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`INTERNATIONAL
`STANDARD
`
`ISO
`815-1
`Third edition
`2019-11
`
`Part 1:
`
`Rubber, vulcanized or
`thermoplastic — Determination of
`compression set —
`
`At ambient or elevated temperatures
`Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Détermination de la
`déformation rémanente après compression —
`Partie 1: À températures ambiantes ou élevées
`
`Please share your feedback about
`the standard. Scan the QR code
`with your phone or click the link
`Customer Feedback Form
`
`Reference number
`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`© ISO 2019
`
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
`
`© ISO 2019
`All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
`be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
`on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`Contents
`
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
`6
`7
`
`Page
`Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
`Scope .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
`Normative references ......................................................................................................................................................................................1
`Terms and definitions .....................................................................................................................................................................................2
`Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
`Apparatus .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
`Calibration ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
`Test pieces ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
`7.1
`Dimensions .................................................................................................................................................................................................4
`7.2
`Preparation ................................................................................................................................................................................................5
`7.3
`Number of test pieces .......................................................................................................................................................................5
`7.4
`Time interval between production and testing ..........................................................................................................5
`7.5
`Conditioning ..............................................................................................................................................................................................5
`Test conditions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................6
`8.1
`Duration of test .......................................................................................................................................................................................6
`8.2
`Temperature of test .............................................................................................................................................................................6
`Procedure.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
`9.1
`Preparation of compression assembly ...............................................................................................................................6
`9.2
`Thickness measurement .................................................................................................................................................................6
`9.3
`Applying the compression ............................................................................................................................................................6
`9.4
`Starting the test ......................................................................................................................................................................................7
`9.5
`Terminating the test ...........................................................................................................................................................................7
`9.5.1
`At ambient temperature ............................................................................................................................................7
`9.5.2
`At elevated temperature ............................................................................................................................................7
`9.6
`Internal examination .........................................................................................................................................................................7
`Expression of results ........................................................................................................................................................................................7
`Precision .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
`Test report ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
`Annex A (informative) Precision ...............................................................................................................................................................................9
`Annex B (normative) Calibration schedule ................................................................................................................................................12
`Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
`
`8
`
`9
`
`10
`11
`12
`
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`
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`Foreword
`
`ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
`bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
`through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
`committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
`organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
`ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
`electrotechnical standardization.
`The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
`described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
`different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
`editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
`Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
`patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
`any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
`on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
`Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
`constitute an endorsement.
`For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
`expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
`World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
`iso/ foreword .html.
`This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
`Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.
`This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 815-1:2014), which has been technically
`revised.
`The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
`— normative references have been updated in Clause 2.
`— a new precision statement has been added in Annex A.
`A list of all parts in the ISO 815 series can be found on the ISO website.
`Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
`complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
`
`iv
`
`
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`INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
`
`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`Part 1:
`
`Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of
`compression set —
`
`At ambient or elevated temperatures
`WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
`This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
`use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
`determine the applicability of any other restrictions.
`WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document might involve the use or generation
`of substances, or the generation of waste, that could constitute a local environmental hazard.
`Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.
`
`1 Scope
`
`This document specifies methods for the determination of the compression set characteristics of
`vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers at ambient (one method) or elevated temperatures (three
`methods, A, B, and C, depending on the way the test piece is released at the end of the test).
`The methods are intended to measure the ability of rubbers of hardness within the range 10 IRHD to
`95 IRHD to retain their elastic properties at specified temperatures after prolonged compression at
`constant strain (normally 25 %) under one of the alternative sets of conditions described. For rubber of
`nominal hardness 80 IRHD and above, a lower compression strain is used: 15 % for a nominal hardness
`from 80 IRHD to 89 IRHD and 10 % for a nominal hardness from 90 IRHD to 95 IRHD.
`NOTE 1 When rubber is held under compression, physical or chemical changes that prevent the rubber
`returning to its original dimensions after release of the deforming force can occur. The result is a set, the
`magnitude of which depends on the time and temperature of compression as well as on the time, temperature,
`and conditions of recovery. At elevated temperatures, chemical changes become increasingly more important
`and lead to a permanent set.
`NOTE 2
`Short-time compression set tests, typically for 24 h, at elevated temperatures are commonly used as
`a measure of the state of cure, a means of material classification, and a specification to ensure the quality of a
`compound. Longer tests, typically for 1 000 h, at elevated temperatures take account of the effect of ageing and
`are often used to predict service performance, including that of sealing materials. Short-time tests at ambient
`temperature show mainly the effect of physical changes (re-orientation of the molecular chains and the fillers).
