throbber
Baur / Osswald / Rudolph
`Plastics Handbook
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 1 of 27
`
`

`

`Erwin Baur
`Tim A. Osswald
`Natalie Rudolph
`
`Plastics Handbook
`
`The Resource for Plastics Engineers
`
`5th Edition
`
`Hanser Publishers, Munich Hanser Publications, Cincinnati
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 2 of 27
`
`

`

`The Authors:
`
`Dr.-Ing. Erwin Baur, M-Base GmbH, Aachen, Germany
`
`Prof. Dr. Tim A. Osswald, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
`
`Dr.-Ing. Natalie Rudolph, Arevo Inc., Santa Clara, CA
`
`Distributed in the Americas by:
`Hanser Publications
`6915 Valley Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029, USA
`Fax: (513) 527-8801
`Phone: (513) 527-8977
`www.hanserpublications.com
`
`Distributed in all other countries by:
`Carl Hanser Verlag
`Postfach 86 04 20, 81631 Munich, Germany
`Fax: +49 (89) 98 48 09
`www.hanser-fachbuch.de
`
`The use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identi-
`fied, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may
`accordingly be used freely by anyone. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and
` accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal re-
`sponsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with
`respect to the material contained herein.
`
`The final determination of the suitability of any information for the use contemplated for a given application remains
`the sole responsibility of the user.
`
`Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
`mechanical, including photocopying or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
`from the publisher.
`
`© Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2019
`Editor: Dr. Mark Smith
`Translation: Dr. Christine Strohm, Engineering and Science Editors
`Production Management: Jörg Strohbach
`Coverconcept: Marc Müller-Bremer, www.rebranding.de, Munich
`Coverdesign: Stephan Rönigk
`Typesetting: Kösel Media GmbH, Krugzell
`Printed and bound by Druckerei Hubert & Co GmbH und Co KG BuchPartner, Göttingen
`Printed in Germany
`
`ISBN: 978-1-56990-559-3
`E-Book ISBN: 978-1-56990-560-9
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 3 of 27
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`This new and completely reworked edition of the Plastics Handbook finds its roots
`in the German Plastics Handbook (Saechtling Kunststoff Taschenbuch), first pub-
`lished in 1936, and now in its 31st edition. A!er years of working back and forth
`between the German and English language editions, updating the processing and
`materials chapters as well as upgrading the figures into color, we have finally
`achieved two synchronized handbooks, each designed for their specific geogra-
`phical market. We realize that the plastics field is constantly in flux, with changes
`driven by major factors such as energy conservation, new materials, and new
`manu facturing techniques, such as additive manufacturing. Therefore, we know
`that this handbook is a never-ending project that will organically change over time.
`We look forward to the developments our industry will bring in the years to come,
`and to the work we will do together to bring you the next version of this handbook.
`It would have been impossible to produce this new edition without the irreplace-
`able contributions from Dr. Christine Strohm who helped with the translations, as
`well as those from Tobias Mattner who reworked all the figures. We thank both for
`their steadfast dedication. We are also thankful to Dr. Mark Smith for his meticu-
`lous work while combing through the whole manuscript and to Jörg Strohbach for
`his production work to generate a version that is so pleasing to the eye. We are
`grateful to our families for their unconditional love and support.
`
`Winter 2018
`
`Erwin Baur, Tim A. Osswald, and Natalie Rudolph
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 4 of 27
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
`
`1
`
`1.1
`
`1.2
`
`2
`
`2.1
`
`2.2
`
`2.3
`
`Common Acronyms in Plastics Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Table I: Alphabetical List of Plastics Acronyms, Chemical Notation . .
`
`Table II: Common Units, ISO- and US-Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`1
`
`2
`
`9
`
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
`
`Economic Significance of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
`
`Classification of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
`
`Composition of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
`2.3.1
`Chemical Structure (Constitution and Configuration
`of  Macromolecules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
`2.3.1.1 Conformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
`2.3.1.2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
`2.3.1.3 Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
`2.3.1.4 Major Plastic Material Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
`2.3.2 Morphological Structure (Conformation and Aggregation
`of  Macromolecules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
`2.3.2.1 Different Classes of Plastic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
`
`2.4
`
`Effects of Processing on Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
`2.4.1
`Residual Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
`2.4.2 Molecular Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
`2.4.3
`Crystallization Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
`
`2.5 Modifications of Plastic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
`2.5.1
`Copolymers and Polymer Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
`2.5.2
`Plastic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
`
`3
`
`Material Properties and Testing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
`
`3.1
`
`Significance of Characteristic Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 5 of 27
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`

