throbber
Tim A. Osswald
`Georg Menges
`
`Materials Science
`of Polymers
`for Engineers
`
`3rd Edition
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`
`
`No unauthorized disclosure disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 1 of 240
`
`

`

`Osswald, Menges
`Material Science of Polymers for Engineers
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 2 of 240
`
`

`

`Tim A. Osswald
`Georg Menges
`
`Material Science
`of Polymers
`for Engineers
`
`3rd Edition
`
`Hanser Publishers, Munich
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` Hanser Publications, Cincinnati
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 3 of 240
`
`

`

` e Author:
`Prof. Dr. Tim A. Osswald,
`University of Wisconsin-Madison, Polymer Processing Research Group,
`Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, USA
`
`Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Menges,
`Am Beulardstein 19, Aachen, Germany
`
`Distributed in North and South America by:
`Hanser Publications
`6915 Valley Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029, USA
`Fax: (513) 527-8801
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`Distributed in all other countries by
`Carl Hanser Verlag
`Postfach 86 04 20, 81631 München, Germany
`Fax: +49 (89) 98 48 09
`www.hanser.de
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`#e use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially
`identi$ed, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks
`Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
`While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press,
`neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions
`that may be made. #e publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
`herein.
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`
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Osswald, Tim A.
` Material science of polymers for engineers / Tim A. Osswald, Georg Menges. -- 3rd edition.
` pages cm
` Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
` ISBN 978-1-56990-514-2 (hardcover) -- ISBN (invalid) 978-1-56990-524-1 (e-book) 1. Polymers. 2. Plastics--
`Molding. I. Menges, Georg, 1923- II. Title.
`
` TP1120.O848 2012
` 668.9--dc23
`
` 2012019893
`
`Bibliogra$sche Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek
`Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra$e;
`detaillierte bibliogra$sche Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abru%ar.
`
`ISBN 978-1-56990-514-2
`E-Book-ISBN 978-1-56990-524-1
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
`electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or by any information storage and retrieval system,
`without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`© Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2012
`Production Management: Ste'en Jörg
`Coverconcept: Marc Müller-Bremer, www.rebranding.de, München
`Coverdesign: Stephan Rönigk
`Typeset, printed and bound by Kösel, Krugzell
`Printed in Germany
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 4 of 240
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
`
`Preface to the Third Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`IX
`
`"
`
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#.# The $ P’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#.% General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#." Identification of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#.& Sustainability – The $th P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`# Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%.# From Natural to Synthetic Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%.% Cellulose and the $#),))) Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%." Galalith – The Milk Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%.& Leo Baekeland and the Plastics Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%.( Herman Mark and the American Polymer Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%.$ Wallace Hume Carothers and Synthetic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%.+
`
` Polyethylene – A Product of Brain and Brawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%./ The Super Fiber and the Woman Who Invented It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%.- One Last Word – Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$
`
`Structure of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`".# Macromolecular Structure of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`".% Molecular Bonds and Inter-Molecular Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`"." Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`"
`
`"
`
`$
`
`#"
`
`#(
`
`%)
`
`%#
`
`%#
`
`%+
`
`")
`
`"#
`
`"&
`
`"+
`
`"-
`
`&%
`
`&&
`
`&+
`
`&-
`
`&-
`
`()
`
`(#
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 5 of 240
`
`

