White Paper
`Intel® Multi-Core Processors Intel® Multi-Core Processors
`Making the Move to Quad-Core
`and Beyond
`R.M. Ramanathan
`Intel Corporation
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 1 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`White Paper Intel® Multi-Core Processors: Making the Move to Quad-Core and Beyond
`Introduction
`One constant in computing is that the world’s hunger for faster performance is
`never satisfied. Every new performance advance in processors leads to another level
`of greater performance demands from businesses and consumers. Today these
`performance demands are not just for speed, but also for smaller, more powerful
`mobile devices, longer battery life, quieter desktop PCs, and—in the enterprise—better
`price/performance per watt and lower cooling costs. People want improvements in
`productivity, security, multitasking (running multiple applications simultaneously on
`your computer), data protection, game performance, and many other capabilities.
`There’s also a growing demand for more convenient form factors for the home,
`office, data center, and on the go.
`Through advances in silicon technology, microarchitecture, software, and platform
`technologies, Intel is on a fast-paced trajectory to continuously deliver new generations
`of multi-core processors with the superior performance and energy-efficiency necessary
`to meet these demands for years to come. A new cadence
`1 in the microarchitecture
`arena (see sidebar next page), combined with Intel’s ability to continue to extend
`Moore’s Law, will enable Intel to bring new levels of performance, power savings,
`and computing capabilities year after year. In mid-2006, we reached new levels of
`energy-efficient performance with our Intel® Core™2 Duo processors and Dual-Core
`Intel® Xeon® processor 5100 series, both produced with our latest 65-nanometer
`(nm) silicon technology and microarchitecture (Intel® Core™ microarchitecture). Now
`we’re ready to top that with the world’s first mainstream quad-core processors for
`both desktop and mainstream servers—Intel® Core™2 Quad processors, Intel® Core™2
`Extreme quad-core processors, and others.
`This paper explains the advantages and challenges of multi-core processing, plus
`provides a glimpse into the upcoming Intel quad-core processors and the direction
`in which Intel is taking multi-core processors to the future. We discuss many of the
`benefits you will see as we continue to increase processor performance, energy
`efficiency, and capabilities.
`2
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 2 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`3
`Intel® Multi-Core Processors: Making the Move to Quad-Core and Beyond White Paper
`Redefining Performance
`For years, Intel customers came to expect a doubling
`of performance every 18-24 months in accordance with
`Moore’s Law. Most of these performance gains came from
`dramatic increases in frequency (from 5 MHz to 3 GHz in the
`years from 1983 to 2002) and through process technology
`advancements. Improvements also came from increases in
`instructions per cycle (IPC). By 2002, however, increasing
`power densities and the resultant heat began to reveal some
`limitations in using predominately frequency as a way of
`improving performance. So, while Moore’s Law frequency
`increases, and IPC improvements continue to play an important
`role in performance increases, new thinking is also required.
`The best example of this new thinking is multi-core processors.
`By putting multiple execution cores into a single processor
`(as well as continuing to increase clock frequency), Intel is
`able to provide even greater multiples of processing power.
`Using multi-core processors, Intel can dramatically increase
`a computer’s capabilities and computing resources, providing
`better responsiveness, improving multithreaded throughput,
`and delivering the advantages of parallel computing to
`properly threaded mainstream applications.
`A New Cadence for
`Technological Advancement
`Building on the foundation of Intel Core
`microarchitecture (introduced in 2006), Intel is
`establishing a new cadence that will speed up the
`delivery of products featuring superior performance
`and energy-efficiency for years to come. Intel plans
`to deliver a new, optimized energy-efficient perfor-
`mance microarchitecture approximately every two
`years that supports all its process technology
`advancements. For instance, in late 2007 , Intel
`process technology will transition to 45 nm and
`effectively double the number of transistors in a
`given die size. In 2008 Intel will follow this gain with
`a new microarchitecture codenamed “Nehalem”
`expected to deliver new capabilities and several
`percentage-point improvements in performance
`and energy-efficiency. This cycle will then move
`on to 32 nm and another new microarchitecture
`targeted for 2010.
