`Winning the Race
`AMERICA’S
`AI ACTION PLAN
`JULY 2025
`THE WHITE HOUSE
`Petitioner Samsung Ex-1089, 0001
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`AMERICA’S AI ACTION PLAN
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`“Today, a new frontier of scientific discovery lies before us,
`defined by transformative technologies such as artificial
`intelligence… Breakthroughs in these fields have the potential
`to reshape the global balance of power, spark entirely new
`industries, and revolutionize the way we live and work. As our
`global competitors race to exploit these technologies, it is a
`national security imperative for the United States to achieve
`and maintain unquestioned and unchallenged global
`technological dominance. To secure our future, we must
`harness the full power of American innovation.”
`Donald J. Trump
`45th and 47th President of the United States
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`Petitioner Micron Ex-1089, 0002
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`AMERICA’S AI ACTION PLAN
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`Table of Contents
`Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 1
`Pillar I: Accelerate AI Innovation ................................ ................................ .............................. 3
`Remove Red Tape and Onerous Regulation .................................................................................... 3
`Ensure that Frontier AI Protects Free Speech and American Values ......................................... 4
`Encourage Open-Source and Open-Weight AI ............................................................................. 4
`Enable AI Adoption ............................................................................................................................... 5
`Empower American Workers in the Age of AI ................................................................................. 6
`Support Next-Generation Manufacturing ....................................................................................... 7
`Invest in AI-Enabled Science .............................................................................................................. 8
`Build World-Class Scientific Datasets .............................................................................................. 8
`Advance the Science of AI ................................................................................................................... 9
`Invest in AI Interpretability, Control, and Robustness Breakthroughs ........................................ 9
`Build an AI Evaluations Ecosystem .................................................................................................. 10
`Accelerate AI Adoption in Government ......................................................................................... 10
`Drive Adoption of AI within the Department of Defense ............................................................. 11
`Protect Commercial and Government AI Innovations ................................................................. 12
`Combat Synthetic Media in the Legal System .............................................................................. 12
`Pillar II: Build American AI Infrastructure ................................ ................................ .............. 14
`Create Streamlined Permitting for Data Centers, Semiconductor Manufacturing
`Facilities, and Energy Infrastructure while Guaranteeing Security ..................................... 14
`Develop a Grid to Match the Pace of AI Innovation ...................................................................... 15
`Restore American Semiconductor Manufacturing ...................................................................... 16
`Build High-Security Data Centers for Military and Intelligence Community Usage .............. 16
`Train a Skilled Workforce for AI Infrastructure .............................................................................. 17
`Bolster Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity ................................................................................. 18
`Promote Secure-By-Design AI Technologies and Applications ............................................... 18
`Promote Mature Federal Capacity for AI Incident Response ..................................................... 19
`Pillar III: Lead in International AI Diplomacy and Security ................................ ................... 20
`Export American AI to Allies and Partners .................................................................................... 20
`Counter Chinese Influence in International Governance Bodies .............................................. 20
`Strengthen AI Compute Export Control Enforcement ............................................................... 21
`Plug Loopholes in Existing Semiconductor Manufacturing Export Controls ......................... 21
`Align Protection Measures Globally ................................................................................................ 21
`Ensure that the U.S. Government is at the Forefront of Evaluating National Security
`Risks in Frontier Models ............................................................................................................... 22
`Invest in Biosecurity ............................................................................................................................ 23
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`AMERICA’S AI ACTION PLAN
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`Introduction
`The United States is in a race to achieve global dominance in artificial intelligence (AI).
`Whoever has the largest AI ecosystem will set global AI standards and reap broad economic
`and military benefits. Just like we won the space race, it is imperative that the United States
`and its allies win this race. President Trump took decisive steps toward achieving this goal
`during his first days in office by signing Executive Order 14179, “Removing Barriers to American
`Leadership in Artificial Intelligence,” calling for America to retain dominance in this global race
`and directing the creation of an AI Action Plan.1
`Winning the AI race will usher in a new golden age of human flourishing, economic
`competitiveness, and national security for the American people. A I will enable Americans to
`discover new materials, synthesize new chemicals, manufacture new drugs, and develop new
`methods to harness energy —an industrial revolution. It will enable radically new forms of
`education, media, and communication —an information revolution. And it will enable
`altogether new intellectual achievements: unraveling ancient scrolls once tho ught
`unreadable, making breakthroughs in scientific and mathematical theory, and creating new
`kinds of digital and physical art—a renaissance.
