1994 IEEE
`FIRST WORLD
`CONFERENCE ON
`PHOTOVOLTAIC
`ENERGY CONVERSION
`
`CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE
`TWENTY FOURTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE-1994
`
`HILTON WAIKOLOA VILLAGE
`WAIKOLOA, HAWAII
`DECEMBER 5-9, 1994
`
`VOLUME II
`Oi SPONSORED BY THE IEEE ELECTRON DEVICES SOCIETY (USA) ♦
`
`•
`
`

`

`is
`. Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting
`permitted with credit to the sourc-e. Libraries are permitted to
`photocopy beyond the limit of U. S. copyright law for private
`use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code
`at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee
`indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance
`Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For
`other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to
`IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes
`Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855~1331. All rights
`reserved. Copyright " 1994 by the Institute of Electrical and
`Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`
`IEEE CATALOG NUMBER: 94CH3365-4
`
`ISBN: 0-7803-1459-X SQf!_bound
`ISBN: 0-7803-1460-3 Casebound
`ISBN: 0-7803-1461-1 Microfiche
`
`LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: 93-61055
`
`****************************************
`
`Included in this Publication
`24th IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE
`ISSN: 0160-8371
`LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: 84-64012
`
`

`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`VOLUME I
`
`Cherry Award
`Chairs: M. Yamaguchi
`J. Schmid
`
`Willian Cherry Address
`Fabrication of a New Type of Synthetic Semiconductor
`in Space
`Y. Hamakawa
`
`Highlights EUPSEC
`Chair: R. Hill
`European Strategies in Pbotovoltaics
`W. Paiz
`European PV Industry-The Future Beckons
`D.J. Shah
`Thin Film Pbotovoltaics--Strategy of Eurec Agency
`W.H. Bloss
`Switzerland's Approach to Photovoltaic Applications
`T. Nordmann
`
`Highlights PVSEC
`Chair: M. Yamaguchi
`Present Status and Future Prospects of
`Electro-Magnetic Casting for Silicon Solar Cells
`K. Kaneko, R. Kawamura and T. Misawa
`Recent Advances of Thin Film Solar Cells and Their
`Technologies
`Y. Hamakawa
`Japanese Space Solar CeU Activities-GaAs and Si-
`S. Matsuda, Y. Yamamoto and 0 . Kawasaki
`Japanese Activities for Introducing Residential PV
`Systems as a National Energy Supply
`K. Kurokawa
`
`P2 Plenary Session
`CIGS and CdTe Solar Cells
`Chairs: T. Nakada
`B. Basol
`Polycrystalline Thin-Film Technologies: Status and
`Prospects
`A. Catalano
`
`1
`
`9
`
`12
`
`IS
`
`22
`
`30
`
`34
`
`42
`
`48
`
`52
`
`Sequential Deposition of Cu(ln,Ga)(S,Se)z
`S. Zweigart, T. Walter,.C. Koble, S.M. Sun,
`u. Ruhle and H.W. Schock
`High Efficiency Cu(ln,Ga)Se2-Based Solar Cells:
`Processing of Novel Absorber Structures
`M.A. Contreras, J. Tuttle, A. Gabor, A Tennant,
`K. Ramanathan, S. Asher, A. Franz, J. Keane,
`L. Wang and R. Noufi
`
`60
`
`68
`
`201 CIS and CIGS Films and Devices
`Chairs: L. Stolt
`H.S. Ullal
`Processing Issues for Thin-Film CdTe Cells and
`Modules
`R.W . Birkmire and P.V. Meyers
`Band-Gap Engineering in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films
`Grown from (ln,Ga)zSe3 Precursors
`A.M. Gabor, J.R. Tuttle, A. Schwartzlander, A.L.
`Tennant, M.A. Contreras and R. Noufi
`Development of High-Efficiency Culn,,Ga1_,.Se2
`Thin-Film Solar Cells by Selenization with Elemental
`Se Vapor in Vacuum
`K. Kushiya, A. Shimizu, K. Saito, A. Yamada and
`M. Konagai
`A Novel Cadmium Free Buffer Layer for
`Cu(ln,Ga)Se2 Based Solar Cells
`D. Hariskos , M. Ruckh, U. Ruhle, T. Walter and
`H.W. Schock
`
`76
`
`83
`
`87
`
`91
`
`202 CdTe Film and Device
`Processing Issues
`Chairs: A.H. Fahrenbruch
`R.W. Birkmire
`Superstrate-Type CulnSe2 Solar Cells with Chemically
`Deposited CdS Window Layers
`T. Nakada, N. Okano, Y. Tanaka, H. Fukuda and
`A. Kunioka
`The Effects of CdS Processing and Glass Substrates on
`the Performance of CdTe Solar Cells
`C.S. Ferekides, K. Dugan, V. Ceekala, J. Killian,
`D. Oman, R. Swaminathan and D.L. Morel
`Vapor Chloride Treatment of Polycrystalline
`CdTe/CdS Films
`T.X. Zhou, N. Reiter, R.C. Powell, R. Sasala and
`P.V. Meyers
`A Treatment to AUow Contacting CdTe with Different
`Conductors
`B.E. McCandless , Y. Qu and R.W. Birkmire
`
`95
`
`99
`
`103
`
`107
`
`

