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` BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`
`Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and Samsung Electronics America, Inc.,
`Petitioners,
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`v.
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`Massively Broadband LLC,
`Patent Owner.
`
`
`Case IPR2025-01564
`
`U.S. Patent No. 11,063,625
`_________________________
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`DECLARATION OF DR. MARK MAHON IN SUPPORT OF PETITION
`FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW OF U.S. PATENT NO. 11,063,625
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`Declaration of Dr. Mark Mahon
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`I. SUMMARY OF OPINIONS ................................ ................................ ........ 1
`II. MATERIALS CONSIDERED ................................ ................................ ...... 3
`III. QUALIFICATIONS ................................ ................................ ..................... 4
`IV. LEGAL STANDARDS................................ ................................ ............... 13
`A. Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art................................ .................... 13
`B. Claim Construction ................................ ................................ ........... 14
`C. Burden of Proof ................................ ................................ ................ 14
`D. Obviousness ................................ ................................ ...................... 14
`E. Written Description & Enablement ................................ ................... 18
`V. DETAILED OPINIONS ................................ ................................ ............. 19
`A. Technology Background and State of the Art................................ .... 19
`B. The ’625 Patent ................................ ................................ ................. 37
`1. Disclosure ................................ ................................ ............... 37
`2. Priority Date ................................ ................................ ........... 37
`3. Prosecution History................................ ................................ . 39
`4. The Challenged Claims ................................ ........................... 41
`C. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ............................... 49
`D. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ................................ .............................. 50
`VI. GROUND 1: SCHLUB DISCLOSES OR RENDERS OBVIOUS
`CLAIMS 1-2, 5, 9-14, 17, 21-26, 29, AND 33 ................................ ............ 50
`A. Schlub (EX1005) ................................ ................................ .............. 50
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`B. Claim 1 ................................ ................................ ............................. 53
`C. Claim 2 ................................ ................................ ............................. 71
`D. Claim 5 ................................ ................................ ............................. 72
`E. Claim 9 ................................ ................................ ............................. 73
`F. Claim 10 ................................ ................................ ........................... 73
`G. Claim 11 ................................ ................................ ........................... 75
`H. Claim 12 ................................ ................................ ........................... 84
`I. Claim 13 ................................ ................................ ........................... 85
`J. Claim 14 ................................ ................................ ........................... 86
`K. Claim 17 ................................ ................................ ........................... 86
`L. Claim 21 ................................ ................................ ........................... 87
`M. Claim 22 ................................ ................................ ........................... 87
`N. Claim 23 ................................ ................................ ........................... 88
`O. Claim 24 ................................ ................................ ........................... 91
`P. Claim 25 ................................ ................................ ........................... 92
`Q. Claim 26 ................................ ................................ ........................... 92
`R. Claim 29 ................................ ................................ ........................... 92
`S. Claim 33 ................................ ................................ ........................... 93
`VII. GROUND 2: SCHLUB IN VIEW OF SEOL RENDERS OBVIOUS
`CLAIMS 3-4, 6-8, 15-16, 18-20, 27-28, AND 30-32 ................................ .. 93
`A. Seol (EX1007) ................................ ................................ .................. 94
`B. Motivation to Combine ................................ ................................ ..... 95
`C. Claim 3 ................................ ................................ ............................. 98
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`D. Claim 4 ................................ ................................ ........................... 100
`E. Claim 6 ................................ ................................ ........................... 101
`F. Claim 7 ................................ ................................ ........................... 101
`G. Claim 8 ................................ ................................ ........................... 102
`H. Claim 15 ................................ ................................ ......................... 102
`I. Claim 16 ................................ ................................ ......................... 103
`J. Claim 18 ................................ ................................ ......................... 103
`K. Claim 19 ................................ ................................ ......................... 104
`L. Claim 20 ................................ ................................ ......................... 104
`M. Claim 27 ................................ ................................ ......................... 105
`N. Claim 28 ................................ ................................ ......................... 105
