IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`
`Satoru Sakazume
`In re Patent of:
`10,218,995 Attorney Docket No.: 50095-0242IP1
`U.S. Patent No.:
`February 26, 2019
`
`Issue Date:
`Appl. Serial No.: 14/692,138
`
`Filing Date:
`April 21, 2015
`
`Title:
`MOVING PICTURE ENCODING SYSTEM,
`MOVING PICTURE ENCODING METHOD,
`MOVING PICTURE ENCODING PROGRAM,
`MOVING PICTURE DECODING SYSTEM,
`MOVING PICTURE DECODING METHOD,
`MOVING PICTURE DECODING PROGRAM,
`MOVING PICTURE REENCODING SYSTEM,
`MOVING PICTURE REENCODING METHOD,
`MOVING PICTURE REENCODING PROGRAM
`
`
`Mail Stop Patent Board
`Patent Trial and Appeal Board
`U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
`P.O. Box 1450
`Alexandria, VA 22313-1450
`
`
`
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW OF
`UNITED STATES PATENT NO. 10,218,995
`PURSUANT TO 35 U.S.C. §§ 311–319, 37 C.F.R. § 42
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`I.
`
`II.
`
`REQUIREMENTS FOR IPR .......................................................................... 1
`A. Grounds for Standing ................................................................................ 1
`B. Challenge and Relief Requested ............................................................... 1
`C. Claim Construction ................................................................................... 3
`D. Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art ............................................................. 4
`
`THE ’995 PATENT ......................................................................................... 5
`A. Technical Background .............................................................................. 5
`B. Brief Description ....................................................................................... 7
`C. Examination History ...............................................................................11
`
`III. THE CHALLENGED CLAIMS ARE UNPATENTABLE ..........................14
`A. [GROUND 1A] – Phek in view of Segall, Martins, and He Renders
`Claims 2-4 and 11 Obvious ....................................................................14
`1. Overview of Phek ..........................................................................14
`2. Overview of Segall ........................................................................16
`3. Overview of Martins .....................................................................18
`4. Overview of He .............................................................................19
`5.
`Combination of Phek, Segall, Martins and He ..............................21
`6. Analysis .........................................................................................45
`B. [GROUND 1B] – Phek in view of Segall, Martins, and Takahashi
`Renders Claims 2-4 and 11 Obvious ......................................................87
`1. Overview of Takahashi .................................................................87
`2.
`Combination of Phek, Segall, Martins, and Takahashi .................89
`3. Analysis .........................................................................................95
`
`IV. PTAB DISCRETION SHOULD NOT PRECLUDE INSTITUTION ........101
`
`V.
`
`CONCLUSION AND FEES .......................................................................102
`
`VI. MANDATORY NOTICES UNDER 37 C.F.R § 42.8(a)(1) .......................102
`A. Real Party-In-Interest Under 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(1)............................102
`B. Related Matters Under 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(2) .....................................102
`C. Lead And Back-Up Counsel Under 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(3) .................103
`D. Service Information ..............................................................................103
`
`
`
`i
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`LIST OF EXHIBITS
`
`APPLE-1001
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995 to Sakazume (“the ’995 Patent”)
`
`APPLE-1002
`
`Excerpts from the Prosecution History of the ’995 Patent (“the
`’995 Patent File History”)
`
`APPLE-1003
`
`Declaration and Curriculum Vitae of David B. Lett
`
`APPLE-1004
`
`Complaint, Advanced Coding Technologies LLC v. Apple Inc.,
`2-24-cv-00572-JRG, E.D. Tex., filed Jul. 22, 2024
`
`APPLE-1005
`
`English Translation of Japanese Patent Publication No.
