This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
`Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
`
`Designation: D638 − 14
`
`Standard Test Method for
`Tensile Properties of Plastics1
`
`This standard is issued under the fixed designation D638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
`original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
`superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
`
`This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
`
`1. Scope*
`1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
`properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form
`of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under
`defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and
`testing machine speed.
`1.2 This test method is applicable for testing materials of
`any thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing
`specimens in the form of thin sheeting, including film less than
`1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, ASTM standard D882 is the
`preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than
`14 mm (0.55 in.) shall be reduced by machining.
`1.3 This test method includes the option of determining
`Poisson’s ratio at room temperature.
`
`NOTE 1—This standard and ISO 527-1 address the same subject matter,
`but differ in technical content.
`NOTE 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical
`procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement
`type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that
`wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate
`of strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speeds
`specified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in the
`plastic state. Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test
`specimens, which are permitted by these procedures, produce variations in
`the surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these variations may
`influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are
`desired, all samples should be of equal thickness. Special additional tests
`should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
`NOTE 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded
`resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as
`electrical insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with
`Test Methods D229 and Test Method D651.
`NOTE 4—For tensile properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced
`with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa
`(>3.0 × 106-psi) fibers,
`tests shall be made in accordance with Test
`Method D3039/D3039M.
`1.4 Test data obtained by this test method have been found
`to be useful in engineering design. However, it is important to
`
`consider the precautions and limitations of this method found
`in Note 2 and Section 4 before considering these data for
`engineering design.
`1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
`standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
`only.
`1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
`safety concerns,
`if any, associated with its use. It
`is the
`responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
`priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
`bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
`
`2. Referenced Documents
`2.1 ASTM Standards:2
`D229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
`Used for Electrical Insulation
`D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-
`tic Elastomers—Tension
`D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
`D651 Test Method for Test for Tensile Strength of Molded
`Electrical Insulating Materials (Withdrawn 1989)3
`D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
`Sheeting
`D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
`D1822 Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break
`Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
`D3039/D3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Poly-
`mer Matrix Composite Materials
`D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
`als
`D4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extru-
`sion Materials (PA)
`D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
`Plastics Specimens
`E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
`
`1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
`and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
`Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014. Published March 2015. Originally
`approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D638 - 10. DOI:
`10.1520/D0638-14.
`
`2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
`contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
`Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
`the ASTM website.
`3 The last approved version of
`www.astm.org.
`
`this historical standard is referenced on
`
`Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
`
`*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
`
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`D638 − 14
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`E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
`someter Systems
`E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
`E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
`Determine the Precision of a Test Method
`2.2 ISO Standard:4
`ISO 527-1 Determination of Tensile Properties
`
`3. Terminology
`3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this test
`method appear in Terminology D883 and Annex A2.
`
`4. Significance and Use
`4.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property
`data for the control and specification of plastic materials. These
`data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for
`research and development.
`4.2 Some material specifications that require the use of this
`test method, but with some procedural modifications that take
`precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is
`advisable to refer to that material specification before using this
`test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM
`materials standards that currently exist.
`4.3 Tensile properties are known to vary with specimen
`preparation and with speed and environment of
`testing.
`Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired,
`these factors must be carefully controlled.
`4.4 It is realized that a material cannot be tested without also
`testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence, when
`comparative tests of materials per se are desired, exercise great
`care to ensure that all samples are prepared in exactly the same
`way, unless the test
`is to include the effects of sample
`preparation. Similarly, for referee purposes or comparisons
`within any given series of specimens, care shall be taken to
`secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of
`preparation, treatment, and handling.
`4.5 Tensile properties provide useful data for plastics engi-
`neering design purposes. However, because of the high degree
`of sensitivity exhibited by many plastics to rate of straining and
`environmental conditions, data obtained by this test method
`cannot be considered valid for applications involving load-time
`scales or environments widely different from those of this test
`method. In cases of such dissimilarity, no reliable estimation of
`the limit of usefulness can be made for most plastics. This
`sensitivity to rate of straining and environment necessitates
`testing over a broad load-time scale (including impact and
`creep) and range of environmental conditions if tensile prop-
`erties are to suffice for engineering design purposes.
