree cee eeenieeenneseseueeeietentnertoneniieereeey 174
`Letting the World Know about YOur Service oo.cee 175
`Altering the Service and CliOnts ......cccceccceeseceert etre tneertienierert teres 175
`SUIMIMALY oo .ececcececete cere e ee eeeeee eee 175
`14 Managing a freeWAIS Service
`177
`Making WaISSEPVEr SECUIC oo. ceecrteeerterertepeepeyeiirectiteerieetinerter es 178
`Changing the USP... cecccceteeceerreeet en esennensesssarnereees pa veavtaateceeens 178
`Restricting Service ACCESS weit eraser ierrerieeris 178
`Controlling ACCESS tO SOUICES voc eccsier eset eter ecr ctr etrerreraeeneey 179
`A Security Caveat ....cccccceececcer ier nere rise cnneeceuipepeoaeetieeceieecieeereaeey 180
`Providing CONTENT... ecient r nett tenes te nner eer arene re erin ennere nines 180
`Understanding What waisindex DOe€S ........cccccersenennentetetiesien 181
`WAIS Index Files 0... icc eeees peepeseeeeneeecunsecvoneeenneeennerpenpeseaes 182
`Determining the Relevance Ranking ...... ccc eerie rere eriteny 184
`Indexing Different Data File TYP@S 0... ceettre 185
`Indexing Undefined Data File TYP@S .....ccccccceccece erect tener cern erierries 187
`Making Data Files Available to WWW BrowWSE?S |...cee 187
`Indexing Multiple Files for WWW BrowSe?s........cce erie 188
`LINKING FIGS... eect et eee reer rset teers ere ee errr 188
`Using SYNONYMS ....cccccccsee cette eee re ener renee ere see eer e rere tiate 188
`Specifying Source Options 0... eee etree rier 189
`Logging Messages During INd@XING «0... ec ect tte eneetteer ener enintenies 190
`INCEXING CONTIOIS oo eet rte en rn etre cee r Ore e EEE ee 190
`Relative Position Of WOrdS ....ccccccccntrcr te eine tei tiaeeseessenriagaes 190
`Freeing Memory and Disk SPaCe etree er ene enieeciereriaeerees 190
`SUMIMALY eccceceescesessessseseseceneseeene cere ent e teens nesses raessesersgetastesgee teense renee eerees 191
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`193
`15 Setting Up and Managing ZDIST
`ZDIST Distribution Software ........ eee bebceaeeescaeeseueneceseneserenaneseans 194
`ZSCIVEL oicccccccecccceccesscecsesseeeesevevevsseusseccetssssecessuneseeegtuccvaaeneevrentaseeesennnsees 194
`Overview of the ZServer Installation ......0.ccccceceseesesesesesecsesereeens 194
`Configuring ZServer.......Meee aae ee aaeasesencuevevesetececuenesesunsussaauassaaaevessaeaeseees 195.
`Currently Supported Search EngineS v..cccccccccscccsreecscseescseesersesen 198
`Starting ZSEVEL ccececccccecsescssseecesecseeeveseveveveveesentnevauessecaeeersceeectettineraneess 198
`T@STING ZSEPVEN oe eee tee nee eeeereeeneectesecaeseeetcnescreeasscseserisseescseersepaters 198
`SUITIM ALY oo ccccccc ccc ceeeceeeeeeceteeeseeeeesaenessaseesecessccscesasaaessonseeeseueueruinnnrnnaaaags 199
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`16 Setting Up a Gopher Service
`Versions Of GOPNET ..... cc ccccccecccssessecsteecsesrsseessssessecssesersatesssretestaeessetseeess 203
`INtPOGUCING GOPNES+ oe. eect ern tere reenercneesectnereneneescneiecniaeessseaeey 203
`Understanding Gopher and Gopher+ File Attributes v.00... eee 204
`Using Gopher+ Form ...ccccccsccccscecccccscsseeceseesssceegsesesstetegecetsseeessesneees 206
`Choosing the Service Software vo... cccesecseesseesssssesesssscerssssereeseetraseses 206
`LIGEMSING GOPNETLH vo. cccccesccccsecevseesevevsvsnecreseueseaseueceveesseaneresneenseseenesennenies 207
`Small Business Fee Structure ...ccccceccssssseseeesteeseeeeeensee 207
`Standard Fee Structure vcccccecceseccecsesssssesseeeeseeesecssesesssesensvansenss 207
`Getting the Service Software ....... wuaneuccueueueveuereseueeves ceeocevescaseeppesuveegaaenees 207