`

`I
`
`RF Sputtered CdS/CdTe Solar Cells: Effects of
`Magnetic Field, RF Power, Target Morphology and
`Substrate Temperature
`A.D. Compaan, M. Shao, C.N. Tabory, Z. Feng,
`A. Fischer, I. Matulionis and R.G. Bohn
`
`111
`
`203 CdTe and CIS Film Characterization
`and Device Modelling
`Chairs: H.W. Schock
`K. Sato
`Health and Environmental Hazards of CdTe
`Photovoltaic Module Production, Use and
`Decommissioning
`P.D. Moskowitz, H. Steinberger and W. Thumm
`Six-Year Efficiency Gains for CdTe and
`Cuin1.xGaxSe2 Solar Cells: What Has Changed?
`J .R.' Sites and X. Liu
`Numerical Modeling of Graded Band GAP CIGS
`Solar Cells
`J.L. Gray and Y.J. Lee
`Micro Through Nanostructure Investigations of
`Polycrystalline CdTe: Correlations with Processing
`and Electronic Structures
`D.H. Levi, H.R. Moutinho, F.A. Hasoon, B.M.
`Keyes, R.K. Ahrenkiel, M. AI-Jassim, L.L.
`Kazmerski and R. W. Birkmire
`Optical Characterization of CuinSe2 Grown by
`Molecular Beam Epitaxy
`S. Niki, Y. Makita, A. Yamada, H. Shibata, P.J.
`Fons, A. Obara, T. Kurafuji, S. Chichibu and
`H. Nakanishi
`Tailoring the Electronic Properties of One Step
`Electrodeposited CuinSe2 Films by Annealing in Se
`Vapor Under Controlled Activity Conditions.
`Elaboration of Efficient CIS/ZnO Solar Cells
`D. Lincot, J.-F. Guillemoles, P. Cowache,
`S. Massaccesi, L. Thouin, K. Fezzaa, F. Boisivon
`and J. Vedel,
`
`115
`I
`
`119
`
`123
`
`127
`
`132
`
`136
`
`204 CIS Process and Substrate Effects
`Chairs: J .R. Sites
`V .K. Kapur
`Process Development for CulnSe2-Based Power
`Modules
`J. Britt, A. Delahoy, G. Butler, F. Faris,
`A. Muthaiah, A. Sizemore, F. Ziobro and Z. Kiss
`The Impact of Controlled Sodium Incorporation on___.,-(cid:173)
`Rapid Thermal Processed Cu(InGa)Se2-Thin Films
`andDevices
`V. Probst, J. Rimmasch, W. Riedl, W. Stetter,
`J. Holz, H. Harms, F. Karg and H.W. Schock
`Studies on Substrates and Contacts for CIS Films and
`Devices
`B.M. Ba§OI, V.K. Kapur, C.R. Leidholm,
`A. Minnick and A. Halani
`
`1~
`
`_.,--
`
`1~
`
`148
`
`Substrate InOuences on CIS Device Performance
`D.F. Dawson-Elli, C.B. Moore, R.R. Gay and C.L.
`Jensen
`lnOuence of Substrates on the Electrical Properties of
`Cu(ln,Ga)Se2 Thin Films
`M. Ruckh, D. Schmid, M. Kaiser, R. Schaffter,
`T. Walter and H.W. Schock
`
`152
`
`156
`
`2Pl CIS and Related Alloys
`Chair: S. Niki
`Binary Phase Segregation in CuinS2 Thin Films for
`Efficient Solar Energy Conversion
`R. Scheer, I. Luck, S. Hessler, H. Sehnert and H.J.
`Lewerenz
`Sodium Diffusion, Selenization and Microstructural
`Effects Associated with Various Molybdenum Back
`Contact Layers for CIS-Based Solar Cells
`J.H. Scofield, S. Asher, D. Albin, J. Tuttle,
`M. Contreras, D. Niles, R. Reedy, A. Tennant and
`R. Noufi
`Preparation of Cuin"Ga1_,.Se2 Thin Films on Si
`Substrates
`Y. Yamamoto, T. Yamaguchi, M. Suzuki,
`Y. Demizu and A. Yoshida
`Structure and Optoelectronic Properties of Single
`Crystal Epitaxial Cu(In1_xGB.:)Se2 and Ordered Defect
`Compounds
`A. Rockett, G. Berry, D. Schroeder, H.-2. Xiao and
`L.C. Yang
`Oscillating Temperature Selenization of Cu, Ga, In
`Elemental Layers in a Se Vapour
`N. Romeo, A. Bosio, V. Canevari and R. Tedeschi
`The Low Temperature Deposition of I CB-Grown
`CuinSe2 Thin Films
`H. Sano, S. Nakamura, K. Kondo and K. Sato
`Development of Manufacturable CIS Processing
`G. Attar, A. Muthaiah, H. Natarajan, D. Nierman,
`S. Karthikey~. S. Zafar, C.S. Ferekides and D.L.
`Morel
`A Novel Method of Synthesizing P-CuinSe2 Thin
`Films from the Stacked Elemental Layers Using a
`Closed Graphite Box
`-
`-··
`F.O. Adurodija, M.J. Carter and R.- Hill
`Polycrystalline Cuin~_"G~ Thin Film PV Solar
`Ce~ Prepared by Two-Stage Selenization Process
`Using Se Vapor
`N.G. Dhere, S. Kuttath, K.W. Lynn, R.W.
`\ Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman
`Non-Cadmium ZnO/CIS and ZnSe/CIS Solar Cells
`L.C. Olsen, F.W. Addis, D. Greer, W. Lei and
`F. Abulfotah
`A Comprehensive Characterization of the Interfaces in
`Mo/CIS/CcJS/ZnO Solar Cell Structures
`\ D. Schmid, M. Ruckh and H.W. Schock
`
`160
`
`164
`
`168
`
`172
`
`176
`
`179
`
`182
`
`186
`
`190
`
`194
`
`198
`
`