`2007316161 A with Translation Certificate (“Phek”)
`
`APPLE-1006
`
`APPLE-1007
`
`Segall et al., Spatial Scalability Within the H.264/AVC Scalable
`Video Coding Extension; IEEE Transactions on Circuits &
`Systems for Video Tech., Vol. 17, No. 9, September 2007
`(“Segall”)
`
`Martins et al., A Unified Approach to Restoration,
`Deinterlacing and Resolution Enhancement in Decoding
`MPEG-2 Video, IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems for
`Video Tech., Vol. 12, No. 9, September 2002 (“Martins”)
`
`APPLE-1008
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No.2008/0137753 (“He”)
`
`APPLE-1009
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,886,736 (“Chen”)
`
`APPLE-1010
`
`Schwarz et al., Overview of the Scalable Video Coding
`Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard, IEEE Transactions on
`Circuits & Systems for Video Tech., Vol. 17, No. 9, September
`2007 (“Schwarz”)
`
`APPLE-1011
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0154567 (“Lei”)
`
`APPLE-1012
`
`Park et al., Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction: A
`Technical Overview, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 21-
`36, May 2003 (“Park”)
`
`APPLE-1013
`
`English Machine Translation of Japanese Patent Publication
`No. 2008053848 (“Hatanaka”)
`
`ii
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`APPLE-1014
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0165077 (“Yin”)
`
`APPLE-1015
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0257664 (“Kao”)
`
`APPLE-1016
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0046995 (“Kanumuri”)
`
`APPLE-1017
`
`U.S. Pat. 6,470,051 (“Campisano”)
`
`APPLE-1018
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0013306 (“Kim”)
`
`APPLE-1019
`
`Lu et al., Mechanisms of MPEG Stream Synchronization, ACG
`SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 24, Issue
`1, pp. 57-67 (January 1994) (“Lu”)
`
`APPLE-1020
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0021345 (“Brusewitz”)
`
`APPLE-1021
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0021347 (“Lan”)
`
`APPLE-1022
`
`APPLE-1023
`
`EE|Times, How Video Compression Works (Aug. 6, 2007),
`available at https://www.eetimes.com/how-video-compression-
`works (retrieved Dec. 26, 2023) (“EETimes”)
`
`Bier, Introduction to Video Compression, Berkeley Design
`Tech., Inc. (October 2005), available at
`https://www.bdti.com/MyBDTI/pubs/20051024_GSPx05_Vide
`o_Intro.pdf (retrieved Dec. 30, 2023) (“Bier”)
`
`APPLE-1024
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,379,496 (“Holcomb”)
`
`APPLE-1025
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0043832 (“Barkley”)
`
`APPLE-1026
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,173,013 (“Suzuki”)
`
`APPLE-1027
`
`Memorandum, Interim Procedure for Discretionary Denials in
`AIA Post-Grant Proceedings with Parallel District Court
`Litigation (USPTO June 21, 2022) (“Director’s Guidance”)
`
`APPLE-1028
`
`[RESERVED]
`
`APPLE-1029
`
`Declaration of June Ann Munford
`
`APPLE-1030
`
`Ely, MPEG Video Coding: A Simple Introduction, EBU
`Technical Review (Winter 1995) (“Ely”)
`
`iii
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`APPLE-1031
`
`Japanese Patent Publication No. 2007316161 A with English
`Machine Translation
`
`APPLE-1032
`
`ITU-T Recommendation H.264 (11/07)
`
`APPLE-1033
`
`Karczewicz et al., The SP- and SI-Frames Design for