`
`NOTE 5—Since the existence of a true elastic limit in plastics (as in
`many other organic materials and in many metals) is debatable, the
`propriety of applying the term “elastic modulus” in its quoted, generally
`accepted definition to describe the “stiffness” or “rigidity” of a plastic has
`been seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plastic
`materials are highly dependent on such factors as rate of application of
`
`4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
`4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
`
`stress, temperature, previous history of specimen, etc. However, stress-
`strain curves for plastics, determined as described in this test method,
`almost always show a linear region at low stresses, and a straight line
`drawn tangent to this portion of the curve permits calculation of an elastic
`modulus of the usually defined type. Such a constant is useful if its
`arbitrary nature and dependence on time, temperature, and similar factors
`are realized.
`
`5. Apparatus
`5.1 Testing Machine—A testing machine of the constant-
`rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising essentially
`the following:
`5.1.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
`member carrying one grip.
`5.1.2 Movable Member—A movable member carrying a
`second grip.
`5.1.3 Grips—Grips for holding the test specimen between
`the fixed member and the movable member of the testing
`machine can be either the fixed or self-aligning type.
`5.1.3.1 Fixed grips are rigidly attached to the fixed and
`movable members of the testing machine. When this type of
`grip is used take extreme care to ensure that the test specimen
`is inserted and clamped so that the long axis of the test
`specimen coincides with the direction of pull through the
`center line of the grip assembly.
`5.1.3.2 Self-aligning grips are attached to the fixed and
`movable members of the testing machine in such a manner that
`they will move freely into alignment as soon as any load is
`applied so that the long axis of the test specimen will coincide
`with the direction of the applied pull through the center line of
`the grip assembly. Align the specimens as perfectly as possible
`with the direction of pull so that no rotary motion that may
`induce slippage will occur in the grips; there is a limit to the
`amount of misalignment self-aligning grips will accommodate.
`5.1.3.3 The test specimen shall be held in such a way that
`slippage relative to the grips is prevented insofar as possible.
`Grip surfaces that are deeply scored or serrated with a pattern
`similar to those of a coarse single-cut file, serrations about 2.4
`mm (0.09 in.) apart and about 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) deep, have
`been found satisfactory for most thermoplastics. Finer serra-
`tions have been found to be more satisfactory for harder
`plastics, such as the thermosetting materials. It is important that
`the serrations be kept clean and sharp. Should breaking in the
`grips occur, even when deep serrations or abraded specimen
`surfaces are used, other techniques shall be used. Other
`techniques that have been found useful, particularly with
`smooth-faced grips, are abrading that portion of the surface of
`the specimen that will be in the grips, and interposing thin
`pieces of abrasive cloth, abrasive paper, or plastic, or rubber-
`coated fabric, commonly called hospital sheeting, between the
`specimen and the grip surface. No. 80 double-sided abrasive
`paper has been found effective in many cases. An open-mesh
`fabric, in which the threads are coated with abrasive, has also
`been effective. Reducing the cross-sectional area of the speci-
`men may also be effective. The use of special types of grips is
`sometimes necessary to eliminate slippage and breakage in the
`grips.
`5.1.4 Drive Mechanism—A drive mechanism for imparting
`a uniform, controlled velocity to the movable member with
`
`2
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`D638 − 14
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`to the stationary member. This velocity is to be
`respect
`regulated as specified in Section 8.
`5.1.5 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
`nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by the
`test specimen when held by the grips. This mechanism shall be
`essentially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and
`shall
`indicate the load with an accuracy of 61 % of the
`indicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machine
`shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4.
`
`NOTE 6—Experience has shown that many testing machines now in use
`are incapable of maintaining accuracy for as long as the periods between
`inspection recommended in Practices E4. Hence, it is recommended that
`each machine be studied individually and verified as often as may be
`found necessary. It frequently will be necessary to perform this function
`daily.
`
`5.1.6 The fixed member, movable member, drive
`mechanism, and grips shall be constructed of such materials
`and in such proportions that the total elastic longitudinal strain
`of the system constituted by these parts does not exceed 1 % of
`the total longitudinal strain between the two gage marks on the
`test specimen at any time during the test and at any load up to
`the rated capacity of the machine.