`

`202
`
`210
`
`214
`
`218
`
`222
`
`Preparation of CulnSe2 Thin Films Using
`Electrodeposited In/Cu Metallic Layer
`Y.H. Kim, Y.E. Lee, H.J. Kim and J. Song
`Progress in Cu(In,Ga)Sez Solar Cells and Submodules 206
`J. Kessler, S. Wideman, L. Russell, T. Lommasson,
`S. Skibo, J. Fogleboch, T. Kloss and R.R. Arya
`Photovoltaic Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 10%
`Using Monocrystalline CulnSe2 Substrates
`L.S . Yip and I. Shih
`Recent Developments in ZnO/CdS/CuGaSe2 Single
`Crystal Solar Cells
`M. Saad, H. Riazi-Nejad, E. Bucher and M.C.
`Lux-Steiner
`Development of ZnO/ZnSe/Culn1_"G&xSe2 Thin-Film
`Solar Cells with Band Gap of 1.3 to 1.5 eV
`Y. Ohtake, K. Kushiya, A. Yamada, M. Konagai
`Photovoltaic Properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film
`Solar Cell Fabricated by Coevaporation Process
`M. Nishitani, T. Negami, M. Ikeda, N. Kohara,
`M. Terauchi, T. Wada and T. Hirao
`The Effect of SE Content on Defect Levels in CulnSe2
`Single Crystals Detected by Photoac;:oustic
`Spectrometry
`A. Zegadi, M.V. Yakushev, E. Ahmed, M.A.
`Slifkin, A.E. Hill and R.D. Tomlinson
`Growth Studies of CulnSez Using Cu-Se Fluxes
`M. Casteleyn, M. Burgelman, B. Depuydt,
`A. Niemegeers and I. Clemminck
`Characterization of Cu-In-Ga Precursors Used to
`Form Cu(ln,Ga)Se2 Films
`M. Marudachalam, R. Birkmire, J.M. Schultz and
`T. Yokimcus
`A Chemical Kinetic Analysis of the Formation of
`CulnSe2 at Different Temperatures
`T.W.F. Russell, N. Orbey and R.W. Birkmire
`Heteroepitaxy of C ~ y on Si and PbSe/CaF JSi
`Substrates
`S. Blunier, A.N. Tiwari, K. Kessler, H. Zogg,
`M. Dobeli and M. Filzmoser
`Fabrication and Characterization of Thin Films of
`Culn(S,Se)z Quaternary Compounds Obtained by
`Close-Spaced Vapor Transport
`F. Guastavino A. Zouaoui, C. Llinares, K. Djessas
`and G. Masse
`CIS Solar Cells with ZnO Windows Deposited by ALE 250
`L. Stolt, J. Hedstrom and J. Skarp
`Effects of Cd-Free Buffer Layer for CulnSez
`Thin-Film Solar Cells
`T. Nii, I. Sugiyama, T. Kase, M. Sato,
`Y. Kaniyama, S. Kuriyagawa, K. Kushiya and
`H. Takeshita
`Thermal Oxidation of CulnSe2 : Experiment and
`Physico-Chemical Model
`M.E. Boiko and G.A. Medvedkin
`Environmental and Health Aspects of CIS-Module
`Production, Use and Disposal
`W. Thumm, A. Finke, B. Neumeier, B. Beck,
`A. Kettrup, H. Steinberger and P.D. Moskowitz
`
`226
`
`230
`
`234
`
`238
`
`242
`
`246
`
`254
`
`258
`
`262
`
`2P2 Polycrystalline Thin Film Materials
`and Devices
`
`Chair: N. Romeo
`Overview of the U.S. OOE/NREL Polycrystalline
`Thin-Film Photovoltaic Technologies
`H.S . Ullal, K. Zweibel, B.G. von Roedem,
`R. Noufi and P. Sheldon
`Effect of Thin Film Module Geometry on Solar Cell
`Current-Voltage Analysis
`I.L. Eisgruber and J.R. Sites
`Room-Temperature FT-Luminescence Analysis of
`Cu(ln,Ga)Se2 Films and Devices
`J.D. Webb, M. Contreras and R. Noufi
`Study on the Interfacial Structure and Junction Depth
`of Polycrystalline Cu(ln,Ga)Se2 Devices
`A.J. Nelson, A.M. Gabor, M.A. Contreras, J.R.
`Tuttle, R. Noufi, P. Asoka-Kumar and K.G. Lynn
`Interpretation of Laser Scans From Thin-Film
`Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Modules
`I.L. Eisgruber, R.J. Matson, J.R. Sites and K.A.
`Emery
`The Effects of the Band Bending Caused by Interface
`States in CdTe/CIS Solar Cells
`Y.J. Lee and J.L. Gray
`Admittance Measurements on Cu(In,Ga)Sez
`Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells
`J.H. Scofield, M. Contreras, A.M. Gabor, R. Noufi
`and J.R. Sites
`Electronic Properties of Intimate Mo and CdS
`Junctions In-Situ Formed on CulnSe2 (011) Cleavage
`Planes
`T. Loher, C. Pettenkofer and W. Jaegermann
`Surface Energy Band Gap of Polycrystalline CulnSez
`Thin-Films in Tunneling Spectroscopy
`Z. Zhang, P. Heuell, M. Kulakov and B. Bullemer
`Evidence for Amorphous Like Behavior in Small
`Grain Thin Film Polycrystalline Solar Cells
`J.E. Phillips, W.N. Shafarman and E. Shan
`Preparation and Characterization of CdTe Thin Films
`Deposited by CSS
`G. Gordillo, J.M. Florez, L.C. Hernandez and
`P. Tehenin
`Environmentally Responsible Production, Use and
`Disposition of Cd-Bearing PV Modules
`R.A. Sasala, T. Zhou and W.M. Kocher
`Photovoltaic Properties of Sintered CdS/CdTe Solar
`Cells with TCO Electrodes
`•
`H.D. Kim, D.S. Kim, J.S. Song and B.T. Ahn
`Surface Cleaning of the Screen Printed CdS Film
`T. Aramoto, H. Higuchi, T. Arita, T. Nishio,
`H. Ohyama, A. Hanafusa, S. Kumazawa,
`H. Takada, K. Omura, N. Nakayama, H. Takakura
`and M. Murozono
`Growth of Epitaxial CdTe/CdS Heterostructures for
`Single Crystal Thin Film Solar Cell Applications
`K. Kessler, A.N. Tiwari, S. Blunier and H. Zogg
`
`266
`
`271
`
`275
`
`279
`
`283
`
`287
`
`291
`
`295
`
`299
`
`303
`
`307
`
`311
`
`315
`
`319
`
`323
`
`