`

`XII
`
`Contents
`
`".& Conformation and Configuration of Polymer Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`".( Arrangement of Polymer Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".(.#
`Thermoplastic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".(.%
`Amorphous Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".(."
`Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".(.&
`Thermosets and Cross-Linked Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`".$ Copolymers and Polymer Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`".+ Polymer Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".+.#
`Flame Retardants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".+.%
`Stabilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".+."
`Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".+.&
`Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`".+.(
`Blowing Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%
`
`Thermal Properties of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`&.# Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#.#
`Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#.%
`Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#."
`Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#.&
`Thermal Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#.(
`Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#.$
`Thermal Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#.+
`Glass Transition Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.#./
`Melting Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`&.% Measuring Thermal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.%.#
`Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.%.%
`Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.%."
`Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.%.&
`Thermogravimetry (TGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`&.%.(
`Density Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`&
`
`(.#
`
`Rheology of Polymer Melts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.#.#
`Continuum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.#.%
`The Generalized Newtonian Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.#."
`Normal Stresses in Shear Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.#.&
`Deborah Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`($
`
`(-
`$)
`$)
`$%
`+%
`
`+"
`
`+(
`+(
`++
`+/
`+/
`+-
`
`/%
`
`/"
`
`/(
`/(
`-#
`-"
`-$
`-+
`-/
`--
`--
`
`--
`#))
`#)#
`#)"
`#)&
`#)(
`
`#)-
`
`###
`
`###
`###
`##"
`##(
`##$
`
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 6 of 240
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`XIII
`
`(.% Viscous Flow Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The Power Law Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.%.#
`(.%.%
`The Bird-Carreau-Yasuda Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.%."
`The Bingham Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.%.&
`Elongational Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.%.(
`Rheology of Curing Thermosets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.%.$
`Suspension Rheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`(." Simplified Flow Models Common in Polymer Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.".#
`Simple Shear Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.".%
`Pressure Flow Through a Slit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(."."
`Pressure Flow through a Tube – Hagen-Poiseuille Flow . . . . . .
`(.".&
`Couette Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`(.& Viscoelastic Flow Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.&.#
`Differential Viscoelastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.&.%
`Integral Viscoelastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`(.( Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.(.#
`The Melt Flow Indexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.(.%
`The Capillary Viscometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`(.(."
`Computing Viscosity Using the Bagley and
`Weissenberg-Rabinowitsch Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Viscosity Approximation Using the Representative
`Viscosity Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The Cone-Plate Rheometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The Couette Rheometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Extensional Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`(.(.(
`(.(.$
`(.(.+
`
`(.(.&
`
`(.$ Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`'
`
`Introduction to Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.# Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.#.#
`The Plasticating Extruder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.#.#.#
`The Solids Conveying Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.#.#.%
`The Melting Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.#.#."
`The Metering Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.#.%
`Extrusion Dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.#.%.#
`Sheeting Dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.#.%.%
`Tubular Dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.% Mixing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.#
`Distributive Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.#.#
`Effect of Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`##-
`##-
`#%#
`#%%
`#%%
`#%(
`#%+
`
`#%-
`#%-
`#")
`#")
`#"#
`
`#"%
`#"%
`#"(
`
`#"/
`#"-
`#"-
`
`#&#
`
`#&%
`#&"
`#&&
`#&(
`
`#&/
`
`#(+
`
`#$"
`
`#$"
`#$$
`#$/
`#+#
`#+&
`#+(
`#+$
`#++
`
`#+-
`#/#
`#/%
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 7 of 240
`
`

`

`XIV
`
`Contents
`
`Dispersive Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.%
`$.%.%.# Break-Up of Particulate Agglomerates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.%.% Break-Up of Fluid Droplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%." Mixing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.".#
`Static Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.".% Banbury Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%."." Mixing in Single Screw Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.".& Co-Kneader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.".( Twin Screw Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.&
`Energy Consumption During Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.( Mixing Quality and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.%.$
`Plasticization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$." Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.".#
`The Injection Molding Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.".%
`The Injection Molding Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.".%.#
`The Plasticating and Injection Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.".%.% The Clamping Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.".%." The Mold Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.& Special Injection Molding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.&.#
`Multi-Component Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.&.%
`Co-Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.&."
`Gas-Assisted Injection Molding (GAIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.&.&
`Injection-Compression Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.&.(
`Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.&.$
`Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.( Secondary Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(.#
`Fiber Spinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(.%
`Film Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(.%.# Cast Film Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(.%.% Film Blowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(."
`Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(.".# Extrusion Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(.".% Injection Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.(."." Thermoforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.$ Calendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.+ Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$./ Compression Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.- Foaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`$.#) Rotational Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#/&
`#/&
`#/$
`#/-
`#-)
`#-)
`#-%
`#-&
`#-(
`#-/
`#--
`%)#
`
`%)$
`%)+
`%#)
`%#)
`%##
`%#"
`
`%#$
`%#$
`%#/
`%#-
`%%#
`%%%
`%%(
`
`%%$
`%%$
`%%+
`%%+
`%%/
`%")
`%")
`%"%
`%""
`
`%"(
`
`%"/
`
`%&)
`
`%&%
`
`%&&
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 8 of 240
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`XV
`
`$.## Computer Simulation in Polymer Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.##.# Mold Filling Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.##.%
`Orientation Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`$.##."
`Shrinkage and Warpage Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%&(
`%&$
`%&/
`%&-
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%$)
`
`(
`
`Anisotropy Development During Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`+.# Orientation in the Final Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.#.#
`Processing Thermoplastic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.#.%
`Processing Thermoset Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`+.% Predicting Orientation in the Final Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.%.#
`Planar Orientation Distribution Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.%.%
`Single Particle Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.%."
`Jeffery’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.%.&
`Folgar-Tucker Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.%.(
`Tensor Representation of Fiber Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`+.%.(.#
`Predicting Orientation in Complex Parts Using
`Computer Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`+." Fiber Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`)
`
`Solidification of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`/.# Solidification of Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.#.#
`Thermodynamics During Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.#.%
`Morphological Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.#."
`Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.#.&
`Heat Transfer During Solidification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`/.% Solidification of Thermosets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.%.#
`Curing Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.%.%
`Cure Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.%."
`Heat Transfer During Cure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`/." Residual Stresses and Warpage of Polymeric Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.".#
`Residual Stress Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.".#.#
`Residual Stress Model Without Phase Change Effects . . . . . . . .
`/.".#.% Model to Predict Residual Stresses with
`Phase Change Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Other Simple Models to Predict Residual Stresses and Warpage
`/.".%
`/.".%.# Uneven Mold Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.".%.% Residual Stress in a Thin Thermoset Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`/.".%." Anisotropy Induced Curvature Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`%$"
`
`%$"
`%$"
`%+#
`
`%+(
`%+$
`%+/
`%+-
`%/)
`%/#
`
`%/%
`
`%/+
`
`%-"
`
`%-(
`
`%-(
`%-(
`%--
`"))
`")"
`
`")+
`")/
`")-
`"#&
`
`"#$
`"#-
`"%#
`
`"%%
`"%&
`"%$
`"%+
`"%/
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 9 of 240
`
`