`A Fundamental Theorem
`of Multi-Core Processors
`Multi-core processors take advantage of a fundamental
`relationship between power and frequency. By incorporating
`multiple cores, each core is able to run at a lower frequency,
`dividing among them the power normally given to a single
`core. The result is a big performance increase over a single-
`core processor. The following illustration—based on our lab
`experiments with commonly used workloads—illustrates
`this key advantage.
`Figure 1. Increasing clock frequency by 20 percent to
`a single core delivers a 13 percent performance gain, but
`requires 73 percent greater power. Conversely, decreasing
`clock frequency by 20 percent reduces power usage by 49
`percent, but results in just a 13 percent performance loss.
`Under-Clocking
`Relative single-core frequency and Vcc
`1.13x
`0.51x
`1.73x
`0.87x1.00x
`Over-clocked (+20%) Max Frequency Under-clocked (-20%)
`Power
`Performance
`Figure 2. Here we add a second core on the underclocked
`example in Figure 1. This results in a dual-core processor
`that at 20 percent reduced clock frequency effectively
`delivers 73 percent more performance while using
`approximately the same power as a single-core
`processor at maximum frequency.
`Multi-Core Energy-Efficient Performance
`Relative single-core frequency and Vcc
`1.02x
`1.73x
`1.00x1.13x
`1.73x
`Over-clocked (+20%) Max Frequency Dual-core (-20%)
`Power
`Performance
`Dual-core
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 3 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`White Paper Intel® Multi-Core Processors: Making the Move to Quad-Core and Beyond
`4
`Extending the World’s Most
`Popular Processor Architecture
`with New Instructions
`From the original Intel® 8086 to the recent addition
`of Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3
`(Supplemental SSE3) found in Intel® Core™2 Duo
`processors, Intel has led the charge in expanding
`the capabilities of the world’s most popular and
`broadly used computer architecture—Intel® architecture.
`Intel will soon add new instructions enabling our
`microprocessors across all volume market segments
`to deliver even greater performance and energy
`efficiency to a broad range of 32-bit and
`64-bit applications.
`Best Energy-Efficient
`Performance Processor
`Transistors in Volume
`• Intel Second Generation Strained Silicon
`Technology increases transistor performance
`10 to 15 percent without increasing leakage.
`• Compared to 90 nm transistor technology, Intel’s
`enhanced energy-efficient performance 65 nm
`transistors provide over 20% improvement in
`transistor switching speed and over 30%
`reduction in transistor switching power
`• We announced and demonstrated 45 nm process
`technology first. We are on track to deliver 45 nm
`products in 2007.
`This fundamental relationship between power and frequency
`can be effectively used to multiply the number of cores from
`two to four, and then eightand more, to deliver continuous
`increases in performance without increasing power usage.
`To do this though, there are many advancements that must
`be made that are only achievable by a company like Intel.
`These include:
`• Continuous advances in silicon process technology from
`65 nm to 45 nm and to 32 nm) to increase transistor density.
`In addition, Intel is committed to continuing to deliver superior
`energy-efficient performance transistors.
`• Enhancing the performance of each core and optimizing
`it for multi-corethrough the introduction of new advanced
`microarchitectures about every two years.
`• Improving the memory subsystem and optimizing data
`access in ways that ensure data can be used as fast as
`possible among all cores. This minimizes latency and
`improves efficiency and speed.
`• Optimizing the interconnect fabricthat connects the cores
`to improve performance between cores and memory units.
`• Optimizing and expanding the instruction set to
`enhance the capabilities of Intel® architecture and enable
`the industry to deliver advanced applications with greater
`performance and lower power requirements. Some of these
`instructions can effectively dedicate a core to deliver
`specific capabilities.
`• Continuing to grow Intel’s commitment to developing
`multi-core software tools and programs by working
`closely with developers, independent software vendors
`(ISVs), operating system vendors (OSVs) and academia.
`Through these efforts, Intel enables the industry to
`develop software that runs faster and better on our
`energy-efficient performance multi-core platforms.