`An industrial revolution, an information revolution, and a renaissance —all at once. This is the
`potential that AI presents. The opportunity that stands before us is both inspiring and
`humbling. And it is ours to seize, or to lose.
`America’s AI Action Plan has three pillars: innovation, infrastructure, and international
`diplomacy and security . The U nited States needs to innovate faster and more
`comprehensively than our competitors in the development and distribution of new AI
`technology across every field, and dismantle unnecessary regulatory barriers that hinder the
`private sector in doing so. As Vice President Vance remarked at the Paris AI Action Summit in
`February, restricting AI development with onerous regulation “would not only unfairly benefit
`incumbents… it would mean paralyzing one of the most promising technologies we have seen
`in generations.”
`2 That is why President Trump rescinded the Biden Administration’s
`dangerous actions on day one.
`We need to build and maintain vast AI infrastructure and the energy to power it. To do that, we
`will continue to reject radical climate dogma and bureaucratic red tape, as the Administration
`has done since Inauguration Day. Simply put, we need to “Build, Baby, Build!”
`We need to establish American AI —from our advanced semiconductors to our models to our
`applications—as the gold standard for AI worldwide and ensure our allies are building on
`American technology.
`Several principles cut across each of these three pillars. First, American workers are central to
`the Trump Administration’s AI policy. The Administration will ensure that our Nation’s workers
`and their families gain f rom the opportunities created in this technological revolution. The AI
`infrastructure buildout will create high -paying jobs for American workers. And the
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`1 Executive Order 14179 of January 23, 2025, “ Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence ,” Federal
`Register 90 (20) 8741, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-31/pdf/2025-02172.pdf.
`2 J.D. Vance, “ Remarks by the Vice President at the Artificial Intelligence Action Summit in Paris, France,” February 11, 2025,
`www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-vice-president-the-artificial-intelligence-action-summit-paris-france.
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`AMERICA’S AI ACTION PLAN
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`breakthroughs in medicine, manufacturing, and many other fields that AI will make possible
`will increase the standard of living for all Americans. AI will improve the lives of Americans by
`complementing their work—not replacing it.
`Second, our AI systems must be free from ideological bias and be designed to pursue objective
`truth rather than social engineering agendas when users seek factual information or analysis.
`AI systems are becoming essential tools, profoundly shaping how Americans consume
`information, but these tools must also be trustworthy.
`Finally, we must prevent our advanced technologies from being misused or stolen by malicious
`actors as well as monitor for emerging and unforeseen risks from AI. Doing so will require
`constant vigilance.
`This Action Plan sets forth clear policy goals for near -term execution by the Federal
`government. The Action Plan’s objective is to articulate policy recommendations that this
`Administration can deliver for the American people to achieve the President’s vision of global
`AI dominance. The AI race is America’s to win, and this Action Plan is our roadmap to victory.
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`Michael J. Kratsios
`Assistant to the President for Science and Technology
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`David O. Sacks
`Special Advisor for AI and Crypto
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`Marco A. Rubio
`Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
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`AMERICA’S AI ACTION PLAN
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`Pillar I: Accelerate AI Innovation
`America must have the most powerful AI systems in the world, but we must also lead the world
`in creative and transformative application of these systems. Achieving these goals requires
`the Federal government to create the conditions where private -sector-led innovation can
`flourish.