`H.264/AVC, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND
`SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, v.13 (July 2003)
`
`APPLE-1034
`
`ISO/IEC 11172-2: 1993 (E) (MPEG1 Video)
`
`APPLE-1035
`
`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 2000 (E) (MPEG2/H.262 Video )
`
`APPLE-1036
`
`ITU-T Recommendation H.263 (02/98)
`
`APPLE-1037
`
`APPLE-1038
`
`Reader, Intraframe and Interframe Adaptive Transform Coding,
`Efficient Transmission of Pictorial Information, SPIE v.66, 108
`(1975)
`
`Reader, MPEG4: Coding for Content, Interactivity, and
`Universal Accessibility, Optical Engineering 35(1), 104
`(January 1996)
`
`APPLE-1039
`
`Reader, MPEG Patents, in MPEG Video Compression
`Standard, Chapter 16, at 357-362 (Mitchell et al ed.) (1996)
`
`APPLE-1040
`
`APPLE-1041
`
`Radha et al., The MPEG-4 Fine-Grained Scalable Video
`Coding Method for Multimedia Streaming Over IP, IEEE
`Transactions on Multimedia, v.3, 53 (March 2001) (“Radha”)
`
`H.264 / MPEG-4 Part 10 White Paper, January 31, 2003
`(downloaded from https://github.com/yistLin/H264-
`Encoder/blob/1cdaf090b63642932ed726b102ed2cf80908edbb/
`doc/H.264%20%3A%20MPEG-
`4%20Part%2010%20White%20Paper.pdf on Jan. 5, 2024)
`
`APPLE-1042
`
`ISO/IEC 14496-2: 2004 (MPEG4)
`
`APPLE-1043
`
`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 1996 (MPEG2)
`
`APPLE-1044
`
`Petition (Paper 2), IPR2024-00372, Samsung Electronics. Co.,
`Ltd. v. Advanced Coding Techs., LLC (Jan. 5, 2024)
`
`iv
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`APPLE-1045
`
`Decision Instituting Inter Partes Review (Paper 9), IPR2024-
`00372, Samsung Electronics. Co., Ltd. v. Advanced Coding
`Techs., LLC (July 18, 2024)
`
`APPLE-1046
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001/0043751 (“Takahashi”)
`
`APPLE-1047
`
`APPLE-1048
`
`APPLE-1049
`
`Peter J. Burt et at., The Laplacian Pyramid as a Compact Image
`Code, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS,
`VOL. COM-3l, NO. 4, APRIL 1983 (“Burt”)
`
`Michael Elad et al., Restoration of a Single Superresolution
`Image from Several Blurred, Noisy, and Undersampled
`Measured Images, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE
`PROCESSING, VOL. 6, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1997 (“Elad”)
`
`Michal Irani et al., Super resolution from image sequences,
`[1990] Proceedings. 10th International Conference on Pattern
`Recognition, Atlantic City, NJ, USA, 1990, pp. 115-120 vol.2,
`doi: 10.1109/ICPR.1990.119340 (“Irani”)
`
`APPLE-1050
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0160133 (“Bao”)
`
`APPLE-1051
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0170330 (“Fogg”)
`
`APPLE-1052
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0126952 (“Suzuki952”)
`
`APPLE-1053
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0022318 (“Garrido”)
`
`APPLE-1054
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0019000 (“Lim”)
`
`APPLE-1055
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0156561 (“Yu-Chuan”)
`
`APPLE-1056
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0018506 (“Raveendran”)
`
`APPLE-1057
`
`APPLE-1058
`
`Hunt B R, Super-Resolution of Images- Algorithms, Principles,
`Performance, Intl, Jnl. of Imaging Sys. and Technol., Vol. 6,
`pp. 297-304, Wiley, 1995, Oct. 1995 (“Hunt_Oct_1995”)
`
`Kramer P, O. Hadar, Benois-Pineau J, Domenger J-P, Use of
`Motion Information in Super-Resolution Mosaicing, ICIP, Oct.