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 4 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`5
`Intel® Multi-Core Processors: Making the Move to Quad-Core and Beyond White Paper
`Intel Achievements in Dual-Core Processing
`Intel first implemented multi-core processing through dual-core
`processors across all key sectors (desktop, workstation, mobile, and
`mainstream server). In accordance with our new cadence for process
`technology and microarchitecture, Intel’s second generation of dual-
`core processors, released in the third quarter of 2006, uses the new
`Intel Core microarchitecture. These products include Intel® Core™2
`Duo desktop and mobile processors, and Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 5100
`processor 5100 series for dual-processor servers. By transitioning
`the majority of our volume products to Intel Core microarchitecture-
`based dual-core processors, Intel took the lead in performance
`and energy efficiency in most of these product segments.
`According to benchmark tests:
`• The Dual-Core Intel Xeon 5100 server processor delivers
`up to 135 percent performance improvements
`2 and up to a
`40 percent reduction 3 in energy consumption over previous
`Intel server products.
`• The Intel Core 2 Duo desktop processor delivers up to a 40
`percent improvement in performance and up to a 40 percent
`reduction in power as compared to today's high-end Intel®
`Pentium® D processor 960.
`4
`• The Intel Core 2 Duo mobile processor delivers greater
`than 2X CPU performance 5 and up to a 28 percent power
`reduction6 with new Intel® Centrino® Duo mobile technology
`laptops based on the Intel Core 2 Duo processor as compared
`to previous-generation Intel® Centrino® mobile technology-
`based laptops.
`Introducing Intel® Quad-Core Technology
`The next milestone in multi-core processor design and performance
`will be Intel’s unveiling of the industry’s first quad-core processors for
`desktops, workstations and volume servers. Intel is the only company
`with the manufacturing resources to take this next step so quickly.
`Intel’s implementation of quad-core takes advantage of our rich history
`of engineering expertise, along with our industry-leading manufacturing
`technologies and capabilities. This translates into excellent volume
`pricing and consistent supply. The industry will be able to make a
`fast transition as well—these quad-core processors are designed to
`plug into current motherboards meeting the proper thermal and
`electrical specifications.
`7
`Intel® Core™ Microarchitecture
`Intel® Core™ microarchitecture is the foundation
`for new Intel® architecture-based desktop, mobile
`and mainstream server multi-core processors. This
`state-of-the-art, multi-core optimized microarchitecture
`delivers a number of new and innovative features
`that have set new standards for energy-efficient
`performance. Two of these features accelerate
`the execution of memory-related instructions.
`Intel® Advanced Smart Cache
`Intel® Advanced Smart Cache is multi-core optimized
`cache that improves performance and efficiency
`by increasing the probability that each core of a
`multi-core processor can access data from a higher-
`performance, more-efficient cache subsystem. Intel
`Advanced Smart Cache works by sharing the Level
`2 (L2) cache among cores so that data is stored in
`one place that each core can access. Sharing L2
`cache enables each core to dynamically use up to
`100 percent of available L2 cache, thus optimizing
`cache resources.
`Intel® Smart Memory Access
`Intel® Smart Memory Access improves system
`performance by optimizing available data bandwidth
`from the memory subsystem and hiding the latency
`of memory accesses through two techniques: a new
`capability called memory disambiguation, and an
`instruction pointer-based prefetcher that fetches
`memory contents before they are requested.
`The Race is On
`Intel plans to ship millions of multi-core processors
`in 2006 and expects to exit the year shipping dual-
`core and quad-core processors at a rate of more
`than 75 percent for its performance and mainstream
`desktop, 90 percent for its performance mobile
`processor families, and 85 percent for its servers.
`Intel expects to exit 2007 shipping multi-core
`processors at a rate of 90 percent for its performance
`desktop and mobile families and close to 100
`percent for its servers.