`Remove Red Tape and Onerous Regulation
`To maintain global leadership in AI, America’s private sector must be unencumbered by
`bureaucratic red tape. President Trump has already taken multiple steps toward this goal ,
`including rescinding Biden E xecutive Order 14110 on AI that foreshadowed an onerous
`regulatory regime .3 AI is far too important to smother in bureaucracy at this early stage ,
`whether at the state or Federal level. The Federal government should not allow AI- related
`Federal funding to be directed toward states with burdensome AI regulations that waste these
`funds, but should also not interfere with states’ rights to pass prudent laws that are not unduly
`restrictive to innovation.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Led by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), launch a Request for
`Information from businesses and the public at large about current Federal regulations
`that hinder AI innovation and adoption, and work with relevant Federal agencies to take
`appropriate action.
`• Led by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and c onsistent with Executive
`Order 14192 of January 31, 2025, “ Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation, ” work
`with all F ederal agencies to identify, revise, or repeal regulations, rules, memoranda,
`administrative orders, guidance documents, policy statements, and interagency
`agreements that unnecessarily hinder AI development or deployment.
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`• Led by OMB, work with Federal agencies that have AI-related discretionary funding
`programs to ensure, consistent with applicable law, that they consider a s tate’s AI
`regulatory climate when making funding decisions and limit funding if the state’s AI
`regulatory regimes may hinder the effectiveness of that funding or award.
`• Led by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), evaluate whether state AI
`regulations interfere with the agency’s ability to carry out its obligations and authorities
`under the Communications Act of 1934.
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`• Review all Federal Trade Commission (FTC) investigations commenced under the
`previous administration to ensure that they do not advance theories of liability that
`unduly burden AI innovation. Furthermore, review all FTC final orders, consent decrees,
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`3 Executive Order 14110 of October 30, 2023, “ Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,”
`Federal Register 88 (210) 75191, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-11-01/pdf/2023-24283.pdf.
`4 Executive Order 14192 of January 31, 2025, “ Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation,” Federal Register 90 (24) 9065,
`www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-02-06/pdf/2025-02345.pdf.
`5 Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. §§ 151-646.
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`and injunctions, and, where appropriate, seek to modify or set -aside any that unduly
`burden AI innovation.
`Ensure that Frontier AI Protects Free Speech and American Values
`AI systems will play a profound role in how we educate our children, do our jobs, and consume
`media. It is essential that these system s be built from the ground up with freedom of speech
`and expression in mind, and that U.S. government policy does not interfere with that objective.
`We must ensure that free speech flourishes in the era of AI and that AI procured by the Federal
`government objectively reflects truth rather than social engineering agendas.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Led by the Department of Commerce (DOC) through the National Institute of
`Standards and Technology (NIST), revise the NIST AI Risk Management Framework to
`eliminate references to misinformation, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, and climate
`change. 6
`• Update Federal procurement guidelines to ensure that the government only contracts
`with frontier large language model (LLM) developers who ensure that their systems are
`objective and free from top-down ideological bias.
`• Led by DOC through NIST’s Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI), conduct
`research and, as appropriate, publish evaluations of frontier models from the People’s
`Republic of China for alignment with Chinese Communist Party talking points and
`censorship.
`Encourage Open-Source and Open-Weight AI
`Open-source and open-weight AI models are made freely available by developers for anyone
`in the world to download and modify. Models distributed this way have unique value for
`innovation because startups can use them flexibly without being dependent on a closed model
`provider. They also benefit commercial and government adoption of AI because many
`businesses and governments have sensitive data that they cannot send to closed model
`vendors. And they are essential for academic research, which often relies on access to the
`weights and training data of a model to perform scientifically rigorous experiments.
`We need to ensure America has leading open models founded on American values. Open-
`source and open-weight models could become global standards in some areas of business and
`in academic research worldwide. For that reason, they also have geostrategic value. While the
`decision of whether and how to release an open or closed model is fundamentally up to the
`developer, the Federal government should create a supportive environment for open models.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Ensure access to large -scale computing power for startups and academics by
`improving the financial market for compute. Currently, a company seeking to use large-
`scale compute must often sign long-term contracts with hyperscalers—far beyond the
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`6 National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0),”
`(Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2023), www.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1.
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`budgetary reach of most academics and many startups. America has solved this
`problem before with other goods through financial markets, such as spot and forward
`markets for commodities. Through collaboration with industry, NIST at DOC, OSTP, and
`the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) National AI Research Resource (NAIRR) pilot,
`the Federal government can accelerate the maturation of a healthy financial market for
`compute.