`2006 (“Kramer”)
`
`v
`
`

`

`APPLE-1059
`
`APPLE-1060
`
`APPLE-1061
`
`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`Patti A J, Sezan M I, Tekalp M, Superresolution video
`reconstruction with arbitrary sampling lattices and nonzero
`aperture time, IEEE Trans. on Im. Proc., Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 10
`(“Patti”)
`
`Erickson K J, Schultz R R, MPEG-1 super-resolution decoding
`for the analysis of video still images, 4th IEEE Southwest
`Symp. on Im. Anal. and Interp., Apr. 2000 (“Erickson”)
`
`Tsai R Y, Huang T S, Multiframe image restoration and
`registration, Advances in Computer Vision and Image
`Processing, Vol. 1, T. S. Huang, ed., Jai Press, pp. 317-319,
`1984 (“Tsai”)
`
`APPLE-1062-1069
`
`Reserved
`
`APPLE-1070
`
`Exhibit SAMSUNG-1006 as submitted in IPR2024-00327
`
`APPLE-1071
`
`Exhibit SAMSUNG-1007 as submitted in IPR2024-00327
`
`APPLE-1072
`
`Exhibit SAMSUNG-1010 as submitted in IPR2024-00327
`
`
`
`vi
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`LISTING OF CHALLENGED CLAIM ELEMENTS
`
`
`
`Claim 2
`
`[2.P]
`
`A moving picture decoding system comprising:
`
`[2.1]
`
`[2.2]
`
`[2.3]
`
`[2.4]
`
`[2.5.i]
`
`[2.5.ii]
`
`a demultiplexer configured to work on a sequence of input encoded
`bits to implement a process for a prescribed demultiplexing to
`output at least a first and a second sequence of encoded bits;
`a first decoder configured to acquire the first sequence of encoded
`bits obtained with a standard resolution at the demultiplexer to
`implement thereon a process for a prescribed first decoding to create
`a sequence of decoded pictures with a standard resolution;
`a first super-resolution enlarger configured to acquire the sequence
`of decoded pictures created with a standard resolution at the first
`decoder to work on the sequence of decoded pictures to implement
`an interpolation of pixels with a first enlargement to create a
`sequence of super-resolution enlarged decoded pictures with a first
`resolution higher than a standard resolution;
`a first resolution converter configured to acquire the sequence of
`super-resolution enlarged decoded pictures created at the first super-
`resolution enlarger to work on the sequence of super-resolution
`enlarged decoded pictures to implement a process for a prescribed
`resolution conversion to create a sequence of super-resolution
`decoded pictures with a standard resolution;
`a second decoder configured to acquire the second sequence of
`encoded bits obtained with a standard resolution at the
`demultiplexer as a set of decoding targets, the sequence of decoded
`pictures created with the standard resolution at the first decoder as a
`set of first reference pictures, and the sequence of super-resolution
`decoded pictures created with the standard resolution at the first
`resolution converter as a set of second reference pictures, and
`select one of the set of first reference pictures and the set of second
`reference pictures based on reference picture selection information
`to implement a combination of processes for a prescribed prediction
`and a prescribed second decoding being a decoding with an
`extension of the standard resolution, to create a sequence of super-
`resolution pictures decoded with the standard resolution based on
`
`vi
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`[2.6]
`
`[2.7]
`
`the set of decoding targets and the set of selected reference pictures;
`and
`a second resolution converter configured to acquire the sequence of
`decoded pictures with the standard resolution from the first decoder
`to work on the sequence of decoded pictures to implement an
`interpolation of pixels with the second enlargement to create a
`sequence of enlarged decoded pictures with a high resolution as a
`second resolution higher than the standard resolution,
`wherein the set of decoding targets, the set of first reference
`pictures, and the set of second reference pictures have the same
`value in spatial resolution.