`The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
`constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
`undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
`ISO 188:2011, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Accelerated ageing and heat resistance tests
`ISO 18899:2013, Rubber — Guide to the calibration of test equipment
`ISO 23529:2016, Rubber — General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical
`© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
`
`2 Normative references
`
`test methods
`
`
`
`1
`
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`3 Terms and definitions
`
`No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
`ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
`— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
`— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
`A test piece of known thickness is compressed at standard laboratory temperature to a defined strain,
`which is then maintained constant for a specified time at standard laboratory temperature or a fixed
`elevated temperature. The compression is released and, after the test piece has been allowed to recover
`at a standard laboratory temperature or the elevated temperature for a specified time, the thickness of
`the test piece is again measured.
`5.1 Compression assembly, consisting of compression plates, steel spacers, and clamping device.
`A typical assembly is shown in Figure 1.
`5.1.1 Compression plates, consisting of two parallel, flat, highly polished plates made of chromium-
`plated steel or stainless-steel or any corrosion-resistant material between the faces of which the test
`piece is compressed.
`The plates shall be
`— sufficiently rigid to ensure that, with a test piece under load, no compression plate bends by more
`than 0,01 mm;
`— of sufficient size to ensure that the whole of the test piece, when compressed between the plates,
`remains within the area of the plates and can expand freely laterally.
`NOTE
`A surface finish not worse than Ra 0,4 μm (see ISO 4287) has been found to be suitable. Such an Ra can
`be obtained by a grinding or polishing operation.
`5.1.2 Steel spacer(s), to provide the required compression.
`The spacer(s) shall be of such size and shape that contact with the compressed test piece is avoided.
`The height of the spacer(s) shall be chosen so that the compression applied to the test piece is
`— (25 ± 2) % for hardnesses below 80 IRHD,
`— (15 ± 2) % for hardnesses between 80 IRHD and 89 IRHD,
`— (10 ± 1) % for hardnesses of 90 IRHD and higher.
`5.1.3 Clamping device, a simple screw device (see Figure 1) is adequate.
`5.2 Oven, in accordance with the requirements specified in ISO 188:2011, method A or method B,
`and capable of maintaining the compression assembly and test pieces at the test temperature within the
`tolerance specified in 8.2.
`NOTE
`Test results obtained with ovens for method A can be different from those obtained with ovens for
`method B.
`© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
`
`4 Principle
`
`5 Apparatus
`
`2
`
`
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`The time to reach a steady-state temperature depends on the type of oven and the overall heat capacity
`of the compression assembly. To obtain comparable results in the case of an elevated test temperature
`and a 24 h test duration, it is necessary to reach the steady-state temperature within the specified
`tolerances in the interior of the test pieces in not more than 3 h.
`5.3 Pair of tongs, for handling the test pieces.
`5.4 Thickness gauge, with an accuracy of ±0,01 mm (see ISO 23529:2016, 9.1), having a flat circular
`foot of 4,0 mm ± 0,5 mm in diameter and a flat solid base-plate and exerting a pressure of 22 kPa ± 5 kPa
`for solid rubber of hardness equal to or greater than 35 IRHD, or a pressure of 10 kPa ± 2 kPa if the
`hardness is less than 35 IRHD.
`NOTE
`When using a digital gauge, a resolution of 0,001 mm is needed to obtain the required accuracy.
`After testing at elevated temperature, an unexpected deformation of the test piece is sometimes
`observed. More particularly, the two flat surfaces can be deformed, which complicates the thickness
`measurement. In this case, particular care should be taken in positioning the foot on the test piece.
`5.5 Timing device, for measuring the recovery time, with an accuracy of ±1 s.
`
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`a) Example 1
`
`b) Example 2
`
`Key1
`2
`3
`4
`
`test piece
`spacer
`nut
`upper plate
`
`5
`6
`7
`8
`
`lower plate
`part formed for clamping in a device
`locating pin
`screw
`
`Figure 1 — Examples of assemblies for the determination of compression set
`
`6 Calibration
`
`7 Test pieces
`
`7.1 Dimensions
`
`The test apparatus shall be calibrated in accordance with the schedule given in Annex B.
`The test pieces shall be one of two sizes, designated type A and type B.
`— Type A: a cylindrical disc of diameter 29,0 mm ± 0,5 mm and thickness 12,5 mm ± 0,5 mm.
`— Type B: a cylindrical disc of diameter 13,0 mm ± 0,5 mm and thickness 6,3 mm ± 0,3 mm.
`© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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`4
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`
`7.2 Preparation
`
`7.3 Number of test pieces
`
`These two types do not necessarily give the same values for compression set, and comparison of results
`obtained using test pieces of different sizes shall be avoided when comparing one compound with
`another.
`Type A test pieces are preferred for testing rubbers having low compression set, because of the greater
`accuracy attainable using these larger test pieces.
`Type B test pieces are preferred when it is required to cut test pieces from products. In this case, the test
`pieces shall be taken as near to the centre of the product as possible, unless otherwise specified. When
`possible, the test piece shall be cut in such a way that its axis is parallel to the direction of compression
`of the product in service.
