`
`Microsoft
`
`ean
`10,000
`Sy ed dete,
`
`Microsoft
`
`omputer
`Dictionary
`mune) A
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`¢ Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`* Easyto read, expertly illustrated
`* Definitive coverage of hardware,
`
`"
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`

`
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproducedor transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--de21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and boundin the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and CompanyLtd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press booksare available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@ microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN,Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows. Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`

`

`kern
`
`keyboard repeat
`
`kern vb. To alter selectively the distance between pairs of
`letters for readability and to make the type spacing more
`balanced and proportional. See the illustration.
`
`keys securely from one CSP to another. A key BLOB con-
`sists of a standard header followed by data representing
`the key. Acronym: key BLOB.
`
`AWAKE
`AWAKE
`
`Kern. The first three letters of the second example are kerned.
`
`kernel 1. The core of an operating system—theportion
`of the system that manages memory,files, and peripheral
`devices; maintains the time and date; launches applica-
`tions; and allocates system resources.
`
`Kernel Extension 7. See KEXT.
`
`kernel panic 7. In Mac OS X and UNIX-based systems,
`a type of error that occurs when the core level of the oper-
`ating system is unable to properly handle an instruction. A
`kernel panic appearsto the user as a text screen containing
`information about the nature of the error, which often can
`be corrected with a system reboot.
`
`KEXT x. Acronym for Kernel Extension. In Mac OS X, an
`extension mechanism created to expand the functionality
`of the operating system kernel. KEXTs are modular and
`dynamic loading, and they may be created for any service
`that requires access to kernel internal interfaces. Creation
`of a KEXTallowsthe loading of pieces of code into the
`kernel without the need to recompile.
`
`key n. 1. On a keyboard, the combination ofa plastic key-
`cap, a tension mechanism that suspends the keycap but
`allowsit to be pressed down, and an electronic mechanism
`that records the key press and key release. 2. In database
`management, an identifier for a record or group of records
`in a datafile. See also B-tree, hash2, index! (definition 1),
`inverted list, key field. 3. In eneryption and digital signa-
`tures, a string of bits used for encrypting and decrypting
`information to be transmitted. Encryption commonly
`relies on two different types of keys, a public key known
`to more than one person (say, both the sender and the
`receiver) and a private key knownonly to one person (typ-
`ically, the sender). 4. A metal object used with a physical
`lock to disable a computer system.
`
`key binary large object . A key binary large object
`(BLOB) provides a way to store keys outside ofthe cryp-
`tographic service provider (CSP) and is used to transfer
`
`key BLOB ». See key binary large object.
`
`keyboard n. A hardware unit with a set of switches that
`resembles a typewriter keyboard and that conveys infor-
`mation from a user to a computer or data communications
`circuit. See also Alt key, Apple key, arrow key, Backspace
`key, Break key, Caps Lock key, character code, Clear key,
`Command key, control character, Control key, Delete key,
`Dvorak keyboard, End key, enhanced keyboard, Enter
`key, ergonomic keyboard, Escape key, function key, Help
`key, Home key, Insert key, keyboard buffer, keyboard
`controller, keyboard enhancer, keycap, key code, numeric
`keypad, Num Lock key, Option key, original Macintosh
`keyboard, Page Down key, Page Up key, Pause key, PC/
`XT keyboard, Power-on key, Print Screen key, QWERTY
`keyboard, Return key, scan code, Scroll Lock key, Shift
`key, Sys Req key, Tab key.
`
`keyboard buffer n. A small amount of system memory
`that stores the most recently typed characters. This buffer
`is used to store typed characters that have not yet been
`processed. Also called: type-ahead buffer.
`
`keyboard controller 7. A microprocessorinstalled in a
`keyboard whose primary function is to wait for and report
`on keystrokes.
`
`keyboard enhancer x. A program that monitors key-
`strokes as they are typed and that can be used to redefine
`the meaning of certain keys or key combinations. Key-
`board enhancers are used to create and store macros—
`
`sets of keystrokes, mouse actions, menu selections, or
`other instructions—that are then assigned to keys. Also
`called: macro program.
`
`keyboard layout n. The key arrangementused fora partic-
`ular keyboard, including such factors as the numberof keys
`(101 is the current standard) and the configuration of the
`keys (QWERTYis the United States standard). Some pro-
`prietary systemsuse different layouts, and many allow you
`to map the keys to characters according to your preferences.
`
`keyboard port 7. The connector on a computer that
`receives data from the keyboard. See also port! (defini-
`tion 1).
`
`keyboard processor n. See keyboard controller.
`
`keyboard repeat n. See typematic.
`
`300
`
`