`Claim 3
`
`[3.P]
`
`A moving picture decoding method comprising:
`
`[3.1]
`
`[3.2]
`
`[3.3]
`
`[3.4]
`
`[3.5.i]
`
`a step of implementing a process for a prescribed demultiplexing on
`a sequence of input encoded bits, outputting at least a first and a
`second sequence of encoded bits;
`a step of acquiring the first sequence of encoded bits obtained with a
`standard resolution through the process for the prescribed
`demultiplexing, implementing thereon a process for a prescribed
`first decoding, creating a sequence of decoded pictures with the
`standard resolution;
`a step of acquiring the sequence of decoded pictures created with
`the standard resolution through the process for the prescribed first
`decoding, working on the sequence of decoded pictures to
`implement an interpolation of pixels with a first enlargement,
`creating a sequence of super-resolution enlarged decoded pictures
`with a first resolution higher than the standard resolution;
`a step of acquiring the sequence of super-resolution enlarged
`decoded pictures created through the process for the prescribed
`super-resolution enlargement working on the sequence of super-
`resolution enlarged decoded pictures to implement a process for a
`first resolution conversion, creating a sequence of super-resolution
`decoded pictures with a standard resolution;
`a step of acquiring the second sequence of encoded bits obtained
`with a standard resolution through the process for the prescribed
`demultiplexing as a set of decoding targets, the sequence of decoded
`pictures created with the standard resolution through the process for
`
`vii
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`the prescribed first decoding as a set of first reference pictures, and
`the sequence of super-resolution decoded pictures created with the
`standard resolution through the process for the prescribed resolution
`conversion as a set of second reference pictures, and
`selecting one of the set of first reference pictures and the set of
`second reference pictures based on reference picture selection
`information to implement a combination of processes for a
`prescribed prediction and a prescribed second decoding being a
`decoding with an extension of the standard resolution, based on the
`set of decoding targets and the set of selected reference pictures to
`create a sequence of super-resolution pictures decoded with the
`standard resolution; and
`a step of acquiring the sequence of decoded pictures created with
`the standard resolution through the process for the prescribed first
`decoding working on the sequence of decoded pictures to
`implement an interpolation of pixels with the second enlargement,
`creating a sequence of enlarged decoded pictures with a high
`resolution as a second resolution higher than the standard resolution,
`wherein the set of decoding targets, the set of first reference
`pictures, and the set of second reference pictures have the same
`value in spatial resolution.
`Claim 4
`
`A recording medium storing a moving picture decoding program
`comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium configured
`to have a computer execute:
`a step of implementing a process for a prescribed demultiplexing on
`a sequence of input encoded bits, outputting at least a first and a
`second sequence of encoded bits;
`a step of acquiring the first sequence of encoded bits obtained with a
`standard resolution through the process for the prescribed
`demultiplexing, implementing thereon a process for a prescribed
`first decoding, creating a sequence of decoded pictures with the
`standard resolution;
`a step of acquiring the sequence of decoded pictures created with
`the standard resolution through the process for the prescribed first
`decoding, working on the sequence of decoded pictures to
`implement an interpolation of pixels with a first enlargement,
`
`[3.5.ii]
`
`[3.6]
`
`[3.7]
`
`[4.P]
`
`[4.1]
`
`[4.2]
`
`[4.3]
`
`viii
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`creating a sequence of super-resolution enlarged decoded pictures
`with a first resolution higher than the standard resolution;
`a step of acquiring the sequence of super-resolution enlarged
`decoded pictures created through the process for the prescribed
`super-resolution enlargement working on the sequence of super-
`resolution enlarged decoded pictures to implement a process for a
`first resolution conversion, creating a sequence of super-resolution
`decoded pictures with a standard resolution;
`a step of acquiring the second sequence of encoded bits obtained
`with a standard resolution through the process for the prescribed
`demultiplexing as a set of decoding targets, the sequence of decoded
`pictures created with the standard resolution through the process for
`the prescribed first decoding as a set of first reference pictures, and
`the sequence of super-resolution decoded pictures created with the
`standard resolution through the process for the prescribed resolution
`conversion as a set of second reference pictures, and
`selecting one of the set of first reference pictures and the set of
`second reference pictures based on reference picture selection
`information to implement a combination of processes for a
`prescribed prediction and a prescribed second decoding being a
`decoding with an extension of the standard resolution, based on the
`set of decoding targets and the set of selected reference pictures to
`create a sequence of super-resolution pictures decoded with the
`standard resolution; and
`a step of acquiring the sequence of decoded pictures created with
`the standard resolution through the process for the prescribed first
`decoding, working on the sequence of decoded pictures to
`implement an interpolation of pixels with the second enlargement
`creating a sequence of enlarged decoded pictures with a high
`resolution as a second resolution higher than the standard resolution,
`wherein the first resolution is different from the second resolution,
`
`wherein the standard resolution of the second sequence of encoded
`bits is the same as the standard resolution of the super-resolution
`decoded pictures,
`and wherein the set of decoding targets, the set of first reference
`pictures, and the set of second reference pictures have the same
`value in spatial resolution.