`5.1.7 Crosshead Extension Indicator—A suitable extension
`indicating mechanism capable of showing the amount of
`change in the separation of the grips,
`that
`is, crosshead
`movement. This mechanism shall be essentially free of inertial
`lag at
`the specified rate of testing and shall
`indicate the
`crosshead movement with an accuracy of 610 % of the
`indicated value.
`
`5.2 Extension Indicator (extensometer)—A suitable instru-
`ment shall be used for determining the distance between two
`designated points within the gauge length of the test specimen
`as the specimen is stretched. For referee purposes, the exten-
`someter must be set at the full gage length of the specimen, as
`shown in Fig. 1. It is desirable, but not essential, that this
`instrument automatically record this distance, or any change in
`it, as a function of the load on the test specimen or of the
`elapsed time from the start of the test, or both. If only the latter
`is obtained, load-time data must also be taken. This instrument
`shall be essentially free of inertia at the specified speed of
`testing. Extensometers shall be classified and their calibration
`periodically verified in accordance with Practice E83.
`5.2.1 Modulus-of-Elasticity Measurements—For modulus-
`of-elasticity measurements, an extensometer with a maximum
`strain error of 0.0002 mm/mm (in./in.) that automatically and
`continuously records shall be used. An extensometer classified
`by Practice E83 as fulfilling the requirements of a B-2
`classification within the range of use for modulus measure-
`ments meets this requirement.
`5.2.2 Low-Extension Measurements—For elongation-at-
`yield and low-extension measurements (nominally 20 % or
`less),
`the same above extensometer, attenuated to 20 %
`extension, is acceptable. In any case, the extensometer system
`must meet at least Class C (Practice E83) requirements, which
`include a fixed strain error of 0.001 strain or 61.0 % of the
`indicated strain, whichever is greater.
`
`5.2.3 High-Extension Measurements—For making measure-
`ments at elongations greater than 20 %, measuring techniques
`with error no greater than 610 % of the measured value are
`acceptable.
`5.3 Micrometers—Apparatus for measuring the width and
`thickness of the test specimen shall comply with the require-
`ments of Test Method D5947.
`
`6. Test Specimens
`6.1 Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics:
`6.1.1 Rigid and Semirigid Plastics—The test specimen shall
`conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The Type I
`specimen is the preferred specimen and shall be used where
`sufficient material having a thickness of 7 mm (0.28 in.) or less
`is available. The Type II specimen is recommended when a
`material does not break in the narrow section with the preferred
`Type I specimen. The Type V specimen shall be used where
`only limited material having a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in.) or
`less is available for evaluation, or where a large number of
`specimens are to be exposed in a limited space (thermal and
`environmental stability tests, etc.). The Type IV specimen is
`generally used when direct comparisons are required between
`materials in different rigidity cases (that
`is, nonrigid and
`semirigid). The Type III specimen must be used for all
`materials with a thickness of greater than 7 mm (0.28 in.) but
`not more than 14 mm (0.55 in.).
`6.1.2 Nonrigid Plastics—The test specimen shall conform
`to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The Type IV specimen shall
`be used for testing nonrigid plastics with a thickness of 4 mm
`(0.16 in.) or less. The Type III specimen must be used for all
`materials with a thickness greater than 7 mm (0.28 in.) but not
`more than 14 mm (0.55 in.).
`6.1.3 Reinforced Composites—The test specimen for rein-
`forced composites,
`including highly orthotropic laminates,
`shall conform to the dimensions of the Type I specimen shown
`in Fig. 1.
`6.1.4 Preparation—Methods of preparing test specimens
`include injection molding, machining operations, or die
`cutting, from materials in sheet, plate, slab, or similar form.
`Materials thicker than 14 mm (0.55 in.) shall be machined to 14
`mm (0.55 in.) for use as Type III specimens.
`
`NOTE 7—Test results have shown that for some materials such as glass
`cloth, SMC, and BMC laminates, other specimen types should be
`considered to ensure breakage within the gage length of the specimen, as
`mandated by 7.3.
`NOTE 8—When preparing specimens from certain composite laminates
`such as woven roving, or glass cloth, exercise care in cutting the
`specimens parallel
`to the reinforcement. The reinforcement will be
`significantly weakened by cutting on a bias, resulting in lower laminate
`properties, unless testing of specimens in a direction other than parallel
`with the reinforcement constitutes a variable being studied.