`

`
`
`open shop
`
`operator associativity
`
`achieve personalization and privacy concomitantly, OPSis
`based on the concept of a Personal Profile, which is stored
`on the individual’s computer and contains the user’s
`unique identification, demographic and contact data, and
`possibly content preferences. This information remains
`underthe user’s control and can be released wholly or in
`part to the requesting site. Acronym: OPS. See also
`cookie, digital certificate.
`
`open shop #. A computer facility that is open to users
`and notrestricted to programmersor other personnel, An
`open shop is one in which people can work on or attempt
`to solve computer problems on their own rather than hand-
`ing them overto a specialist.
`
`Open Shortest Path First n. See OSPF.
`
`Open Software Foundation n. See OSF.
`
`open source n. The practice of making the source code
`(program instructions) for a software product freely avail-
`able, at no cost, to interested users and developers, even
`though they were not involved in creating the original
`product. The distributors of open source software expect
`and encourage users and outside programmers to examine
`the code in order to identify problems, and to modify the
`code with suggested improvements and enhancements.
`Widely used open source products include the Linux oper-
`ating system and the Apache Webserver.
`
`open standard n. A publicly available set of specifica-
`tions describing the characteristics of a hardware device or
`software program. Open standards are published to
`encourage interoperability and thereby help popularize
`new technologies. See also standard (definition 2).
`
`open system 7. 1. In communications, a computer net-
`work designed to incorporate all devices—regardless of
`the manufacturer or model—that can use the same com-
`munications facilities and protocols. 2. In reference to
`computer hardware or software, a system that can accept
`add-ons produced by third-party suppliers. See also open
`architecture (definition 1).
`
`Open Systems Interconnection reference model n.
`See ISO/OSI reference model.
`
`OpenType vn. A collaborative initiative by Microsoft and
`Adobeto unify support for Microsoft TrueType and
`AdobePostScript Type 1 fonts. The OpenType font format
`enables font creators and users to work with the font type
`that best suits their needs without having to worry about
`
`whether the font is based on TrueType or PostScript tech-
`nology. Also called: TrueType Open version 2. See also
`PostScript font, TrueType.
`
`Opera n. A Web browser developed by Opera Software
`S/A. Opera is notable for its strict W3C standards support.
`Opera is often chosen by Web developers to test Web
`sites for W3C compliance. See also W3C, Web browser.
`
`operand n. The object of a mathematical operation or a
`computerinstruction.
`
`operating system n. The software that controls the allo-
`cation and usage of hardware resources such as memory,
`central processing unit (CPU) time, disk space, and
`peripheral devices. The operating system is the foundation
`software on which applications depend. Popular operating
`systems include Windows 98, Windows NT, Mac OS, and
`UNIX. Acronym:OS. Also called: executive.
`
`operation n. 1. A specific action carried out by a com-
`puter in the process of executing a program. 2. In mathe-
`matics, an action performed ona set of entities that
`produces a new entity. Examples of mathematical opera-
`tions are addition and subtraction.
`
`operation code n. The portion of a machine language or
`assembly language instruction that specifies the type of
`instruction and the structure of the data on whichit oper-
`ates. Also called: opcode. See also assembly language,
`machine code.
`
`operations research n. The use of mathematical and sci-
`entific approaches to analyze and improveefficiency in
`business, management, government, and other areas.
`Developed around the beginning of World War II, opera-
`tions research wasinitially used to improve military oper-
`ations during the war. The practice later spread to business
`and industry as a means of breaking down systems and
`procedures and studying their parts and interactions to
`improve overall performance. Operations research
`involves use of the critical path method,statistics, proba-
`bility, and information theory.
`
`operatorn. 1. In mathematics and in programming and
`computer applications, a symbol or other character indi-
`cating an operation that acts on one or more elements. See
`also binary', unary. 2. A person who controls a machine
`or system such as a computeror telephone switchboard.
`
`operator associativity n. A characteristic of operators
`that determines the order of evaluation in an expression
`
`378
`
`