`

`327
`
`331
`
`334
`
`338
`
`t
`342
`
`346
`
`350
`
`Optical and Electrical Characterization of Chemically
`Deposited Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films
`M.E. Ozsan, D.R. Johnson, M. Sadeghi,
`D. Sivapathasundaram, L.M. Peter, M.J. Furlong,
`G. Goodlet, A. Shingleton, D. Lincot, B. Mokili
`and J. Vedel
`A Comparative Study of Compositional and Structural
`Properties of CdTe Thin Films Prepared by Different
`Electroplating Techniques
`P.O. Paulson, V. Dutta and C. Singh
`Polycrystalline Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells Fabricated
`by Electrodeposition
`D. Kim, S. Pozder, Y. Zhu and J.U. Trefny
`Effect of Annealing on Microstructure, Residual Stress
`and Photovoltaic Characteristics of Electrodeposited
`CdTe Films
`D. Kirn, B. Qi, D.L. Williamson and J.U. Trefny
`High Conductivity CdS Thin Films Formed by Gas
`Assisted Chemical Vapor Transport (CVTG)
`P.J. Sebastian an~ A. Sanchez
`Optimization and Characterization of Reactively
`Sputtered ZNO
`S. Zafar, C.S. Ferekides and D.L. Morel
`In Situ Interference Measurements of Glass Substrate
`Temperature
`Z. Feng, C.N. Tabory and A.D. Compaan
`RF Sputtered Films of Cu-Doped and N-Doped ZnTe 354
`R.G. Bohn, C.N. Tabory, C. Deak, M. Shao, A.O.
`Compaan and N. Reiter
`Thin Film Solar Cells Based on Layered
`Chalcogenides: Fundamentals and Perspectives of van
`der Waals Epitaxy
`W. Jaegermann, C. Pettenkofer, 0 . Lang, R. Schlaf,
`• S. Tiefenbacher and Y. Tomm
`A Thin Film Solar Cell Based on the Culn3Se5
`Ordered Vacancy Compound
`S. Menezes, J. Kessler, D. Schmid, H.W. Schock,
`A. Nelson and ~ J. Matson
`Investigation on SnS Film by RF Sputtering for
`Photovoltaic Application
`W. Guang-Pu, Z. Zhi-Lin, Z. Wei-Ming,
`G. Xiang-Hong, C. Wei-Qun, H. Tanamura,
`M. Yamaguchi, H. Noguchi, T. Nagatomo and
`0 . Omoto
`Study of CdSx Te1.x Solid Solutions Obtained by
`Screen Printing
`0. de Melo, M . Melendez-Lira,
`I. Hernandez-Calderon, L. Banos and
`A. Morales-Acevedo
`Amorphous Silicon Technology: Coming of Age
`C.R. Wronski
`
`357
`
`361
`
`365
`
`369
`
`373
`
`P4 Plenary Session
`Amorphous Silicon Technology
`Chairs: M. Konagai and C. Wronski
`Progress in Triple-Junction Amorphous Silicon-Based
`Alloy Solar Cells and Modules Using Hydrogen
`Dilution
`J. Yang, A. Banerjee, T. Glatfelter, K. Hoffman,
`X. Xu and S. Guba
`Approaches for Stable Multi-Junction a-Si Solar Cells 386
`Y. Hishikawa, K. Ninomiya, E. Maruyama,
`S. Kuroda, A. Terakawa, K. Sayama, H. Tarui,
`M. Sasaki, S. Tsuda and S. Nakano
`Progress in Amorphous Silicon Based Multijunction
`Modules
`R.R. Arya, R.S. Oswald, Y.M. Li, N. Maley,
`K. Jansen, L. Yang, L.F. Chen, F. Willing, M.S.
`Bennett, J. Morris and D.E. Carlson
`
`380
`
`3~
`
`401 Amorphous Silicon Cells and
`Modules-I
`Chairs: H. Okamoto
`J. Yang
`Large Area Module Performance and Identification
`and Control of P-1 Interface-Correlated Device
`Degradation and Further Improvement in Stabilized
`Efficiencies of Single-Junction a-Si Solar Cells
`J. Xi, D. Shugar and H. Volltrauer
`Application of P-Type Microcrystalline Silicon to a-Si
`Alloy Solar Cells
`H. Sannomiya, K. Nomoto, A. Chida, Y. Nakata
`and Y. Yamamoto
`Intrinsic Microcrystalline Silicon (p.c-Si:~
`A Promising New Thin Film Solar Cell Material
`J. Meier, S. Dubail, R. Fliickiger, D. Fischer,
`H. Keppner and A. Shah
`ffigh Efficiency a-Si Solar Cells with ZnO Films
`W.W. Wenas, K. Dairiki, A. Yamada, M. Konagai,
`K. Takahashi, J.H. Jang and K.S. Lim
`The Utilization of Microcrystalline Si and SiC for the
`Efficiency Improvement in a-Si Solar Cells
`W. Ma, T. Saida, C.C. Lim, S. Aoyama,
`H. Okamoto and Y. Hamakawa
`
`401
`
`405
`
`409
`
`413
`
`417
`
`402 Amorphous Silicon Materials-I
`Chairs: J.M. Ruiz
`V.L. Dalal
`.IJ.eal Time Characterization of the Preparation of
`Amorphous Silicon-Based Solar Cells
`I Y. Lu, S. Kim, 1.-S. Chen, Y. Lee, C.M.
`Fortmann, C.R. Wronski and R. W. Collins
`Atomic Force Microscopy of Ultra Thin Amorphous
`Silicon Films Deposited on Various Substrate Surfaces 425
`M. Matsuse, M. Kawasaki and H. Koinuma
`
`421
`
`