`• Partner with leading technology companies to increase the research community’s
`access to world-class private sector computing, models, data, and software resources
`as part of the NAIRR pilot.
`• Build the foundations for a lean and sustainable NAIRR operations capability that can
`connect an increasing number of researchers and educators across the country to
`critical AI resources.
`• Continue to foster the next generation of AI breakthroughs by publishing a new National
`AI Research and Development (R&D) Strategic Plan, led by OSTP, to guide Federal AI
`research investments.
`• Led by DOC through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration
`(NTIA), convene stakeholders to help drive adoption of open-source and open-weight
`models by small and medium-sized businesses.
`Enable AI Adoption
`Today, the bottleneck to harnessing AI’s full potential is not necessarily the availability of
`models, tools, or applications. Rather, it is the limited and slow adoption of AI, particularly
`within large, established organizations. Many of America’s most c ritical sectors, such as
`healthcare, are especially slow to adopt due to a variety of factors, including distrust or lack of
`understanding of the technology, a complex regulatory landscape, and a lack of clear
`governance and risk mitigation standards. A coordinated Federal effort would be beneficial in
`establishing a dynamic, “try-first” culture for AI across American industry.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Establish regulatory sandboxes or AI Centers of Excellence around the country where
`researchers, startups, and established enterprises can rapidly deploy and test AI tools
`while committing to open sharing of data and results. These efforts would be enabled
`by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the
`Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), with support from DOC through its AI
`evaluation initiatives at NIST.
`• Launch several domain-specific efforts (e.g., in healthcare, energy, and agriculture), led
`by NIST at DOC, to convene a broad range of public, private, and academic stakeholders
`to accelerate the development and adoption of national standards for AI systems and to
`measure how much AI increases productivity at realistic tasks in those domains.
`• Led by the Department of Defense (DOD) in coordination with the Office of the Director
`of National Intelligence (ODNI), regularly update joint D OD-Intelligence Community
`(IC) assessments of the comparative level of adoption of AI tools by the United States,
`its competitors, and its adversaries’ national security establishments, and establish an
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`approach for continuous adaptation of the D OD and IC’s respective AI adoption
`initiatives based on these AI net assessments.
`• Prioritize, collect, and distribute intelligence on foreign frontier AI projects that may
`have national security implications, via collaboration between the IC, the Department of
`Energy (DOE), CAISI at DOC, the National Security Council (NSC), and OSTP.
`Empower American Workers in the Age of AI
`The Trump Administration supports a worker-first AI agenda. By accelerating productivity and
`creating entirely new industries, AI can help America build an economy that delivers more
`pathways to economic opportunity for American workers. But it will also transform how work
`gets done across all industries and occupations, demanding a serious workforce response to
`help workers navigate that transition. The Trump Administration has already taken significant
`steps to lead on this front, including the April 2025 Executive Orders 14277 and 14278,
`“Advancing Artificial Intelligence Education for American Youth ” and “Preparing Americans
`for High-Paying Skilled Trade Jobs of the Future.”
`7, 8 To continue delivering on this vision, the
`Trump Administration will advance a priority set of actions to expand AI literacy and skills
`development, continuously evaluate AI’s impact on the labor market, and pilot new
`innovations to rapidly retrain and help workers thrive in an AI-driven economy.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Led by the Department of Labor (DOL), the Department of Education (ED), NSF, and
`DOC, prioritize AI skill development as a core objective of relevant education and
`workforce funding streams. This should include promoting the integration of AI skill
`development into relevant programs , including career and technical education (CTE),
`workforce training, apprenticeships, and other federally supported skills initiatives.
`• Led by the Department of the Treasury, issue guidance clarifying that many AI literacy
`and AI skill development programs may qualify as eligible educational assistance under
`Section 132 of the Internal Revenue Code , given AI’s widespread impact reshaping the
`tasks and skills required across industries and occupations.
`9 In applicable situations, this
`will enable employers to offer tax -free reimbursement for AI-related training and help
`scale private-sector investment in AI skill development, preserving jobs for American
`workers.