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 5 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`White Paper Intel® Multi-Core Processors: Making the Move to Quad-Core and Beyond
`6
`The Quad-Core Line Up
`First up are the Intel® Core™2 Extreme quad-core processor
`QX6700 and the new Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® 5300 processor for
`servers. Slated for introduction in late 2006, these 65 nm quad-core
`processors feature four complete execution cores within a single
`processor and are based upon the revolutionary and proven Intel®
`Core™ microarchitecture.
`• Intel® Core™2 Extreme Quad-Core Processor—World’s First
`Quad-Core for the Desktop. This quad-core desktop processor
`will be the ultimate gaming machine and multimedia processing
`engine for today’s growing list of threaded applications. In addition
`to being excellent for intensive multitasking, the Intel Core 2 Extreme
`quad-core processor will provide impressive gaming performance,
`offering plenty of headroom for tomorrow’s thread-intensive
`games. Gamers can expect a smoother, more exciting gaming
`experience through the distribution of artificial intelligence (AI),
`physics and rendering across four hardware threads. Ideal for
`processor-intensive, highly threaded applications, the Intel Core
`2 Extreme quad-core processor will be the top choice for multimedia
`enthusiasts, gamers, and workers in demanding multitasking
`environments. It will feature 2.66 GHz core speed and 1066 MHz
`front side bus speed.
`• Intel® Xeon 5300 Processor—Breakthrough Performance
`from the Industry’s First Quad-Core Standard High-Volume
`Processor. This new quad-core processor will enable server
`customers to turbo boost their general purpose servers with
`breakthrough energy-efficient performance, greater density
`and fewer cooling challenges. The Quad-Core Intel Xeon 5300
`processor provides up to 50 percent better performance
`8
`(SPECintRate) than dual-core 2-way Intel Xeon processors on
`certain applications. The additional threads from quad-core
`technology and key Intel platform-level innovations deliver the
`most headroom for running multiple applications simultaneously
`and virtualized environments on a two-way server.
`The Quad-Core Intel Xeon 5300 series will feature 2.66 GHz
`to 1.60 GHz cores speeds, 1333 to 1066 MHz bus speeds, and
`a 105 watt thermal design point (TDP). A low power version
`(L5310) with a 50 watt TDP will be available in the first quarter
`of 2007. Another version will be available for single-processor
`servers and workstations in the same time frame.
`Quad-Core Intel Xeon 5300 processor platforms also include
`several advanced capabilities:
`• Intel® Virtualization Technology (Intel® VT).This is the industry’s
`first hardware-assisted technology supporting today’s industry-
`leading virtualization software.
`• Fully-buffered DIMM Technology. The latest in memory
`technology, fully-buffered DIMM technology provides significantly
`greater performance and capacity while improving memory reliability.
`• Intel® I/O Acceleration Technology.This unique Intel technology
`moves network data more efficiently through Intel Xeon processor-
`based servers for fast, scaleable, and reliable networking.
`Beyond Quad-Core: Tera-Scale Computing
`Spurred by increasing globalization, growing device intelligence,
`and the explosion of digital data, Intel believes the next decade’s
`applications will be much more computationally intensive than
`anything we’ve seen to date. This will be the “tera era”—an age
`when people need teraflops (a trillion floating point operations per
`second) of computing power, terabits (a trillion bits per second of
`communications bandwidth), and terabytes (1,024 gigabytes) of
`data storage to handle the information all around them.
`Coming in Q1 2007
`Intel® Core™2 Quad processor Q6600
`• Multimedia powerhouse for demanding
`entertainment applications
`• Ideal choice for processor intensive, highly-
`threaded applications
`• 2.40 GHz core speed, 1066 MHz bus speed
`Quad Core Intel® Xeon® processor L5310
`• Low Power version of 5300
`• 50 watt thermal design point
`• 1.6 GHz core speed, 1066 MHz bus speed
`Quad Core Intel® Xeon® processor 3200
`• For single-processor servers and workstation systems
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 6 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`7
`Intel® Multi-Core Processors: Making the Move to Quad-Core and Beyond White Paper
`With the tera era in mind, Intel researchers are today working
`to shape future Intel microprocessors through the Intel® Tera-scale
`Computing Research Program. Intel has over 100 R&D projects
`worldwide in the tera-scale area. Our researchers are addressing
`the hardware and software challenges of building and programming
`systems with dozens (even hundreds) of energy-efficient cores
`with sophisticated memory hierarchies to deliver the performance
`and capabilities needed by these systems.