`

`XVI
`
`Contents
`
`/."."
`
`Predicting Warpage in Actual Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`* Mechanical Behavior of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-.# Basic Concepts of Stress and Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.#.#
`Plane Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.#.%
`Plane Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-.% Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.%.#
`Stress Relaxation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.%.%
`Time-Temperature Superposition (WLF-Equation) . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.%."
`The Boltzmann Superposition Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-." Applying Linear Viscoelasticity to Describe the Behavior of Polymers . .
`-.".#
`The Maxwell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.".%
`Kelvin Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-."."
`Jeffrey Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.".&
`Standard Linear Solid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.".(
`The Generalized Maxwell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-.& The Short-Term Tensile Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.&.#
`Rubber Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.&.%
`The Tensile Test and Thermoplastic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-.( Creep Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.(.#
`Isochronous and Isometric Creep Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-.$ Dynamic Mechanical Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.$.#
`Torsion Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.$.%
`Sinusoidal Oscillatory Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-.+
`
` Effects of Structure and Composition on Mechanical Properties . . . . . . .
`-.+.#
`Amorphous Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.+.%
`Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.+."
`Oriented Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-.+.&
`Crosslinked Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-./ Mechanical Behavior of Filled and Reinforced Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-./.#
`Anisotropic Strain-Stress Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-./.%
`Aligned Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`-./."
`Transformation of Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminate
`Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Reinforced Composite Laminates with a Fiber Orientation
`Distribution Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`-./.&
`
`-.- Strength Stability Under Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`"%-
`
`""$
`
`"&#
`
`"&#
`"&%
`"&"
`
`"&"
`"&&
`"&$
`"&+
`
`"&/
`"&-
`"()
`"(%
`"(&
`"($
`
`"$#
`"$%
`"$+
`
`"+&
`"+/
`
`"+-
`"+-
`"/"
`
`"/(
`"/(
`"//
`"-)
`"-(
`
`"-+
`"--
`&))
`
`&)%
`
`&)&
`
`&)(
`
`&%#
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 10 of 240
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`XVII
`
`"+ Failure and Damage of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#).# Fracture Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).#.#
`Fracture Predictions Based on the Stress Intensity Factor . . . . .
`#).#.%
`Fracture Predictions Based on an Energy Balance . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).#."
`Linear Viscoelastic Fracture Predictions Based on J-Integrals .
`
`#).% Short-Term Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).%.#
`Brittle Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).%.%
`Ductile Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).%."
`Failure of Highly Filled Systems or Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#)." Impact Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).".#
`Impact Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).".%
`Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Impact Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#).& Creep Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).&.#
`Creep Rupture Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).&.%
`Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Creep Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#).( Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).(.#
`Fatigue Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#).(.%
`Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Fatigue Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#).$ Friction and Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#).+ Stability of Polymer Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#)./ Environmental Effects on Polymer Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#)./.# Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#)./.%
`Chemical Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`#)./."
`Thermal Degradation of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`"" Electrical Properties of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`##.# Dielectric Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.#.#
`Dielectric Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.#.% Mechanisms of Dielectrical Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.#."
`Dielectric Dissipation Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.#.&
`Implications of Electrical and Thermal Loss in a Dielectric . . . .
`
`##.% Electric Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.%.#
`Electric Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.%.%
`Physical Causes of Volume Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`##." Application Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.".#
`Electric Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.".%
`Electrostatic Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`&%"
`
`&%"
`&%&
`&%$
`&%/
`
`&")
`&")
`&"&
`&"+
`
`&&)
`&&$
`&()
`
`&((
`&($
`&(-
`
`&(-
`&$)
`&$/
`
`&+)
`
`&+"
`
`&+(
`&+(
`&/)
`&/%
`
`&/$
`
`&/-
`
`&/-
`&/-
`&-"
`&-$
`&--
`
`())
`())
`()#
`
`()&
`()&
`()/
`
`© 2012 Carl Hanser Verlag. All rights reserved.
`No unauthorized disclosure or reproduction; licensed to purchaser only.
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1039, Page 11 of 240
`
`

`

`XVIII Contents
`
`##."."
`##.".&
`
`Electrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Electromagnetic Interference Shielding (EMI Shielding) . . . . . .
`
`##.& Magnetic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.&.# Magnetizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`##.&.% Magnetic Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`"# Optical Properties of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%.# Index of Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%.% Photoelasticity and Birefringence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%." Transparency, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmittance . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%.& Gloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%.( Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%.$ Infrared Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%.+ Infrared Pyrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#%./ Heating with Infrared Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`"$ Permeability Properties of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#".# Sorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#".% Diffusion and Permeation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#"." Measuring S, D, and P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#".& Corrosion of Polymers and Cracking [(] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`#".( Diffusion of Polymer Molecules and Self-diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`"% Acoustic Properties of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`

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