`
`
`[4.4]
`
`[4.5.i]
`
`[4.5.ii]
`
`[4.6]
`
`[4.7]
`
`[4.8]
`
`[4.9]
`
`
`
`ix
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`Claim 11
`
`[11]
`
`The moving picture decoding system according to claim 2, wherein
`the second decoder divides a decoding target into a plurality of
`regions to select one of the set of first reference pictures and the set
`of second reference pictures for each divided region.
`
`x
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`Apple Inc. (“Petitioner” or “Apple”) petitions for Inter Partes Review
`
`(“IPR”) of claims 2-4 and 11 (“the Challenged Claims”) of U.S. Patent No.
`
`10,218,995 (“the ’995 Patent”).
`
`I.
`
`REQUIREMENTS FOR IPR
`
`A. Grounds for Standing
`
`Petitioner certifies that the ’995 Patent is available for IPR. This Petition is
`
`being filed within one year of service of a complaint against Apple. Apple is not
`
`barred or estopped from requesting review of the Challenged Claims on the
`
`grounds identified below.
`
`B. Challenge and Relief Requested
`
`Apple requests institution of IPR and cancellation of the Challenged Claims
`
`based on the following grounds1:
`
`Ground
`
`Claims
`
`35 U.S.C. § 103
`
`1A
`
`1B
`
`2-4, 11
`
`Phek in view of Segall, Martins, and He
`
`2-4, 11
`
`Phek in view of Segall, Martins, and Takahashi
`
`
`1 The Board previously instituted IPR on the same Challenged Claims of the ’995
`
`Patent in IPR2024-00372 based on the same prior art and obviousness
`
`contentions as those presented in Ground 1A of this Petition. See APPLE-1044,
`
`-1045.
`
`1
`
`

`

`Grounds 1A-1B are further supported by the expert testimony of Mr. David
`
`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`B. Lett.2 See APPLE-1003.
`
`The ’995 Patent claims earliest priority to a Japanese Application No. 2008-
`
`142433, filed on May 30, 2008. APPLE-1001, Face. Petitioner does not concede
`
`that the Challenged Claims are entitled to any of its priority claims, but this
`
`Petition nonetheless treats May 30, 2008, as the Critical Date of the Challenged
`
`Claims for purposes of analyzing the claims and prior art. As shown below, each
`
`reference that forms the basis of Grounds 1A-1B qualifies as prior art even by the
`
`
`2 Mr. Lett’s declaration incorporates as Appendix A the declaration of Dr. Clifford
`
`Reader from instituted IPR2024-00372. See APPLE-1003, L4, L24, L30, Appx-A.
`
`Mr. Lett carefully reviewed Dr. Reader’s declaration and explains that he has
`
`adopted Dr. Reader’s analysis and opinions as his own. Id. Rather than repeat Dr.
`
`Reader’s earlier declaration testimony, Mr. Lett focuses his testimony by referring
`
`to Dr. Reader’s original declaration in addressing the background of the ’995
`
`Patent’s technology and the obviousness of the Challenged Claims in Ground 1A.
`
`Id.
`
`2
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
`
`Critical Date of May 30, 2008:3
`
`Reference
`
`U.S. Filing Date Publication Date
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`Pre-AIA Prior Art
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`Phek
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`Segall
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`Martins
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`---
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`---
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`---
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`12/06/2007
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`09/2007
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`09/2002
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`§102(a)
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`§102(a)
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`§102(a)-(b)
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`He
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`12/06/2006
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`06/12/2008
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`§102(e)
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`Takahashi
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`3/16/1998
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`11/22/2001
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`§102(a)-(b)
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`C. Claim Construction
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`All claim terms should be construed according to the Phillips standard.
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`Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2005); 37 C.F.R. §42.100.
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`3 Segall and Martins were each published in IEEE journals before the Critical Date.