`Gazing into the Future of Gopher ServiC@s vo... ccs scesescrernsrieserersreere 210
`The Future Of GOpherVR oo. cccccccecccceccceteseseecsesseeeescesetseessevesseeepeeeenines 210
`SUIMIM ALY oo. eecccccceccceececcceceeseeeseeeessaquayssauaseseeeeseeeesecevevevevenesennpsusavevavensaa ened 210
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`17 Managing a Gopher Service
`Editing the gopherd.conf File oo... eee ect ee eetneteetectettnieeennees 212
`Creating an Alias for the Service cecuiatecevauecestasvsatstensusiteveneaceessevereneness 212
`Setting Cache TIMES w...cccccccccceccceccesescceseeessseeaessesssecevesecscevesceseseseneeenees 212
`Checking File D@COd@LS ....ccicececeessccsscerssernsnseueesevarvesersrseeruonerneneseverse 212
`Limiting COnGUrrent SESSIONS ........ececeeetceeeeccsseeeecceeessseeevseeteestesseeties 212
`Setting Maximum Number of Clients.........00c0ccccccccceccsecsecesseseeeevevenensens 213
`Figuring Out File Contents ....ccccccccccscccccscceesessersescesssseeeeneseesecseseenig 213
`Hiding Files Based on File TYp@S ..........ccccceccccseeseeceeesecseeeescesnrereeeenneas 215
`Using Character Patterns to Hide Files .....0.....ccccccccecsseeeeeeetsreeeeesnens 215
`Splitting Files into MUItIplG Parts ........:cccccccsesccseesceeeseperesceetcnteesseneeeaeds 215
`Editing gopherdlocal.cOnt ......ccccccccsssccceccscsssereseesssseeseeesessrenesscscireseseenicats 216
`Identifying System ACMINIStIAtOIS .....cececcere setts teteereeeeteecepeeeeeetaneenae 216
`Adding an ADStract .....ccccccceecssccsssesssecsessesvesescrseseseeeserseesecsasessseesessaes 216
`Including Gopher Site Information .........c:ceeecceeceeeeen rr entereieeretes 216
`Defining User M@SSAQ@S .........cccccccccccessscsseeeecesseeseesscearesesnenaepertetentaees 217
`Defining ACCESS PErMiSSiOn ....ccccccccccccsscscsccesecsevssesssseseeneseseesnsecersereees 217
`Authenticating USOrs ......cccccccccccsetreserssereeseceeeeseceeereseetinaesestenssescesernieeas 218
`Configuring the Compile-Time@ Options .........cccccccccccccesesessessssetnseeeeeeses.. 218
`Editing Makefile.config ......cccccccecccccccscceuescarsssssesesssenssseesereeeeeaseunsersetees 219
`ECItingG CONF.D vac ciccceecccseecreeseecrneessseessueeesrbeepestccaercaaeeaeeeeeepaeeesenoeeas 222
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`International Options 0... cccccccccerseecceeeeeeeeeeereeeeettetesenesneeeeetaneteeneees 224
`Installing Programs for the Gopher CIONt 0.0.0... ceceteetretereeereetttaeereey 224
`Compiling the Gopher Service and CIONt vo... eer erent reaeeetnes 225
`Installing the Gopher Client and Service .......... cc cececeereettereeenneeenrerenees 225
`Starting Your Gopher+ S@rviCe oo... ccccre ect eeeeeneeeecteteertreeenenaeetiee 225
`Using Other Command-Line Options .......cceceeceee rete tteestieteecnees 226
`Starting gopherd WItH INC... ec ces ceceseseneeenceeeeeeenentnaeerseeeatenereeegs 227
`Testing YOUr SOrViC woo cceccccsecseeescesstesseeecsreeeeeseesetieenteseeteeiieeeeteniniieaes 229
`USING tElINet oo... cece ccseeceeeeseees tree enna neees ates seeeeneeeteeeeneceineneineniaa 229
`USING GOPNENIS oo... eee eer seeeect er eeseee et reseeeree ci rieeeeennniteceerneiee 229
`Publicizing Your Gopher S€rvice oo... cect tateeeetetneteeeeenriaaes 230
`Using LOg FIGS... cccccccccceceescssecrseseseeesereesseseceseesseeeecesceeareeaeteceeeeneeteeiees 230
`Getting the Big PICture ...... ec cececseeescesereeeseeeererseeesessseneeatesseoneneaes 232
`Updating Log FIlGS 00... ccc ccstccctrerteeeteeettereseestee tea peeteeectiaageeeeeeonenaes 233
`Constructing Your Menu SyStem vo... creer eee reteter ee 233
`Creating D