`Transitioning the Industry to Multi-Core Processing
`One immediate benefit of multi-core processors is how they improve
`an operating system’s ability to multitask applications. For instance,
`say you have a virus scan running in the background while you’re
`working on your word-processing application. This often degrades
`responsiveness so much that when you strike a key, there can be a
`delay before the letter actually appears on the screen. On multi-core
`processors, the operating system can schedule the tasks in different
`cores so that each task runs at full performance.
`Another major multi-core benefit comes from individual applications
`optimized for multi-core processors. These applications, when properly
`programmed, can split a task into multiple smaller tasks and run them
`in separate threads. For instance, a word processor can have “find and
`replace” run as a separate thread so doing a “find and replace” on a big
`document doesn’t have to keep you from continuing to write or edit.
`In a game, a graphics algorithm needing extensive processing power
`could be one thread, rendering the next scene on the fly,
`while another thread responds to your commands for a
`character’s movements.
`The critical element in multi-core computing is the software.
`The throughput, energy efficiency, and multitasking performance
`of multi-core processors will all be more fully realized when
`application code is threaded and multi-core ready. Intel provides
`extensive partner programs with software developers, operating
`system vendors, ISVs, and academia to accelerate the delivery
`of dual-core and quad-core products. Intel has recently updated
`the Intel® Threading Building Blocks, Intel® Thread Profiler, and
`Intel® Thread Checker tools to support our quad-core products.
`Intel’s software products and programs include:
`• Intel® Software Development Products— These products
`and tools embrace multi-core programming best practices, facilitate
`threading applications, and help developers shorten the time to
`market. Products include Intel® Compilers, Intel® Performance
`Libraries, Intel® VTune™ Performance Analyzers, Intel® Threading
`Tools, and Intel® Cluster Tools. Intel also offers software platform
`products such as Intel® Platform Administration Technology,
`Intel® Innovation Framework for EFI, and Intel® Media Codecs
`to help speed value delivery in the platforms.
`• Software Programs and Services— Beyond software
`products, Intel works with leading software vendors to provide
`tools, resources, expertise and relationships to drive thread
`optimization across a wide range of applications. Through deep
`technical onsite collaborations with operating system (OS),
`firmware and database vendors, we enable them to fully utilize
`the multi-core platforms prior to launch. Intel also works with
`industry groups like ODSL and Eclipse to shape the direction of
`the open source community. In addition, Intel works with thousands
`of ISVs to help them prepare and optimize their solutions for
`new platform technologies and with academia in developing
`multi-core curriculum. Intel software programs and services
`include the Intel® Early Access Program, Threading Immersion
`Program, Intel Competency Centers, Intel® Software College,
`Intel® Software Network, Intel® Solution Services, and Intel Capital.
`Progress has been fast. Microsoft Windows XP* , Windows Server*,
`Microsoft Vista* , some applications in Microsoft Office 2007*,
`various Linux* vendor offerings, and others are already threaded
`for better performance with Intel multi-core processors. In addition,
`Intel’s Software and Solutions Group (SSG) has worked with hundreds
`of independent software vendors (ISVs) in enabling their applications
`to achieve greater performance running on Intel multi-core processors.
`No one is in a better position to spearhead platform development
`than Intel. Intel’s leadership in the industry, our commitment to
`investment in research and development, our understanding of all
`segments of the market, and our long history of collaboration with
`other industry leaders, puts us in a unique position to lead the
`charge for multi-core processor-based platforms.
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 7 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`www.intel.com
`Empowering the Ecosystem
`Intel Capital, Intel’s strategic investment program, is investing hundreds of millions of dollars in companies whose products and
`services supplement Intel’s own product lines and capabilities. Other ecosystem development activities include Intel’s sponsorship
`of the Intel Developer Forum (IDF), an annual series of worldwide conferences that provide insights into Intel's future technology
`directions and enable the developer community to share their knowledge, ideas, and products.