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`IPR2014-00527, Paper 41, 11 (PTAB May 18, 2015) (“IEEE is a well-known,
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`reputable compiler and publisher of scientific and technical publications”). Ms.
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`June Munford, a expert librarian, reviewed MARC records and physical copies of
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`these IEEE journals from the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and presents
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`compelling evidence that Segall and Martins were publicly accessibility through
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`the IEEE journals before the Critical Date. APPLE-1029, ¶¶6-9, 14-17; generally
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`id., ¶¶1-19; see also APPLE-1070, -1071, -1072 (corresponding exhibits reviewed
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`by Ms. Munford).
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`3
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`

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`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
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`Petitioner submits that no formal constructions are presently necessary for
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`purposes of demonstrating obviousness of the Challenged Claims based on
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`Grounds 1A-1B. Wellman, Inc. v. Eastman Chem. Co., 642 F.3d 1355, 1361 (Fed.
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`Cir. 2011) (“claim terms need only be construed to the extent necessary to resolve
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`the controversy”) (internal quotations omitted).
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`Petitioner reserves the right to respond to any constructions offered by
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`Patent Owner or adopted by the Board. Petitioner is not conceding that the
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`Challenged Claims satisfy all statutory requirements, nor is Petitioner waiving any
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`arguments concerning indefiniteness or claim scope that can only be raised in
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`district court or otherwise outside the context of an IPR. IPR2018-00272, Paper
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`35, 6-8 (PTAB 2019). The Board has regularly compared indefinite claims to the
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`prior art for purposes of considering unpatentability. See, e.g., CBM2013-00027,
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`Paper 33, 3 (PTAB 2014); CBM2013-00013, Paper 61, 29 (PTAB 2014). For this
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`Petition, Petitioner applies prior art in a manner consistent with disclosure of the
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`claimed features in the ’995 Patent itself and Patent Owner’s allegations of
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`infringement before the district court. APPLE-1003, ¶29.
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`D. Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art
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`A person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) relating to the subject
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`matter of the ’995 Patent as of the Critical Date would have had at least a
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`bachelor’s degree in computer science, electrical engineering, computer
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`4
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`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
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`engineering, or a related field, with 2-3 years of experience in digital video
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`processing, or a related field. APPLE-1003, ¶¶L26-L28 . Additional graduate
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`education could substitute for professional experience, and vice versa. Id.
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`II. THE ’995 PATENT
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`A. Technical Background
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`The ’995 Patent describes compressive video coding technology, including
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`the application of “super-resolution” processing to enhance “reference pictures” in
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`a video coding system. APPLE-1003, APPX-A, §§II.A-I, V.A.1-4. As Mr. Lett
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`explains in detail in his declaration, the’995 Patent discloses a predictable
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`collection of conventional video coding features that were well known to a
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`POSITA before the Critical Date. APPLE-1003, §II. These features include:
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`(i) motion-compensated coding, wherein pictures (or regions of
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`pictures) in a video stream are compressed by using a previously decoded
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`picture (or a region of the previously decoded picture)—referred to as a
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`“reference picture”—to predict other picture(s) (or region(s) of the other
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`picture(s)) in the video stream (APPLE-1003, APPX-A, §§II.A-I, V.A.1-4);
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`(ii) loop filtering, wherein the previously decoded pictures—i.e.,
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`“reference pictures”—are filtered/enhanced before being used to predict
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`other picture(s) (APPLE-1003, APPX-A, §§II.A-I, V.A.1-4);
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`5
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`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
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`(iii) super-resolution processing, wherein multiple lower resolution
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`pictures of the same scene are registered and used to form a super-resolution
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`picture of the scene that has both higher spatial frequencies (e.g., more
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`detail) than any of the individual lower-resolution input pictures and a higher
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`spatial resolution (e.g., higher pixel count4) than the input pictures (APPLE-
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`1003, APPX-A, §§II.A-I, V.A.1-4); and
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`(iv) layered, hierarchical coding, wherein two or more related video
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`streams are coded together to provide a base layer that can be decoded
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`independent of the other layers and one or more enhancement layers that are
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`decoded in dependence on the base layer (APPLE-1003, APPX-A, §§II.A-I,
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`V.A.1-4).5
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`4 The ’995 Patent sometimes uses the term “resolution” to refer to the amount of
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`detail (e.g., spatial frequency or information content) in a picture and at other times
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`uses the term “resolution” to refer to the size (e.g., number of pixels) in the picture.