`NOTE 9—Specimens prepared by injection molding may have different
`tensile properties than specimens prepared by machining or die-cutting
`because of the orientation induced. This effect may be more pronounced
`in specimens with narrow sections.
`6.2 Rigid Tubes—The test specimen for rigid tubes shall be
`as shown in Fig. 2. The length, L, shall be as shown in the table
`in Fig. 2. A groove shall be machined around the outside of the
`specimen at the center of its length so that the wall section after
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`D638 − 14
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`Dimensions (see drawings)
`
`W—Width of narrow sectionE,F
`L—Length of narrow section
`WO—Width overall, minG
`WO—Width overall, minG
`LO—Length overall, minH
`G—Gage lengthI
`G—Gage lengthI
`D—Distance between grips
`R—Radius of fillet
`RO—Outer radius (Type IV)
`
`Specimen Dimensions for Thickness, T, mm (in.)A
`7 (0.28) or under
`Over 7 to 14 (0.28 to 0.55), incl
`Type I
`Type II
`Type III
`13 (0.50)
`6 (0.25)
`19 (0.75)
`57 (2.25)
`57 (2.25)
`57 (2.25)
`19 (0.75)
`19 (0.75)
`29 (1.13)
`...
`...
`...
`165 (6.5)
`183 (7.2)
`246 (9.7)
`50 (2.00)
`50 (2.00)
`50 (2.00)
`...
`...
`...
`115 (4.5)
`135 (5.3)
`115 (4.5)
`76 (3.00)
`76 (3.00)
`76 (3.00)
`...
`...
`...
`
`4 (0.16) or under
`Type IVB
`Type VC,D
`6 (0.25)
`3.18 (0.125)
`33 (1.30)
`9.53 (0.375)
`19 (0.75)
`...
`...
`9.53 (0.375)
`115 (4.5)
`63.5 (2.5)
`...
`7.62 (0.300)
`25 (1.00)
`...
`65 (2.5)J
`25.4 (1.0)
`14 (0.56)
`12.7 (0.5)
`25 (1.00)
`...
`
`Tolerances
`
`±0.5 (±0.02)B,C
`±0.5 (±0.02)C
`+ 6.4 ( + 0.25)
`+ 3.18 ( + 0.125)
`no max (no max)
`±0.25 (±0.010)C
`±0.13 (±0.005)
`±5 (±0.2)
`±1 (±0.04)C
`±1 (±0.04)
`
`AThickness, T, shall be 3.2± 0.4 mm (0.13 ± 0.02 in.) for all types of molded specimens, and for other Types I and II specimens where possible. If specimens are machined
`from sheets or plates, thickness, T, shall be the thickness of the sheet or plate provided this does not exceed the range stated for the intended specimen type. For sheets
`of nominal thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) the specimens shall be machined to 14 ± 0.4 mm (0.55 ± 0.02 in.) in thickness, for use with the Type III specimen. For
`sheets of nominal thickness between 14 and 51 mm (0.55 and 2 in.) approximately equal amounts shall be machined from each surface. For thicker sheets both surfaces
`of the specimen shall be machined, and the location of the specimen with reference to the original thickness of the sheet shall be noted. Tolerances on thickness less than
`14 mm (0.55 in.) shall be those standard for the grade of material tested.
`BFor the Type IV specimen, the internal width of the narrow section of the die shall be 6.00 ± 0.05 mm (0.250 ± 0.002 in.). The dimensions are essentially those of Die
`C in Test Methods D412.
`CThe Type V specimen shall be machined or die cut to the dimensions shown, or molded in a mold whose cavity has these dimensions. The dimensions shall be:
`W = 3.18 ± 0.03 mm (0.125 ± 0.001 in.),
`L = 9.53 ± 0.08 mm (0.375 ± 0.003 in.),
`G = 7.62 ± 0.02 mm (0.300 ± 0.001 in.), and
`R = 12.7 ± 0.08 mm (0.500 ± 0.003 in.).
`The other tolerances are those in the table.
`DSupporting data on the introduction of the L specimen of Test Method D1822 as the Type V specimen are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1038.
`EThe tolerances of the width at the center Wc shall be +0.00 mm, −0.10 mm ( +0.000 in., −0.004 in.) compared with width W at other parts of the reduced section. Any
`reduction in W at the center shall be gradual, equally on each side so that no abrupt changes in dimension result.