`The test pieces shall be prepared by moulding each disc, whenever possible. Preparation by cutting out
`each disc or by laminating not more than three discs is permitted. The use of test pieces prepared by
`laminating several discs for control of finished products shall be agreed between interested parties.
`Cutting shall be performed in accordance with ISO 23529. When cupping (the formation of a concave
`surface) is a problem, the test piece shape can be improved by cutting it in two stages: first, cut an
`oversize test piece, and then, trim it to the exact dimensions with a second cutter.
`Laminated test pieces shall conform to the dimensions specified in 7.1 and shall be prepared by
`laminating discs or rubber cut from sheets without adhesives. Discs can be compressed by a few percent
`for 1 min so that they stick together. The number of discs laminated to produce a test piece shall not
`exceed three. The total thickness shall then be measured.
`Test pieces prepared by the various methods described above can give different results and comparison
`of values shall be avoided.
`NOTE
`Attention is drawn to the marked effects of the state of cure on compression set values. It might be
`necessary to adjust the cure of moulded test pieces to be representative of different thicknesses of sheets or
`mouldings.
`A minimum of three test pieces shall be tested, separately or as a set.
`For all test purposes, the minimum time between production and testing shall be 16 h.
`For non-product tests, the maximum time between production and testing shall be 4 weeks and, for
`evaluations intended to be comparable, the tests, as far as possible, shall be carried out after the same
`time interval.
`For product tests, whenever possible, the time between production and testing shall not exceed
`three months. In other cases, tests shall be made within two months of the date of receipt of the product
`by the purchaser (see ISO 23529).
`Samples and test pieces shall be protected from light and heat as much as possible during the interval
`between production and testing.
`Prepared test pieces shall be conditioned immediately before testing for a minimum period of 3 h at one
`of the standard laboratory temperatures specified in ISO 23529. The same temperature shall be used
`throughout any one test or series of tests intended to be comparable.
`© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
`
`7.4 Time interval between production and testing
`
`7.5 Conditioning
`
`
`
`5
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`20
`
`20
`
`8 Test conditions
`
`8.1 Duration of test
`
`8.2 Temperature of test
`
`Test pieces of thermoplastic rubbers shall be annealed before testing by heating in an oven at a
`temperature and for a length of time that are appropriate to the material in order to release internal
`stresses caused by the moulding process. They shall then be conditioned at a standard laboratory
`temperature.
`NOTE
`70 °C for 30 min is suitable for many materials.
`The exposure time shall be 24
`
`− h, 72− h, (168 ± 2) h, or multiples of 168 h, measured from the
`moment of placing the compression assembly in the oven (5.2).
`The temperature of test shall be one of the standard laboratory temperatures 23 °C ± 2 °C or 27 °C ± 2 °C
`(see ISO 23529) for tests at ambient temperature, and one of the following temperatures for tests at
`elevated temperatures: 40 °C ± 1 °C, 55 °C ± 1 °C, 70 °C ± 1 °C, 85 °C ± 1 °C, 100 °C ± 1 °C, 125 °C ± 2 °C,
`150 °C ± 2 °C, 175 °C ± 2 °C, 200 °C ± 2 °C, 225 °C ± 2 °C, or 250 °C ± 2 °C.
`NOTE
`As oven temperatures are increased, the results become increasingly dependent upon the thermal
`stability of the rubber. At still higher temperatures, surface oxidation of the test piece makes a significant
`contribution to the observed compression set. There is no simple correlation between the compression set
`observed at elevated temperatures and that observed at room temperature.
`With the compression assembly (5.1) at standard laboratory temperature, carefully clean the operating
`surfaces. Apply a thin coating of lubricant to the faces of the compression plates (5.1.1) that will come
`into contact with the test pieces. The lubricant used shall have no substantial action on the rubber
`during the test and it shall be described in the test report (see Clause 12).
`NOTE
`For most purposes, a silicone or fluorosilicone liquid having a nominal kinematic viscosity of
`100 mm2/s at standard laboratory temperature is a suitable lubricant.
`If for any reason a lubricant is not used, this shall be mentioned in the test report.
`Measure the thickness at the centre of each test piece to the nearest 0,01 mm, at standard laboratory
`temperature.
`Place the test pieces between the pairs of compression plates together with the spacer(s) (5.1.2),
`avoiding contact between test pieces and bolts or spacer(s). Tighten the clamping device (5.1.3), so
`that the plates are drawn together uniformly until they are in contact with the spacer(s). The applied
`compression shall be (25 ± 2) % of the original thickness of the test piece except for higher hardnesses,
`for which the applied compression shall be (15 ± 2) % or (10 ± 1) % (see 5.1.2).
`© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
`
`9.1 Preparation of compression assembly
`
`9 Procedure
`
`9.2 Thickness measurement
`
`9.3 Applying the compression
`
`6
`
`
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`
`9.4 Starting the test
`
`9.5 Terminating the test
`
`9.5.1 At ambient temperature
`
`9.5.2 At elevated temperature
`
`9.6
`
`Internal examination
`
`10 Expression of results
`
`×
`
`100
`
`h
`h
`
`1
`
`s
`
`− −
`
`If the tests are conducted at elevated temperature, introduce the compression assembly containing the
`test pieces without delay into the central part of the oven (5.2) operating at test temperature (see 8.2).
`If the tests are conducted at ambient temperature, keep the compression assembly containing the test
`pieces in an air-conditioned room at standard laboratory temperature (see ISO 23529).
`If the test is conducted at ambient temperature, release the test pieces after the required test duration
`(see 8.1) and transfer them to a wooden bench. Leave them to recover for 30 min ± 3 min at standard
`laboratory temperature and then measure their thickness.
`Method A: After the required test duration (see 8.1), remove the compression assembly from the oven,
`immediately release the test pieces and transfer the test pieces quickly to a wooden bench. Leave them
`to recover at a standard laboratory temperature for 30 min ± 3 min, and then measure their thickness.
`Method A shall be used unless otherwise specified.
`Method B: After the required test duration, remove the compression set assembly from the oven,
`allow it to cool to a standard laboratory temperature, but for a minimum of 30 min and a maximum
`of 120 min, then release the test pieces and, after a further 30 min ± 3 min at standard laboratory
`temperature measure their thickness.
`Method C: After the required test duration, do not remove the compression assembly from the oven
`but immediately release the test pieces and keep them in the oven. Leave them to recover at the test
`temperature for 30 min ± 3 min and, after a further 30 min ± 3 min at standard laboratory temperature,
`measure their thickness.
`NOTE
`The temperature of the test piece after release from compression can affect the rate and extent of
`recovery and hence the value of compression set. Recovery at elevated temperature is generally quicker than at
`standard laboratory temperature and results in a lower compression set.
`After completing the test, cut the test pieces into two pieces along a diameter. If any internal defects are
`found, such as gas bubbles, repeat the test.
`NOTE
`The rubber industry uses the term equation for the relationships herein termed formula. The term
`formula is used to describe the table of ingredients in a rubber compound.
`The compression set, expressed as a percentage of the initial compression, is given by Formula (1):
`
`(1)
`
`h
`h
`
`0
`
`0
`
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`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`11 Precision
`
`12 Test report
`
`where
`is the initial thickness of the test piece, in millimetres;
`
`h0
`is the thickness of the test piece after recovery, in millimetres;
`
`h1
`is the height of the spacer, in millimetres.
`
`hs
`Report the result to the nearest 1 %.
`See Annex A.
`The test report shall include the following information:
`a) sample details:
`1) a full description of the sample and its origin,
`2) compound and cure details, where appropriate,
`3)
`the method of preparation of test pieces from samples, for example whether moulded or cut;
`b)
`test method:
`1) a full reference to the test method used, i.e. the number of this document (ISO 815-1:2019),
`2)
`the type of test piece used, i.e. A or B, and whether or not it was laminated,
`3)
`the method of cooling used after the test, i.e. A, B or C, and the exact cooling time for method B,
`4)
`the nature of the lubricant used,
`5) whether the test pieces were tested separately or as a set;
`test details:
`1)
`the standard laboratory temperature used,
`2)
`the temperature and times of conditioning and of recovery,
`3)
`the duration and temperature of test,
`4)
`the compression used,
`5) details of any procedures not specified in this document;
`d) test results:
`1)
`the number of test pieces used,
`2)
`the initial thickness of the test pieces, if required,
`3)
`the thickness of the test pieces after recovery, if required,
`4)
`the median value of the compression set and the individual test results;
`the date of the test.
`© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
`
`c)
`
`e)
`
`8
`
`
`
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`ISO Store Order: OP-877739 license #1/ Downloaded: 2025-02-25
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`
`ISO 815-1:2019(E)
`
`
`Annex A
`
`(informative)
`
`
`Precision
`
`A.1 General
`
`A.2 Details of test programs
`
`The precision calculations to express repeatability and reproducibility were performed in accordance
`with ISO/TR 92721). For precision concepts and nomenclature, consult ISO 19983 which replaces the
`withdrawn Technical Report.
`Two interlaboratory test programs (ITPs) were organized. The first ITP in 1986 was as follows:
`The ITP was organized by the Laboratoire de Recherches et de Contrôle du Caoutchouc et des Plastiques
`(LRCCP). Three materials (vulcanized rubber compounds) were used: SBR, NBR, and EPDM.
`Test pieces were distributed to all laboratories and te