`

`Correlation Between Improved Stability and
`Microstructural Properties of a-Si:H and a-Ge:H
`T. Haage,~ - Bauer, B. Schroder and H. Oechsner
`H2 Diluted Low Temperature Deposited a-Si:H, Initial
`Degradation and Modeling
`A. Rothwarf, Y. Lubianiker, I. Balberg, R.R. Arya
`and J. Keane
`Precise Investigation of the Light-Saturated Defect
`Density in Amorphous Silicon Very Thin Films and
`Solar Cells
`J. Kocka, M. Van~ek, P. Mach~ek, A. Fejfar,
`E. Sipek, Ho-The-Ha, I. Pelant, J. Frie, J. Rosa,
`Z. Reme~, A. Poruba, M. Konagai and W. Kusian
`
`429
`
`433
`
`437
`
`403 Amorphous Silicon Cells and
`Modules-II
`
`Chairs: S. Tsuda
`R. Arya
`A New Structure a-Si Solar Cell With Plastic Film
`Substrate
`Y. Ichikawa, K. Tabuchi, S. Kato, A. Takano,
`T. Sasaki, M. Tanda, S. Saito, H. Sato,
`S. Fujikake, T. Yoshida and H. Sakai
`Diagnosing Tandem Cells
`J. Hou, S.J. Fonash, M. Ghosh, J. Xi, T. Liu and
`F. Kampas
`Metastable Shunt Paths in a-Si Solar Cells
`T.J. McMahon and M.S. Bennett
`Preparation of High Quality Widegap a-Si:H Films
`and Its Applications to a-Si Solar Cells
`Y. Ashida, N. Ishiguro, K. Saitoh, T. Miyashita,
`N. Yanagawa, H. Tanaka, M. Sadamoto and
`N. Fukuda
`Considerations for Light Soaking of Amorphous
`Silicon Photovoltaic Modules
`W. Luft and B. von Roedem
`A Critical Review of the Growth and Properties of
`A- (Si,Ge):H
`V.L. Dalal, S. Kaushal, J. Xu and K. Han
`Mobility and Optical Gaps in Different a-Si:H Based
`Materials and Their Impact on Cell Performance
`1.-S. Chen, T. Jamali-beh, Y. Lee, C.-Y. Li and
`C.R. Wronski
`Improvement in Stabilized Efficiency of a-Si:H Solar
`Cells Through Optimhed p/i-Interface Layers
`B. Rech, C. Beneking and H. Wagner
`Determination of the Quality of a-Si:H Films: "True"
`Transport Parameters
`N. Beck, A. Shah and N. Wyrsch
`The Roles of Atomic Hydrog'en Played in "The
`Chemical Annealing" For Fabrication of a-Si:H
`K. Nakamura, K. Yoshino and I. Shimizu
`Examination of Optimized Structures for a-Si:H Based
`Triple Junction Solar Cells
`S. Bae and S.J. Fonash
`
`441
`
`445
`
`449
`
`453
`
`457
`
`464
`
`468
`
`472
`
`476
`
`480
`
`484
`
`The Role of Interfaces in the End-Of-Life
`Performance of a-Si:H Solar Cells
`K. Vasanth, S. Wagner, D. Caputo and M. Bennett
`Improvement of a-Si Solar Cells Fabricated by
`Mercury-Sensitized Photo-CVD Using H2 Dilution
`Method
`P. Siamchai, A. Yamada, M. Konagai, J.H. Jang
`and K.S . Lim
`Correlation Between TCO/p and p/i Heterojunction
`and Effect of n/TCO Heterojunction on a-Si:H Solar
`Cell Performance
`F. Smole, M. Topit and J. Furlan
`Solution of the ZnO/p Contact Problem in a-Si:H
`Solar Cells
`M. Kubon, E. Boehmer, M. Gastel, F. Siebke,
`W. Beyer, C. Beneking and H. Wagner
`Lessons Learned from a Hydrogen Explosion at a
`Photovoltaic Research Facility
`P. Moskowitz, W. Buchanan and W. Shafarman
`Transport Properties of Doped Silicon Oxycarbide
`Microcrystailine Films Produced by Spatial Separation
`Techniques •
`R. Martins, M. Vieira, I. Ferreira, E. Fortunato and
`L. Guimaraes
`Direct Correlations of Bulk Charged and Neutral
`Defect Densities of States in a-Si:H Films with
`Characteristics of Schottky Barrier Solar Cell
`Structures
`M. Giine§, H. Liu, C.M. Fortmann and C.R.
`Wronski
`Investigation of TCO/p-Interface and Surface
`Morphology of a-Si:H Solar Cells by In-Situ
`Ellipsometry
`H.N . Wanka, M.B. Schubert and E. Lotter
`Characterization of Amorphous Silicon Pin Solar Cells
`by Transient Measurement Techniques
`G. Schmid, M.B. Schubert, H. Brummack and
`N. Bernhard
`Induced Defects in a-Si:H and a-Ge:H Calculated by
`Molecular Orbital Theory
`A. Yoshida, Y. Matsuda, K. Nakanose and
`H. Ogawa
`Outdoor Performance Stability and Controlled
`Light-Soak Testing of Amorphous Silicon
`Multijunction Modules at NREL
`L. Mrig, J. Burdick, W. Luft and B. Kroposki
`Monitoring Outdoor Performance and
`Pbotodegradation of a-Si:H Modules by Evaluation of
`Continuously Measured I-V Curves
`G. Kleiss, K. Bucher, P. Ragot and M. Chantant
`New Type of Large-Area a-Si Module Produced Using
`a Polymer Encapsulation Method
`K. Hayashi, A. Ishikawa, T. Endho and
`H. Yamagishi
`Back Reflector Texture and Stability Issues in High
`Efficiency Multijunction Amorphous Silicon Alloy
`Solar Cells
`A. Banerjee, K. Hoffman, X. Xu, J. Yang and
`S. Guba
`
`488
`
`492
`
`496
`
`500
`
`504
`
`508
`
`512
`
`516
`
`520
`
`524
`
`528
`
`531
`
`535
`
`539
`
`