`FFor molded specimens, a draft of not over 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) is allowed for either Type I or II specimens 3.2 mm (0.13 in.) in thickness. See diagram below and this
`shall be taken into account when calculating width of the specimen. Thus a typical section of a molded Type I specimen, having the maximum allowable draft, could be
`as follows:
`GOverall widths greater than the minimum indicated are used for some materials in order to avoid breaking in the grips.
`HOverall lengths greater than the minimum indicated are used for some materials to avoid breaking in the grips or to satisfy special test requirements.
`ITest marks or initial extensometer span.
`JWhen self-tightening grips are used, for highly extensible polymers, the distance between grips will depend upon the types of grips used and may not be critical if
`maintained uniform once chosen.
`
`FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimens for Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics
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`D638 − 14
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`ness. This groove shall consist of a straight section 57.2 mm
`(2.25 in.) in length with a radius of 76 mm (3 in.) at each end
`joining it to the outside diameter. Steel or brass plugs having
`diameters such that they will fit snugly inside the tube and
`having a length equal to the full jaw length plus 25 mm (1 in.)
`shall be placed in the ends of the specimens to prevent
`crushing. They can be located conveniently in the tube by
`separating and supporting them on a threaded metal rod.
`Details of plugs and test assembly are shown in Fig. 2.
`6.3 Rigid Rods—The test specimen for rigid rods shall be as
`shown in Fig. 3. The length, L, shall be as shown in the table
`in Fig. 3. A groove shall be machined around the specimen at
`the center of its length so that the diameter of the machined
`portion shall be 60 % of the original nominal diameter. This
`groove shall consist of a straight section 57.2 mm (2.25 in.) in
`length with a radius of 76 mm (3 in.) at each end joining it to
`the outside diameter.
`6.4 All surfaces of the specimen shall be free of visible
`flaws, scratches, or imperfections. Marks left by coarse ma-
`chining operations shall be carefully removed with a fine file or
`abrasive, and the filed surfaces shall then be smoothed with
`abrasive paper (No. 00 or finer). The finishing sanding strokes
`shall be made in a direction parallel to the long axis of the test
`specimen. All flash shall be removed from a molded specimen,
`taking great care not
`to disturb the molded surfaces. In
`machining a specimen, undercuts that would exceed the
`dimensional tolerances shown in Fig. 1 shall be scrupulously
`avoided. Care shall also be taken to avoid other common
`machining errors.
`6.5 If it is necessary to place gage marks on the specimen,
`this shall be done with a wax crayon or India ink that will not
`affect
`the material being tested. Gage marks shall not be
`scratched, punched, or impressed on the specimen.
`6.6 When testing materials that are suspected of anisotropy,
`duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared, having their
`long axes respectively parallel with, and normal
`to,
`the
`suspected direction of anisotropy.
`
`7. Number of Test Specimens
`7.1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the case
`of isotropic materials.
`test five
`7.2 For anisotropic materials, when applicable,
`specimens, normal to, and five parallel with, the principle axis
`of anisotropy.
`7.3 Discard specimens that break at some flaw, or that break
`outside of the narrow cross-sectional
`test section (Fig. 1,
`dimension “L”), and make retests, unless such flaws constitute
`a variable to be studied.
`
`NOTE 10—Before testing, all transparent specimens should be inspected
`in a polariscope. Those which show atypical or concentrated strain
`patterns should be rejected, unless the effects of these residual strains
`constitute a variable to be studied.
`
`8. Speed of Testing
`8.1 Speed of testing shall be the relative rate of motion of
`the grips or test fixtures during the test. The rate of motion of
`the driven grip or fixture when the testing machine is running
`
`DIMENSIONS OF TUBE SPECIMENS
`
`Nominal Wall
`Thickness
`
`Length of Radial
`Sections,
`2R.S.