`• Led by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and DOC through the Census Bureau and
`the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), study AI’s impact on the labor market by using
`data they already collect on these topics, such as the firm -level AI adoption trends the
`Census Bureau tracks in its Business Trends and Outlook Survey. These agencies could
`then provide analysis of AI adoption, job creation, displacement, and wage effects.
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`• Establish the AI Workforce Research Hub under DOL to lead a sustained Federal effort
`to evaluate the impact of AI on the labor market and the experience of the American
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`7 Executive Order 14277 of April 23, 2025: “Advancing Artificial Intelligence Education for American Youth,” Federal Register
`90 (80) 17519, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-04-28/pdf/2025-07368.pdf.
`8 Executive Order 14278 of April 23, 2025: “Preparing Americans for High-Paying Skilled Trade Jobs of the Future,” Federal
`Register 90 (80) 17525, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-04-28/pdf/2025-07369.pdf.
`9 Revenue Act of 1978, 26 U.S.C. § 132.
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`worker, in collaboration with BLS and DOC through the Census Bureau and BEA. The
`Hub would produce recurring analys es, conduct scenario planning for a range of
`potential AI impact levels, and generate actionable insights to inform workforce and
`education policy.
`• Led by DOL, leverage available discretionary funding, where appropriate, to fund rapid
`retraining for individuals impacted by AI -related job displacement. Issue clarifying
`guidance to help states identify eligible dislocated workers in sectors undergoing
`significant structural change tied to AI adoption, as well as guidance clarifying how state
`Rapid Response funds can be used to proactively upskill workers at risk of future
`displacement.
`• At DOL and DOC, rapidly pilot new approaches to workforce challenges created by AI,
`which may include areas such as rapid retraining needs driven by worker displacement
`and shifting skill requirements for entry -level roles. These pilots should be carried out
`by states and workforce intermediaries using existing authorities under the Workforce
`Innovation and Opportunity Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act,
`and should be designed to identify surface scalable, performance-driven strategies that
`help the workforce system adapt to the speed and complexity of AI-driven labor market
`change.
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`Support Next-Generation Manufacturing
`AI will enable a wide range of new innovations in the physical world: autonomous drones, self-
`driving cars, robotics, and other inventions for which terminology does not yet exist. It is crucial
`that America and our trusted allies be world- class manufacturers of these next- generation
`technologies. AI, robotics, and related technologies create opportunities for novel capabilities
`in manufacturing and logistics, including ones with applications to defense and national
`security. The Federal government should prioritize investment in these emerging
`technologies and usher in a new industrial renaissance.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Invest in developing and scaling foundational and translational manufacturing
`technologies via DOD, DOC, DOE , NSF, and other Federal agencies using the Small
`Business Innovation Research program, the Small Business Technology Transfer
`program, research grants , CHIPS R&D programs, Stevenson -Wydler Technology
`Innovation Act authorities, Title III of the Defense Production Act, Other Transaction
`Authority, and other authorities.
`12, 13, 14, 15
`• Led by DOC through NTIA, convene industry and government stakeholders to identify
`supply chain challenges to American robotics and drone manufacturing.
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`10 Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014, 29 U.S.C. §§ 3101-3361.
`11 Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, 42 U.S.C. §§ 3121-3233.
`12 William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, 15 U.S.C. § 4656.
`13 Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, Pub. L. No. 96-480, 94 Stat. 2311 (codified as amended in scattered
`sections of 15 U.S.C.).
`14 Defense Production Act of 1950, 50 U.S.C. §§ 4551-4568.
`15 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal years 1990 and 1991, 10 U.S.C. §§ 4021-4022.