`

`VIII
`
`Contents
`
`3.2
`
`Processing Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
`3.2.1
`Rheological Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
`3.2.1.1 Flow Behavior, Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
`3.2.1.2 Viscosity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
`3.2.1.3 Melt Volume Flow Rate (MVR) and
`Melt Mass Flow Rate (MFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
`Solidification Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
`3.2.2.1 Sealing Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
`3.2.2.2 Shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
`3.2.2.3 Warpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
`3.2.2.4 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
`3.2.2.5 Filler Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
`
`3.2.2
`
`3.3.2
`
`3.3 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
`3.3.1
`Short-Term Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
`3.3.1.1 Accelerated Tensile Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
`3.3.1.2 Short-Term Bend Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
`3.3.1.3 Compression Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
`3.3.1.4
`Indentation Test, Hardness Measurements . . . . . . 74
`Impact Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
`3.3.2.1 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
`3.3.2.2
`Impact, Flexural, and TensileTests According
`to CAMPUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
`Static Long-Term Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
`3.3.3.1 Tensile Creep Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
`3.3.3.2
`Internal Pressure Creep Rupture Tests for Pipes . . 83
`3.3.4 Dynamic Long-Term Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
`3.3.5 Moduli and Poisson’s Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
`3.3.6 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
`
`3.3.3
`
`3.4
`
`Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
`3.4.1
`Permissible Service Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
`3.4.1.1 Effect of Short-Term Temperature Influence . . . . . . 90
`3.4.1.2 Effect of Long-Term Temperature Influence . . . . . . 97
`Specific Heat Capacity, Specific Enthalpy, Heat Value . . . . . . 98
`Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
`Thermal Effusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
`Thermal Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
`Coefficient of Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
`
`3.4.2
`3.4.3
`3.4.4
`3.4.5
`3.4.6
`
`3.5
`
`Electrical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
`3.5.1
`Electrical Insulation Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
`3.5.1.1 Volume Resistivity/Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
`3.5.1.2 Surface Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 6 of 27
`
`

`

`
`
`3.6
`
`3.7
`
`3.8
`
`Contents
`
`IX
`
`3.5.1.3 Electromagnetic Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
`3.5.2 Dielectric Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
`3.5.2.1 Dielectric Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
`3.5.2.2
`Long-Term Dielectric Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
`3.5.2.3 Tracking Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
`3.5.2.4 Arc Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
`3.5.2.5 Electrolytic Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
`3.5.3 Dielectric Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
`3.5.4
`Electrostatic Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
`3.5.5
`Conductive Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
`
`Optical Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
`3.6.1
`Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
`3.6.2 Gloss, Reflection, and Haze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
`3.6.3
`Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
`3.6.3.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
`3.6.3.2 Colorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
`Index of Refraction, Birefringence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
`Surface Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
`
`3.6.4
`3.6.5
`
`Resistance to Environmental Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
`3.7.1 Water, Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
`3.7.2
`Chemical Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
`3.7.3
`Stress Cracking Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
`3.7.4 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
`3.7.5 High-Energy Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
`3.7.6
`Resistance to Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
`3.7.7 Migration and Permeation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
`3.7.7.1 Water Vapor Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
`3.7.7.2 Gas Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
`3.7.7.3 Water Vapor Diffusion Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
`Fire Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
`
`3.7.8
`
`Friction and Wear Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
`3.8.1
`Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
`3.8.1.1 Friction Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
`3.8.1.2 Stick-Slip Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
`3.8.2 Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
`3.8.3
`Specimens and Testing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
`3.8.4
`Tribological Properties of Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
`
`3.9
`
`Analytical Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
`3.9.1
`Infrared (IR)- and Raman Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
`3.9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
`3.9.3 Dynamic-Mechanical Spectroscopy (DMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 7 of 27
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`

`

`X
`
`Contents
`
`4
`
`4.1
`
`4.2
`
`3.9.4 Dielectric Spectroscopy (DEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
`3.9.5 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and
`Differential Calorimetry (DSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
`Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
`3.9.6
`3.9.7 Dilatometry, Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA),
`Specific Volume (pvT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
`Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
`3.9.8
`Solution Viscosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
`3.9.9
`3.9.10 Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
`
`Plastic Processing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
`
`Compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
`4.1.1 Mixing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
`4.1.1.1 Mixing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
`4.1.1.2 Screw-Type Mixers for Viscous Materials . . . . . . . . 183
`4.1.1.3 Other Mixers for Viscous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
`Pelletizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
`4.1.2
`4.1.3 Mills, Granulators, or Pulverizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
`4.1.4 Dryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
`4.1.5
`Compounding of Thermosetting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
`4.1.6
`Compounding of Recycled Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
`
`Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
`4.2.1
`Extruder Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
`4.2.1.1 Single-Screw Extruder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
`4.2.1.2 Grooved-Barrel Extruder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
`4.2.1.3 Barrier Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
`4.2.1.4 Degassing Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
`4.2.1.5 Cascade- or Tandem Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
`4.2.1.6 High-Speed Extruders (Adiabatic Extruders) . . . . . 203
`4.2.1.7 Planetary Gear Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
`4.2.1.8 Twin-Screw Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
`4.2.2 Auxiliary Devices for Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
`4.2.3
`Extrusion Dies and Subsequent Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
`4.2.3.1 Pipes and Symmetrical Hollow Profiles . . . . . . . . . . 205
`4.2.3.2 Solid Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
`4.2.3.3 Hollow Chamber Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
`4.2.3.4 Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
`4.2.3.5 Sheets and Flat Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
`4.2.3.6 Blown (Tubular) Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
`4.2.3.7 Foamed Semi-Finished Products and Profiles . . . . . 210
`4.2.3.8 Monofilaments, Tapes, Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
`
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`