`
`Total Calculated
`Minimum
`Length of Specimen
`
`Standard Length, L,
`of Specimen to Be
`Used for 89-mm
`(3.5-in.) JawsA
`
`0.79 (1⁄32)
`1.2 (3⁄64)
`1.6 (1⁄16)
`2.4 (3⁄32)
`3.2 (1⁄8)
`4.8 (3⁄16)
`6.4 (1⁄4)
`7.9 (5⁄16)
`9.5 (3⁄8)
`11.1 (7⁄16 )
`12.7 (1⁄2 )
`
`13.9 (0.547)
`17.0 (0.670)
`19.6 (0.773)
`24.0 (0.946)
`27.7 (1.091)
`33.9 (1.333)
`39.0 (1.536)
`43.5 (1.714)
`47.6 (1.873)
`51.3 (2.019)
`54.7 (2.154)
`
`mm (in.)
`350 (13.80)
`354 (13.92)
`356 (14.02)
`361 (14.20)
`364 (14.34)
`370 (14.58)
`376 (14.79)
`380 (14.96)
`384 (15.12)
`388 (15.27)
`391 (15.40)
`
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`400 (15.75)
`400 (15.75)
`400 (15.75)
`400 (15.75)
`419 (16.5)
`
`AFor jaws greater than 89 mm (3.5 in.), the standard length shall be increased by
`twice the length of the jaws minus 178 mm (7 in.). The standard length permits a
`slippage of approximately 6.4 to 12.7 mm (0.25 to 0.50 in.) in each jaw while
`maintaining the maximum length of the jaw grip.
`
`FIG. 2 Diagram Showing Location of Tube Tension Test Speci-
`mens in Testing Machine
`
`machining shall be 60 % of the original nominal wall thick-
`
`5
`
`
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1056, Page 5 of 17
`
`

`

`D638 − 14
`
`TABLE 1 Designations for Speed of TestingA
`
`ClassificationB
`
`Specimen Type
`
`Rigid and Semirigid
`
`I, II, III rods and
`tubes
`
`IV
`
`V
`
`III
`
`IV
`
`Nonrigid
`
`Speed of Testing,
`mm/min (in./min)
`
`5 (0.2) ± 25 %
`
`50 (2) ± 10 %
`500 (20) ± 10 %
`5 (0.2) ± 25 %
`50 (2) ± 10 %
`500 (20) ± 10 %
`1 (0.05) ± 25 %
`10 (0.5) ± 25 %
`100 (5)± 25 %
`50 (2) ± 10 %
`500 (20) ± 10 %
`50 (2) ± 10 %
`500 (20) ± 10 %
`
`Nominal
`StrainC Rate at
`Start of Test,
`mm/mm· min
`(in./in.·min)
`0.1
`
`1
`10
`0.15
`1.5
`15
`0.1
`1
`10
`1
`10
`1.5
`15
`
`ASelect the lowest speed that produces rupture in 0.5 to 5 min for the specimen
`geometry being used (see 8.2).
`BSee Terminology D883 for definitions.
`CThe initial rate of straining cannot be calculated exactly for dumbbell-shaped
`specimens because of extension, both in the reduced section outside the gage
`length and in the fillets. This initial strain rate can be measured from the initial slope
`of the tensile strain-versus-time diagram.
`
`the speed is not specified, use the lowest speed shown in Table
`1 for the specimen geometry being used, which gives rupture
`within 0.5 to 5-min testing time.
`8.3 Make modulus determinations at the speed selected for
`the other tensile properties when the recorder response and
`resolution are adequate.
`
`9. Conditioning
`9.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens in accor-
`dance with Procedure A of Practice D618, unless otherwise
`specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
`tion. Conditioning time is specified as a minimum. Tempera-
`ture and humidity tolerances shall be in accordance with
`Section 7 of Practice D618 unless specified differently by
`contract or material specification.
`9.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests at the same tempera-
`ture and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in
`accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618, unless otherwise
`specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
`tion.
`
`10. Procedure
`10.1 Measure the width and thickness of each specimen to
`the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) using the applicable test
`methods in D5947.
`10.1.1 Measure the width and thickness of flat specimens at
`the center of each specimen and within 5 mm of each end of the
`gage length.
`10.1.2 For injection molded specimens, the actual measure-
`ment of only one specimen from each sample will suffice when
`it has previously been demonstrated that the specimen-to-
`specimen variation in width and thickness is less than 1 %.