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`Invest in AI-Enabled Science
`Like many other domains, science itself will be transformed by AI. AI systems can already
`generate models of protein structures, novel materials, and much else. Increasingly powerful
`general-purpose models show promise in formulating hypotheses and designing
`experiments. These nascent capabilities promise to accelerate scientific advancement. They
`will only do so, however, with critical changes in the way science is conducted, including the
`enabling scientific infrastructure. AI- enabled predictions are of l ittle use if scientists cannot
`also increase the scale of experimentation. Basic s cience today is often a labor -intensive
`process; the AI era will require more scientific and engineering research to transform theories
`into industrial-scale enterprises. This, in turn, will necessitate new infrastructure and support
`of new kinds of scientific organizations.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Through NSF, DOE, NIST at DOC, and other Federal partners, invest in automated
`cloud-enabled labs for a range of scientific fields, including engineering, materials
`science, chemistry, biology, and neuroscience, built by , as appropriate, the private
`sector, Federal agencies, and research institutions in coordination and collaboration
`with DOE National Laboratories.
`• Use long -term agreements to s upport Focused- Research Organizations or other
`similar entities using AI and other emerging technologies to make fundamental
`scientific advancements.
`• Incentivize researchers to release more high -quality datasets publicly by considering
`the impact of scientific and engineering datasets from a researchers’ prior funded
`efforts in the review of proposals for new projects.
`• Require federally funded researchers to disclose non- proprietary, non -sensitive
`datasets that are used by AI models during the course of research and experimentation.
`Build World-Class Scientific Datasets
`High-quality data has become a national strategic asset as governments pursue AI innovation
`goals and capitalize on the technology’s economic benefits. Other countries, including our
`adversaries, ha ve raced ahead of us in amassing vast troves of scientific data. The United
`States must lead the creation of the world’s largest and highest quality AI -ready scientific
`datasets, while maintaining respect for individual rights and ensuring civil liberties, privacy,
`and confidentiality protections.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Direct the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Machine Learning and AI
`Subcommittee to make recommendations on minimum data quality standards for the
`use of biological, materials science, chemical, physical, and other scientific data
`modalities in AI model training.
`• Promulgate the OMB regulations required in the Confidential Information Protection
`and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2018 on presumption of accessibility and expanding
`secure access, which will lower barriers and break down silos to accessing Federal data,
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`ultimately facilitating the improved use of AI for evidence building by statistical
`agencies while protecting confidential data from inappropriate access and use.16
`• Establish secure compute environments within NSF and DOE to enable secure AI use-
`cases for controlled access to restricted Federal data.
`• Create an online portal for NSF’s National Secure Data Service (NSDS) demonstration
`project to provide the public and Federal agencies with a front door to AI use -cases
`involving controlled access to restricted Federal data.
`• Explore the creation of a whole-genome sequencing program for life on Federal lands,
`led by the NSTC and including members of the U .S. Department of Agriculture, DOE,
`NIH, NSF, the Department of Interior, and Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units to
`collaborate on the development of an initiative to establish a whole genome sequencing
`program for life on Federal lands (to include all biological domains). This new data would
`be a valuable resource in training future biological foundation models.
`Advance the Science of AI
`Just as LLMs and generative AI systems represented a paradigm shift in the science of AI,
`future breakthroughs may similarly transform what is possible with AI. It is imperative that the
`United States remain the leading pioneer of such breakthroughs, and this begins with
`strategic, targeted investment in the most promising paths at the frontier.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Prioritize investment in theoretical, computational, and experimental research to
`preserve America’s leadership in discovering new and transformative paradigms that
`advance the capabilities of AI, reflecting this priority in the forthcoming National AI R&D
`Strategic Plan.
`Invest in AI Interpretability, Control, and Robustness Breakthroughs
`Today, the inner workings of frontier AI systems are poorly understood. Technologists know
`how LLMs work at a high level, but often cannot explain why a model produced a specific
`output. This can make it hard to predict the behavior of any specific AI system. This lack of
`predictability, in turn, can make it challenging to use advanced AI in defense, national security,
`or other applications where lives are at stake. The United States will be better able to use AI
`systems to their fullest potential in high-s takes national security domains if we make
`fundamental breakthroughs on these research problems.
`Recommended Policy Actions
`• Launch a technology development program led by the Defense Advanced Research
`Projects Agency in collaboration with CAISI at DOC and NSF, to advance AI
`interpretability, AI control systems, and adversarial robustness.
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`16 Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2018, 44 U.S.C. §§ 3561-3583.
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`• Prioritize fund