`
`
`4.3
`
`Contents
`
`XI
`
`4.2.3.9 Co- and Multi-Layer Extruded Products . . . . . . . . . . 212
`4.2.3.10 Multi-Layer Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
`Calendered Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
`Extrusion Blow Molding of Hollow Parts with
` Variable Cross  Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
`
`4.2.4
`4.2.5
`
`4.3.3
`4.3.4
`4.3.5
`
`Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
`4.3.1
`The Injection Molding Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
`4.3.2 Design of Injection Molding Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
`4.3.2.1 Clamping Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
`4.3.2.2 All-Electric Injection Molding Machines . . . . . . . . . 228
`4.3.2.3 Plasticizing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
`Injection Molding – General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
`Cleaning of Screws and Barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
`Special Injection Molding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
`4.3.5.1
`Injection Compression Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
`4.3.5.2 Powder Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
`4.3.5.3 Micro-Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
`4.3.5.4
`Injection Molding with Multiple Injection Units . . . 236
`4.3.5.5 Fluid Injection Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
`4.3.5.6 Foam Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
`4.3.5.7
`Injection Molding with Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
`Injection Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
`4.3.6.1 Stretch Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
`
`4.3.6
`
`4.4 Molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
`4.4.1 General Introduction to Mold Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
`4.4.2
`Injection Molds and Sprue Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
`4.4.3 Mold Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
`
`4.5
`
`4.6
`
`4.7
`
`Foaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
`4.5.1
`Principles of Foaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
`4.5.2 Manufacturing of Particle Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
`4.5.3
`In-Mold Skinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
`
`Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
`
`Polyurethane (PUR) Processing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
`4.7.1 General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
`4.7.2 Manufacturing Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
`4.7.2.1
`Low- and High-Pressure Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
`4.7.2.2 Spraying Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
`4.7.2.3 Production Line Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
`4.7.2.4 Continuous Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
`4.7.2.5 Batch Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 9 of 27
`
`

`

`XII
`
`Contents
`
`4.7.2.6 Manufacturing of Fiber-Reinforced Components . . 267
`4.7.2.7 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
`
`4.8.2
`
`4.8.3
`
`4.8 Manufacturing of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
`4.8.1
`Short-Fiber Reinforced Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
`4.8.1.1
`Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
`4.8.1.2 Bulk Molding Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
`Long-Fiber Reinforced Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
`4.8.2.1 Sheet Molding Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
`4.8.2.2 Glass Mat-Reinforced Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . 273
`4.8.2.3
`Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . 274
`Low Volume Liquid Composite Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
`4.8.3.1 Manual Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
`4.8.3.2 Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
`4.8.4 High Volume Liquid Composite Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
`4.8.4.1 Resin Transfer Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
`4.8.4.2 Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding . . . . . . . . 277
`4.8.4.3 Compression Resin Transfer Molding . . . . . . . . . . . 278
`4.8.4.4 Structural Reaction Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . 278
`Filament Winding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
`Pultrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
`Prepreg Layup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
`4.8.7.1 Prepregging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
`4.8.7.2 Automated Tape Layup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
`
`4.8.5
`4.8.6
`4.8.7
`
`4.9
`
`Compression Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
`4.9.1
`Laminating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
`4.9.2
`Extrusion Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
`4.9.3
`Transfer Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
`
`4.10 Additive Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
`4.10.1 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
`4.10.2 Material Extrusion (ME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
`4.10.3 Vat Photo-Polymerization (VP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
`4.10.4 Material Jetting (MJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
`4.10.5 Binder Jetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
`4.10.6 Sheet Lamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
`4.10.7 Rapid Tooling (RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
`
`4.11 Secondary Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
`4.11.1 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
`4.11.2 Mechanical Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
`4.11.3 Pressure Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
`
`4.12 Plastic Joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 10 of 27
`
`