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`APPLE-1003, APPX-A, §II.B, ¶¶34-43.
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`5 Common forms of layered, hierarchical coding include multi-view coding (e.g.,
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`for stereoscopic video) and scalable coding for transmission of multiple streams
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`differentiated by signal-to-noise ratio, frame rate, and/or spatial resolution.
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`APPLE-1003, APPX-A, ¶¶30-115; generally, id., APPX-A, ¶¶126-155.
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`6
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`

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`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
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`B.
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`Brief Description
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`The ’995 Patent describes layered video coding systems that apply
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`conventional super-resolution techniques to enhance both (i) an original video
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`stream that is provided as input to a video encoding/compression process and (ii)
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`reference pictures used in a process for predicting pictures in the super-resolution
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`enhanced video stream. APPLE-1003, ¶¶L24-L25, APPX-A, ¶¶30-115, ¶¶126-
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`155. The ’995 Patent describes both encoding and decoding systems respectively
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`configured to encode and decode such super-resolution enhanced video streams.
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`Id. An overview of the disclosed encoding and decoding architectures follows
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`below. Id.
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`7
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`

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`Encoding Architecture Overview
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`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
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`APPLE-1001, FIG. 1 (annotated)
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`As illustrated in FIG. 1, an example encoding system in the ’995 Patent
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`provides dual encoding paths for base- and enhancement-layer streams. APPLE-
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`1001, 13:40–17:45. In the first path, a first encoder 102 processes a base-version
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`of the input video that has not been super-resolution enhanced through an
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`accumulation buffer 101, outputting a standard-resolution base-layer bitstream.
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`Id., 13:46–14:9. In the second path, a super-resolution enlarger 103 performs
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`super-resolution processing to increase both the spatial resolution and information
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`density (e.g., quality) of the input video. A first resolution converter 104 then
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`8
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`

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`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
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`reduces the spatial resolution of the super-resolution enhanced version of the input
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`video back to standard resolution, while retaining higher information density and
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`thus providing quality than the original input video. Id., 15:30-42, 14:10–48, 4:34-
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`49. APPLE-1003, ¶L24-L25.
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`The second encoder 107 implements inter-layer prediction mechanisms to
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`exploit redundancies between base- and enhancement- layers streams. APPLE-
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`1001, 15:30-64. The first encoder 102 encodes original (base) layer pictures from
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`the input video and then decodes the encoded pictures. The decoded base layer
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`pictures at the standard resolution are provided by the first encoder 102 to the
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`second encoder 107 as a first set of reference pictures. Id. A second set of
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`reference pictures is created by super-resolution enhancing the decoded base layer
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`pictures at the second super-resolution enlarger 105 and then downscaling the
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`enhanced decoded pictures to the standard resolution at the second resolution
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`converter 106. Id., 14:49-16:18. The super-resolution enlarger 105 and second-
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`resolution converter 106 thus form a type of loop-filtering structure that enhances
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`reference picture quality and reverts back to a standard resolution output. APPLE-
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`1003, ¶L24-L25. The second encoder 107 selects either non-enhanced base-layer
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`reference pictures or super-resolution-enhanced reference pictures for predictive
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`coding of the super-resolution enhanced video input stream. Id., 14:49–16:18,
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`15:30–16:45. The encoded base and enhancement streams are then multiplexed
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`9
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`

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`Attorney Docket No. 50095-0242IP1
`IPR of U.S. Patent No. 10,218,995
`
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`into a single output, accompanied by reference picture selection information, and
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`transmitted to the decoding apparatus. Id., 16:64-17:20, 16:46-63,