`Summary
`Multi-core processors are the future of computing. As the wealth and complexity of the data around us grows, multi-core processors
`will become increasingly important for helping run businesses, governments, our homes, and our entertainment. Multi-core processors
`will empower the development of new usage models that will enable wide-ranging advances in everything from medicine to IT, as well
`as revolutionize the digital office, digital home, computing on the go, and computer gaming.
`Think of a time a decade or so from now when the full power of high performance computing and parallel processing is available to
`computer users everywhere, and it might be possible to hold the power of a computer with hundreds of execution cores in the palm
`of your hand. Chances are, we’ll look back and wonder how people ever managed with computers having just a single execution core
`in their processor. Intel® quad-core processors are the next step in this process.
`1. Intel CEO Paul Otellini in Spring 2006 Financial Analyst Forum
`2. 135 percent Performance Claim based on published results on SPECjbb2005 benchmark as of June 26, 2006. Configuration details : Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 2.80 GHz based
`platform details: Fujitsu Siemens Computers PRIMERGY RX300 S2 server platform: Two Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processors 2.80 GHz with 2x2MB L2 cache 800 MHz system bus, 4
`GB DDR2, Microsoft Windows Server* 2003. Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (build 1.5.0_06-b05). Referenced as published at 41986 bops and 41986 bops/jvm. For more informa-
`tion see www.spec.org/jbb2005/results/
`Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 5160 based platform details: Fujitsu Siemens BX620 S3 Server platform with two Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 5160, 3.00 GHz with 4M L2
`Cache, 1333 MHz system bus, 8GB (8x1GB) FB-DIMM memory, Windows 2003 Enterprise Edition. BEA JRockit(R) 5.0 P26.4.0. Referenced as published at 100407 bops and
`100407 bops/jvm. For more information see www.spec.org/jbb2005/results/
`3. 40 percent reduction based on Processor TDP comparison between previous generation Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 2.80GHz and new Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 5160.
`4. Performance based on SPECint*_rate_base2000 (2 copies) and energy efficiency based on Thermal Design Power (TDP), comparing Intel® Core™2 Duo E6700 to Intel® Pentium® D
`Processor 960. Actual performance may vary. See www.intel.com/performance for more information.
`5. As measured by SPEC* CPU2000* (SPECfp*_rate_base2000 and SPECint*_rate_base2000) comparing Intel® Pentium® M Processor 780 a nd 750 with Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor
`T7600 and T5600. Actual performance may vary. See http://www.intel.com/performance/mobile/benchmarks.htm for important additional information. SPEC, SPECint, SPECfp,
`SPECrate, SPECweb, SPECjbb are trademarks of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. See: http://www.spec.org for more information on the benchmarks.
`6. Based on power utilization measured by average power of Intel components of pre-production Intel® Core™2 Duo processor-based laptop as compared to an Intel® Pentium® M
`processor-based notebook. Actual performance may vary. See http://www.intel.com/technology/eep/platforms.htm for important additional information.
`7. Contract your motherboard vendor for more information.
`8. Performance may vary. Please refer www.intel.com/performance for more details.
`Copyright
`©
`2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel, Intel logo, Intel. Leap ahead., Intel. Leap ahead. logo, Intel Core 2 Duo, Pentium, Intel Core, Intel Core 2 Extreme,
`Centrino, VTune, and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
`*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. Printed in the United States. 0906/RMR/HBD/PDF 315451-001 US
`Learn More
`Intel® Multi-Core
`www.intel.com/multi-core
`New Instructions
`www.intel.com/technology/architecture/
`new_instructions.htm
`Intel® Architecture
`www.intel.com/technology/architecture
`Tera-Scale Computing
`www.intel.com/technology/techresearch/terascale
`Silicon Technologies
`www.intel.com/technology/silicon
`Technology and Research at Intel
`www.intel.com/technology
`Apple Exhibit 1023
`Apple Inc. v. Redstone Logics LLC
`IPR2025-01532, Page 8 of 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`