`

`Charged and Neutral Defect States in a-Si:H
`Determined from Improved Analysis of the Constant
`Photocurrent Method
`F. Siebke, H. Stiebig, A. Abo-Arais and H. Wagner
`Improvement of Film Stability of a-Si:H Deposited by
`RPCVD Using SiH2Cl2
`M.K. Chu, J.S. Byun, H.B. Jeon, K.H. Lee,
`M. Park, K.C. Park, J. Jang, H.R. Park, D.W. Kim
`and K.S. Yoon
`Low Bandgap a-Si:H Film with Better Stability
`Prepared by RF PECVD Method Using Helium
`Dilution
`S. Ray, S. Hazra, A.R. Middya and A.K. Barua
`New Evaluation Technique for Thin-Film Solar Cell
`Back-Reflector Using Photothermal Deflection
`Spectroscopy
`X. Deng and K.L. Narasimhan
`High Electron and Hole Drift Mobility in a-Si:H
`G. Ganguly and A. Matsuda
`In situ Characterization of Growing Hydrogenated
`Amorphous Silicon Thin Films by P-Polarized Laser
`Light Reflection Measurement
`N. Naito, M. Sumiya, M. Kawasaki and
`H.Koinuma
`Optimization of Multijunction a-Si:H Solar Cells
`Using an Integrated Optical/Electrical Model
`R.E. Rocheleau and M. Vierthaler
`a-Si:H Optical Speed Detector Based on the Flying
`Spot Technique
`M. Vieira, A. Pantoni, A. Ma~arico, F. Soares and
`R. Martins
`Comparison of Diffusion Length Measureaments from
`the Flying Spot Technique and the Photocarrier
`Grating Method in Amorphous Thin Films
`M. Vieira, A. Pantoni, R. Martins, V. Chu,
`S. Koynov, F. Wang, S. Grebner and R. Schwarz
`Effect of "Soft S~ i-Layer Deposition on the
`Performance and Stability of a-Si:H p-i-n Solar Cells
`W. Herbst, U.I. Schmidt, H. Schade, B. Schroder
`and H. Oechsner
`Degradation of a-Si:H Solar Cells: New Evidence for a
`Bulk Effect
`N. Wyrsch and A. Shah
`Role of the Lateral Leakage Current on Amorphous
`Silicon Solar Cells
`R. Martins, E. Fortunato, A. Bicho and
`G. Lavareda
`
`543
`
`547
`
`551
`
`555
`
`559
`
`563
`
`567
`
`571
`
`575
`
`579
`
`583
`
`587
`
`4P2 Amorphous Silicon-II
`Chair: J. Kocka
`Recombination in a-Si:H: Results from the Standard
`and Defect Pool Models
`E. Morgado
`
`591
`
`Effect of a Wide Band Gap Emitter Layer and Its
`Patterning on the Performance of a-Si:H Based
`Heterojunction Solar Cells
`P. Chatterjee
`Computer Modeling of Amorphous Silicon Tandem
`Cells
`J.A. Willemen, M. 2.eman and J.W. Metselaar
`Spectral Response Modelling of a-Si:H Solar Cells
`Using Accurate Light Absorption Profiles
`H. Stiebig, A. Kreisel, K. Winz, N. Schultz,
`C. Beneking, T. Eickhoff, H. Wagner and M. Meer
`Quantum Efficiencies Exceeding Unity in Amorphous
`Silicon Solar Cells
`D. Vanmaekelbergh, J. van de Lagemaat and
`R.E.I. Schropp
`Monitoring a-Si:H Solar Cells Degradation by Two
`Sides Blue Light Collection
`G. Masini, D. Fischer, J. Hubin, F. Palma and
`A. Shah
`Investigation of Current Mechanisms in a-Si:H Alloy
`Solar Cells
`K.R. Lord II, F.U. Syed, M.R. Walters and
`J.R. Woodyard
`The P/1 Interface Layer in Amorphous Silicon Solar
`Cells; A Numerical Modeling Study
`V. Suntharalingam, C.M. Fortmann, S.J. Fonash
`and F.A. Rubinelli
`Quantum Efficiency of a-Si:H P-1-N Solar Cells in the
`250 to 375 K Range-Insights from Defect Pool
`Modelling
`T. Eickhoff, C. Ulrichs, H. Stjebig, W. Griinen,
`W. Reetz and H. Wagner
`Progress in Inexpensive a-Si:Wa-Si:H Tandem Module
`Technology
`R.E.I. Schropp, M.B. von der Linden, J. Wallinga,
`D. Knoesen, J. Hyvlirinen, J. Skarp, T. Suntola,
`J.A. Willemen, M. 2.eman, J.W. Metselaar,
`W. Loyer, D. Guillardeau and E. Fabre
`Properties of ZnO:AI Thin Films for Solar Cells by
`Pyrosol Method
`J. Song, W.-Y. Cho, K.-S. Lim, K.-H. Yoon and
`G.-J. Yu
`Charged and ,Neutral Defects in Light-Soaked a-Si:H
`M. Kumeda, J.-H. 1Zhou and T. Shimizu
`Optimum Technique of Depositing High-Rate Films by
`Normal PCVD Method
`X. Lin, K. Lin, Y. Yu, Y.W. Lam, Y.C. Chan,
`~- Lin and Y.M. Chan
`Degradation and Failure Mechanisms of a-Si:H Solar
`Cells with Aluminum Contacts
`\ M.S. Haque, H.A. Naseem and W.D. Brown
`Effect of Different TCO Interfaces on the
`Performances Presented by Hydrogenated Amorphous
`Silicon P-1-N Solar Cells
`E. Fortunato, C.N. Carvalho, A. Bicho and
`1 R. Martins
`
`595
`
`599
`
`603
`
`607
`
`610
`
`614
`
`618
`
`622
`
`626
`
`630
`
`634
`
`638
`
`642
`
`646
`
`