`

`
`
`Contents
`
`XIII
`
`4.12.1 Plastic Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
`4.12.1.1 Heated Tool Welding with Contact Heating . . . . . . . 304
`4.12.1.2 Heated Tool Welding with Non-Contact Heating . . . 305
`4.12.1.3 Hot Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
`4.12.1.4 Friction Welding, Ultrasonic Welding . . . . . . . . . . . 309
`4.12.1.5 Radio-Frequency Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
`4.12.1.6 Implant Induction Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
`4.12.1.7 Laser Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
`4.12.2 Adhesive Joining of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
`4.12.2.1 Examples of Adhesive Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
`4.12.3 Screws, Rivets, Snap-Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
`
`4.13 Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
`4.13.1 Pre-Treatment of Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
`4.13.1.1 Wet Chemical Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
`4.13.1.2 Vapor Phase Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
`4.13.1.3 Flame Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
`4.13.1.4 Radiation Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
`4.13.1.5 Corona Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
`4.13.1.6 Plasma Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
`4.13.1.7 Mechanical Pre-Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
`4.13.2 Polishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
`4.13.3 Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
`4.13.4 Printing, Labeling, Decorating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
`4.13.5 Embossing, Hot-Embossing/Stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
`4.13.6 Flock-Coating/Flocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
`4.13.7 Metallization of Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
`4.13.8 Metallization of Molded Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
`4.13.9 SiOx-Coating of Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
`4.13.10 Rubbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
`4.13.11 Fluorination, Gas-Phase Fluorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
`4.13.12 Plasma Polymerization/Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) . . 329
`4.13.13 Thermal Spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
`
`4.14 Other Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
`4.14.1 Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
`4.14.2 Cutting, Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
`4.14.3 Radiation Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
`4.14.4 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
`4.14.5 Elimination of Electrostatic Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
`
`4.15 Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 11 of 27
`
`

`

`XIV
`
`Contents
`
`Plastic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
`
`General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
`
`5
`
`5.1
`
`5.2
`
`5.2.2
`5.2.3
`5.2.4
`
`5.2.5
`
`Polyolefins (PO), Polyolefin Derivatives and Copolymers . . . . . . . . . . . 337
`5.2.1
`Polyethylene Standard Homo- and Copolymers
`(PE-LD, PE-HD, PE-HD-HMW, PE-HD-UHMW, and PE-LLD) . . 338
`5.2.1.1 Polymerization, Chemical Constitution . . . . . . . . . . 338
`5.2.1.2 Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
`5.2.1.3 Post-Processing Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
`5.2.1.4 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
`5.2.1.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
`Polyethylene Derivatives (PE-X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
`Chlorinated and Chloro-Sulfonated PE (PE-C, CSM) . . . . . . . . 348
`Ethylene Copolymers (PE-ULD, EVAC, EVAL, EEA, EB,
`EBA, EMA, EAA, E/P, EIM, COC, ECB, ETFE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
`5.2.4.1 Ultra-Light Polyethylene (PE-ULD, PE-VLD) . . . . . . 355
`5.2.4.2 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymers (EVAC) . . . . . . 355
`5.2.4.3 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers (EVAL) . . . . . . 357
`5.2.4.4 Ethylene Acrylic Copolymers
`(EEA, EBA, EAA, EAMA, EMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
`5.2.4.5 PE α-Olefin Copolymers (PEα-PO-(M)) . . . . . . . . . . . 358
`5.2.4.6 Cycloolefin Copolymers (COC, COP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
`5.2.4.7
`Ionomers (EIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
`5.2.4.8 Ethylene Copolymer Bitumen Blends
`(ECB, ECB/TPO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
`Polypropylene Homopolymers (PP, PP-H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
`5.2.5.1 Chemical Constitution, Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . 361
`5.2.5.2 Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
`5.2.5.3 PP Foams (PP-E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
`5.2.5.4 Post-Processing Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
`5.2.5.5 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
`5.2.5.6 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
`Polypropylene Copolymers and Derivatives, Blends
`(PP-C, PP-B, EPDM, PP+EPDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
`5.2.6.1 Chlorinated PP (PP-C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
`5.2.6.2 PP Copolymers (PP-B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
`5.2.6.3 Ethylene-Propylene (Diene) Copolymers (EPDM) . . 367
`5.2.6.4 PP+EPDM Elastomer Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
`5.2.6.5 Polypropylene Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
`Polypropylene, Special Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
`Polybutene (PB, PIB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
`5.2.8.1 Polybutene-1 (PB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
`
`5.2.6
`
`5.2.7
`5.2.8
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1040, Page 12 of 27
`
`

`

`
`
`5.3
`
`5.4
`
`Contents
`
`XV
`
`5.2.8.2 Polyisobutene (PIB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
`5.2.9 Higher Poly-(α-Olefins) (PMP, PDCPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
`5.2.9.1 Poly-4-Methylpentene-1 (PMP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
`5.2.9.2 Polydicyclopentadiene (

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