`10.1.3 For thin sheeting, including film less than 1.0 mm
`(0.04 in.), take the width of specimens produced by a Type IV
`die as the distance between the cutting edges of the die in the
`
`DIMENSIONS OF ROD SPECIMENS
`Standard Length, L, of
`Specimen to Be Used
`for 89-mm (3.5-in.)
`JawsA
`
`Total Calculated
`Minimum
`Length of Specimen
`
`Length of Radial
`Sections, 2R.S.
`
`19.6 (0.773)
`24.0 (0.946)
`27.7 (1.091)
`33.9 (1.333)
`39.0 (1.536)
`43.5 (1.714)
`47.6 (1.873)
`51.5 (2.019)
`54.7 (2.154)
`60.9 (2.398)
`66.4 (2.615)
`71.4 (2.812)
`76.0 (2.993)
`
`mm (in.)
`356 (14.02)
`361 (14.20)
`364 (14.34)
`370 (14.58)
`376 (14.79)
`380 (14.96)
`384 (15.12)
`388 (15.27)
`391 (15.40)
`398 (15.65)
`403 (15.87)
`408 (16.06)
`412 (16.24)
`
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`381 (15)
`400 (15.75)
`400 (15.75)
`400 (15.75)
`400 (15.75)
`419 (16.5)
`419 (16.5)
`419 (16.5)
`419 (16.5)
`432 (17)
`
`Nominal Diam-
`eter
`
`3.2 (1⁄8)
`4.7 (1⁄16)
`6.4 (1⁄4)
`9.5 (3⁄8)
`12.7 (1⁄2 )
`15.9 (5⁄8 )
`19.0 (3⁄4 )
`22.2 (7⁄8 )
`25.4 (1)
`31.8 (11⁄4 )
`38.1 (11⁄2 )
`42.5 (13⁄4 )
`50.8 (2)
`
`AFor jaws greater than 89 mm (3.5 in.), the standard length shall be increased by
`twice the length of the jaws minus 178 mm (7 in.). The standard length permits a
`slippage of approximately 6.4 to 12.7 mm (0.25 to 0.50 in.) in each jaw while
`maintaining the maximum length of the jaw grip.
`
`FIG. 3 Diagram Showing Location of Rod Tension Test Specimen
`in Testing Machine
`
`idle may be used, if it can be shown that the resulting speed of
`testing is within the limits of variation allowed.
`8.2 Choose the speed of testing from Table 1. Determine
`this chosen speed of testing by the specification for the material
`being tested, or by agreement between those concerned. When
`
`6
`
`
`
`ClearCorrect Exhibit 1056, Page 6 of 17
`
`

`

`D638 − 14
`
`narrow section. For all other specimens, measure the actual
`width of the center portion of the specimen to be tested, unless
`it can be shown that the actual width of the specimen is the
`same as that of the die within the specimen dimension
`tolerances given in Fig. 1.
`10.1.4 Measure the diameter of rod specimens, and the
`inside and outside diameters of tube specimens, to the nearest
`0.025 mm (0.001 in.) at a minimum of two points 90° apart;
`make these measurements along the groove for specimens so
`constructed. Use plugs in testing tube specimens, as shown in
`Fig. 2.
`10.2 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine,
`taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the grips
`with an imaginary line joining the points of attachment of the
`grips to the machine. The distance between the ends of the
`gripping surfaces, when using flat specimens, shall be as
`indicated in Fig. 1. On tube and rod specimens, the location for
`the grips shall be as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Tighten the
`grips evenly and firmly to the degree necessary to prevent
`slippage of the specimen during the test, but not to the point
`where the specimen would be crushed.
`10.3 Attach the extension indicator. When modulus is being
`determined, a Class B-2 or better extensometer is required (see
`5.2.1).
`
`NOTE 11—Modulus of materials is determined from the slope of the
`linear portion of the stress-strain curve. For most plastics, this linear
`portion is very small, occurs very rapidly, and must be recorded automati-
`cally. The change in jaw separation is never to be used for calculating
`modulus or elongation.
`10.4 Set the speed of testing at the proper rate as required in
`Section 8, and start the machine.
`10.5 Record the load-extension curve of the specimen.
`10.6 Record the load and extension at the yield point (if one
`exists) and the load and extension at the moment of rupture.
`
`is desired to measure both modulus and failure
`NOTE 12—If it
`properties (yield or break, or both), it may be necessary, in