`

`Improving the Stability of Amorphous Silicon Tandem
`Cells
`J. Dacy Ouwens and R.E.I. Schropp
`Parametric Analysis of a-SI Solar Cells from Current
`Voltage Measurements
`S.S. Hegedus and J.E. Phillips
`Internal Opto-Electric Properties of p-i-n a-Si:H Solar
`Cell on Grooved TCO Texture
`J. Furlan, S. Amon, P. Popovic and F. Smole
`Generation Lifetime in Amorphous Silicon as
`Determined by MOS Admittance Measurements
`W.R. Fahrner, H.C. Neitzert and E. Klausmann
`Optical Modeling of a-Si:H Based Solar Cells on
`Textured Substrates
`G. Tao, M. Zeman and J.W. Metselaar
`Applications of Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaics:
`Myths and Facts
`D.S. Shugar
`ZnO/Ag Sputtering Deposition on a-Si Solar Cells
`K. Hayashi , M. Kondo, A. Ishikawa and
`H. Yarnagishi
`Dependence of a-Si Solar Cell V oc on Deposition
`Temperature
`X. Deng, K.L. Narasimhan, J. Evans, M. lzu and
`S.R. Ovsbinsky
`Fabrication and Properties of the Flexible a-Si:H Solar
`Cells on Plastic Films Using Roll-to-Roll Method
`H. Shinohara and M. Abe
`Light-Induced Changes in Hydrogenated Amorphous
`Silicon: Anomalous Recombination Behaviour at Low
`Temperatures
`J.C.L. Comish, Subaer, P. Jennings and G.T. Hefter
`Metalized Polymer Substrate for Flexible Amorphous
`Silicon Solar Cell
`L.-C. Kuo, Y.-T. Tsai, W.-Y. Hsu and N.-H. Lu
`International Photovoltaic Markets, Developments and
`Trends Forecast to 2010
`P.D. Maycock
`
`650
`
`654
`
`658
`
`662
`
`666
`
`670
`
`674
`
`678
`
`682
`
`686
`
`690
`
`694
`
`PS Plenary Session
`Terrestrial Photovoltaics
`Chairs: A. Geotzberger
`C. Jennings
`Non-Technical Barriers to the Commercialisation of
`PV in Developing Countries
`J.A. Gregory and 8. McNelis
`A Photovoltaic-Diesel Hybrid Generation System for
`Small Islands
`T. Tadokoro, K. Taira and M. Asaoka
`Sunplicity: from Complex System Design to Standard
`Product Level
`M.G. Real, U. Buhler, P. Toggweiler, G. Roth and
`E. Bolliger
`
`700
`
`708
`
`716
`
`501 Module and BOS Component
`Evaluation and Performance
`Chairs: K. Sakuta
`J. Bigger
`Research and Development of Evaluation Technology
`of Photovoltaic Power Systems
`H. Mine, H. Yokouchi, T. Oshiro, M. Yukawa and
`K. Kurokawa
`Data Sampling Speed Versus Energetic Measurement
`Errors in Photovoltaic System Monitoring
`K. Kurokawa
`Effect of Installation Conditions on the Output
`Characteristics of Photovoltaic Modules
`K. Akhmad, F. Beiley, A. Kitamura, F. Yamamoto,
`S. Akita, H. Takakura, H. Okamoto and
`Y. Harnakawa
`Actual Optical and Thermal Performance of
`PV-Modules
`S. Krauter and R. Hanitsch
`DC Fluorescent Lamp for OV Home Power System
`A. Wang, D. Zhang and Y. Wang
`
`502 Off Grid Systems
`Chairs: J. Schmid
`W. Bowe
`One Year Evaluation of the PV-Wind-Diesel Hybrid
`Project in X-Calak, Mexico
`J.M. Huacuz, J. Agredano, G. Munguia, M.A.
`Borja, S. Durand, R. Foster and R. Pate
`Living on PV Power in Comfort and Style
`A. Mizany
`Remote Power-Integrated, Customer Oriented
`Solutions
`D. Jordan, M. Twidell, J. Patel, F. Teofilo and
`R. Soin
`
`722
`
`726
`
`730
`
`734
`
`738
`
`740
`
`743
`
`747
`
`503 Utility and Grid-Connected Systems
`Chairs: S. Corsi
`K. Kurokawa
`The 3.3 MW-Peak Photovoltaic Power Sation at Serre 750
`A. Previ, A. Iliceto, G. Belli, V. Arcidiacono,
`S. Corsi and L. Lambri
`PVUSA Utility-Scale System Capital and Maintenance
`Costs
`C. Jennings, A.B. Reyes and K.P. O'Brien
`Islanding Phenomenon Elimination Study at Rokko
`Test Center
`A. Kitamura, M. Okamoto, F. Yamamoto,
`K. Nakaji, H. Matsuda and K. Hotta
`Developing, Managing and Assessing a Utility
`Sponsored, Industry Supported PV Off-Grid Program 763
`W.R. Gould
`
`754
`
`759
`
`