`

`server push-pull
`
`session bean
`
`server push-pull 7. A combination of Webclient/server
`techniques individually called “server push” and “client
`pull.” In server push, the server loads data to the client, but
`the data connection stays open. This allows the server to
`continue sending data to the browser as necessary. In cli-
`ent pull, the server loads data to the client, but the data
`connection does not stay open. The server sends an HTML
`directive to the browsertelling it to reopen the connection
`after a certain interval to get more data or possibly to open
`anew URL.See theillustration. See also HTML, server
`(definition 2), URL.
`
`Server push
`
`Client pull
`
`Send doct yb
`
`
`
`WY
`Server
`
`Client
`
`AY
`Server
`
`
`
`Server push-pull.
`
`server-side include n. A mechanism for including
`dynamic text in World Wide Web documents. Server-side
`includes are special command codesthat are recognized
`and interpreted by the server; their output is placed in the
`document body before the documentis sent to the
`browser. Server-side includes can be used, for example, to
`include the date/time stampin the text ofthe file. Acro-
`nym: SSI. See also server (definition 2).
`
`service n. 1. A customer-based or user-oriented function,
`such as technical support or network provision. 2. In refer-
`ence to programming and software, a program or routine
`that provides support to other programs, particularly at a
`low (close to the hardware) level. 3. In networking, spe-
`cialized, software-based functionality provided by net-
`work servers—for example, directory services that
`provide the network equivalent of “phone books” needed
`for locating users and resources. See also utility.
`
`Service Advertising Protocol n. A method used by a
`service-providing node in a network(suchasa file server
`or application server) to notify other nodes on the net-
`workthat it is available for access. When a server boots,
`it uses the protocol to advertise its service; when the
`same server goes off line, it uses the protocol to
`announcethatit is no longer available. Acronym: SAP.
`See also server (definition 1).
`
`475
`
`service bureau 7. 1. A company that provides various
`services related to publishing, such as prepress produc-
`tion, desktop publishing, typesetting, imagesetting, and
`optical scanning of graphics. 2. An organization that pro-
`vides data processing services and access to software
`packages fora fee.
`
`service provider n. See ISP.
`
`serviet or servelet 1. A small Java program that runs on
`a server. The term is a companionto applet, a Java pro-
`gram that usually runs on the client. Servlets perform
`lightweight Webservices, such as redirecting a Web user
`from an outdated address to the correct page—tasks tradi-
`tionally handled by CGI (Common GatewayInterface)
`applications. Because servlets are automatically threaded
`and highly responsive, they execute quickly, thereby
`reducing system overhead. Also called: serverlet. See also
`applet, CGI.
`
`serviet container n. In Sun Microsystems’s J2EE net-
`workplatform, a container that decodes requests, formats
`responses, and provides the network services over which
`requests and responsesare sent. All servlet containers
`must support HTTPas a protocol for requests and
`responses, but they may also support additional request-
`response protocols such as HTTPS. See also container,
`HTTP, HTTPS, J2EE.
`
`servo n. The part of a servomechanism, controlled by the
`servomechanism’s feedbackcircuit, that producesthe final
`mechanical output. Also called: servomotor. See also ser-
`vomechanism.
`
`servomechanism n. A control system in whichthefinal
`output is mechanical movement. A servomechanism uses
`feedback to control the position, velocity, or acceleration
`of a mechanical component. Also called: servo system.
`
`servomotor 1. See servo.
`
`servo system n. See servomechanism.
`
`session n. 1. The time during which a program is run-
`ning. In most interactive programs, a sessionis the time
`during which the program accepts input and processes
`information. 2. In communications, the time during which
`two computers maintain a connection. 3. A specific proto-
`col layer in the ISO/OSI reference model that manages
`communication between remote users or processes. See
`also ISO/OSI reference model, session layer.
`
`session bean n. In the Java programming language and
`J2EE network platform, an enterprise bean thatis created
`
`
`
`