`

`Motorway Sound Barriers: Recent Results and New
`Concepts for Advancement of Technology
`T. Nordmann and A. Goetzberger
`
`766
`
`504 PV On Buildings
`Chairs: T. Nordmann
`A. Rohatgi
`Building Integration of an Amorphous Silicon
`Photovoltaic Facade
`ff.A. Ossenbrink, L. Rigolini, 0. Chehab and 0.
`van der Venne
`High Efficiency Photovoltaic Roof Tiles with Static
`Concentrators
`S. Bowden, S.R. Wenham, M.R. Dickinson and
`M.A. Green
`R&D of Photovoltaic Modules Integrated with
`Construction Materials
`F. Shinjo
`Building Opportunities in the U.S. for PV (PV:Bonus)
`a Progr~ Report
`R.W. Taylor
`Multifunctional Solar Facades-A New Challenge for
`Photovoltaic
`J. Benemann
`
`770
`
`774
`
`778
`
`781
`
`784
`
`788
`
`792
`
`797
`
`505 System Economics, Market Trends
`and Issues
`Chairs: K.M. Hynes and P.O. Maycock
`Photovoltaics in the Light of Sustainable Development
`and Qualitative Growth
`J. Moesslein
`Measuring the Value'Of Distributed Photovoltaic
`Generation: Final Results of the Kerman
`Grid-Support Project
`H.J. Wenger, T.E. Hoff and B.K. Fanner
`PoUution Mitigation and Photovoltaic Demand-Side
`Results from the U.S. Environmental Protection
`Agency Photovoltaic Demonstrations
`E.C. Kem, Jr. and D.S. Greenberg
`Distributed Photovoltaic Demand-Side Generation: An
`Economic Evaluation for Electric Utilities
`G.J. Leng and J. Martfn
`Solar Energy Mapping by Using Cloud Images
`Received from GMS
`K. Otani, T. Saitoh, I. Tsuda and K. Kurokawa
`
`801
`
`805
`
`506 Module and BOS Component Design
`and Manufacturing
`Chairs: A. Kitamura and C.E. Witt
`Analysis of Grounded and Ungrounded Photovoltaic
`Systems
`W.I. Bower and J.C. Wiles
`
`809
`
`Single CeU Converter System (SCCS)
`M. Wuest, P. Toggweiler and J. Riatsch
`Fourth-Generation Concentrator System: From the
`Lab to the Factory to the Field
`M.J. O'Neill and A.J. McDanal
`Continuous RoU-to-RoU Serpentine Deposition for
`High Throughput a-Si PV Manufacturing
`M. lzu, H.C. Ovshinsky, X. Deng, A.J. Krisko,
`K.L. Narasimhan, R. Crucet, T. Laarman, A. Myatt
`and S.R.' Ovshinsky
`Photovoltaic Cz Silicon Manufacturing Technology
`Improvements
`T.L. Jester, K.W. Mitchell, R. Probst, D. Tanner
`and S. Vasquez
`
`813
`
`816
`
`820
`
`824
`
`5Pl Module and BOS Component
`Evaluation and Performance
`Chair: S. Krauter
`Advanced Automation Techniques for Interconnecting
`Thin Silicon Solar CeUs
`M.J. Nowlan, S.J. Hogan, G. Darkazalli, S.F.
`Sutherland, W.F. Breen, J.M. Murach and J.S.
`Patterson
`Solarex Crystalline PVMaT Program
`J.H. Wohlgemuth, D. Whitehouse, T. Koval,
`J. Creager, F. Artigliere and M. Conway
`Development of CdTe Module Manufacturing
`D.W. Sandwisch
`Simulation Calculation of Solar Array Output
`Connecting Two Sub-Arrays with Different Azimuth
`Angles
`H. T~akura, K. Koujitani, K. Akhmad, F. Beiley,
`A. Kitamura, Y. Hamakawa
`Calculated Effect of Central DC/AC Power
`Conversion from PV Generators with Different
`Orientations
`T.C.J. van der Weiden and A.J . Kil
`Fault Finding in a 1 MW Photovoltaic Plant by
`Reftectometry
`L. Schirone, F.P. Califano, U. Moschella and
`•
`U. Rocca
`1
`Technical Evaluation of a Dual-Junction
`Same-Band-Gap Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic
`·,
`System at NREL
`T. Strand, L. Mrig, R. Hansen and K. Emery
`Performance of a 268Wp Stand-Alone PV System Test
`Facility
`K.G. Adanu
`A Comparison of Photovoltaic Module Performance
`\
`Evaluation Methodologies for Energy Ratings
`B. Kroposki, K. Emery, D. Myers and L. Mrig
`Measurement Techniques for the 3RD Pep Round
`Robin
`1 R.F.M. Roes, W.J. Zaaiman and ff.A . Ossenbrink
`
`828
`
`832
`
`836
`
`840
`
`844
`
`846
`
`850
`
`854
`
`858
`
`863
`
`

`

`Wide-View-Angle Absolute Cavity Radiometer for
`Solar Simulator Use
`F. Nagamine, R. Shimokawa, T. Abe, M. Suzuki,
`H. Ikeda and Y. Miyake
`Ultimate Transistor Electronic Load for Electrical
`Performance Measurement of Photovoltaic Devices
`Using Pulsed Solar Simulators
`E.G.