`O. Claim 30 ................................ ................................ ......................... 106
`P. Claim 31 ................................ ................................ ......................... 106
`Q. Claim 32 ................................ ................................ ......................... 107
`VIII. GROUND 3: PRASAD IN VIEW OF SEOL, AND FURTHER IN
`VIEW OF YIN, RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIMS 1-33 ............................ 107
`A. Prasad (EX1006) ................................ ................................ ............. 108
`B. Motivation to Combine ................................ ................................ ... 109
`C. Claim 1 ................................ ................................ ........................... 114
`D. Claim 2 ................................ ................................ ........................... 132
`E. Claim 3 ................................ ................................ ........................... 133
`F. Claim 4 ................................ ................................ ........................... 134
`G. Claim 5 ................................ ................................ ........................... 135
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`H. Claim 6 ................................ ................................ ........................... 136
`I. Claim 7 ................................ ................................ ........................... 137
`J. Claim 8 ................................ ................................ ........................... 137
`K. Claim 9 ................................ ................................ ........................... 138
`L. Claim 10 ................................ ................................ ......................... 139
`M. Claim 11 ................................ ................................ ......................... 140
`N. Claim 12 ................................ ................................ ......................... 148
`O. Claim 13 ................................ ................................ ......................... 149
`P. Claim 14 ................................ ................................ ......................... 149
`Q. Claim 15 ................................ ................................ ......................... 150
`R. Claim 16 ................................ ................................ ......................... 150
`S. Claim 17 ................................ ................................ ......................... 151
`T. Claim 18 ................................ ................................ ......................... 151
`U. Claim 19 ................................ ................................ ......................... 152
`V. Claim 20 ................................ ................................ ......................... 152
`W. Claim 21 ................................ ................................ ......................... 153
`X. Claim 22 ................................ ................................ ......................... 153
`Y. Claim 23 ................................ ................................ ......................... 154
`Z. Claim 24 ................................ ................................ ......................... 158
`AA. Claim 25 ................................ ................................ ......................... 158
`BB. Claim 26 ................................ ................................ ......................... 159
`CC. Claim 27 ................................ ................................ ......................... 159
`DD. Claim 28 ................................ ................................ ......................... 160
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`EE. Claim 29 ................................ ................................ ......................... 160
`FF. Claim 30 ................................ ................................ ......................... 161
`GG. Claim 31 ................................ ................................ ......................... 161
`HH. Claim 32 ................................ ................................ ......................... 162
`II. Claim 33 ................................ ................................ ......................... 163
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`EXHIBIT LIST
`Ex. Description
`1001 U.S. Patent No. 11,063,625 (“’625 patent”)
`1002 File History for U.S. Patent No. 11,063,625
`1005 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0250928 A1 (“Schlub”)
`1006 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0237272 A1 (“Prasad”)
`1007 U.S. Patent No. 9,362,994 (“Seol”)
`1008 WIPO International Publication No. WO 2014/194455 A1 (“Yin”)
`1009 U.S. Patent Publication. No. 2011/0182174 A1 (“Pi”)
`1010 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0295648 A1 (“Dorsey”)
`1011 U.S. Patent No. 8,593,358 (“the ’358 patent”)
`1012 IEEE Standard 145-2013 - IEEE Standard for Definitions of Terms
`for Antennas
`1013 Patent Owner’s Preliminary Infringement Contentions, Ex. 11
`1014 Molisch, Andreas F., Wireless Communications 2nd Ed., Wiley,
`2011
`1015 Balanis, Constantine A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design,
`2nd Ed., Wiley, 1997
`1016 Lathi, B. P., Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
`HRW, 1983
`1017 Beard, Cory and Stallings, William, Wireless Communication
`Networks and Systems, Pearson, 2016
`1018 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0021605 A1
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`1019 Sanchez-Hernandez, David A., Editor, Multiband Integrated
`Antennas for 4G Terminals, Artech House, 2008
`1020 U.S. Patent No. 5,794,145 (“Milam”)
`1021 Marinez-Vazquez Marta, et al., “Integrated Planar Multiband
`Antennas for Personal Communication Handsets,” IEEE
`Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54, No. 2,
`February 2006
`1022 B. D. Van Veen and K. M. Buckley, "Beamforming: a versatile
`approach to spatial filtering," in IEEE ASSP Magazine, vol. 5, no.
`2, April 1988.
`1023 M. A. Jensen and J. W. Wallace, "A review of antennas and
`propagation for MIMO wireless communications," in IEEE
`Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 11, Nov.
`2004.
`1024 Yu, Zhong, et al., “Beamforming on Mobile Devices: A First
`Study,” Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on
`Mobile Computing and Networking, September 19-23, 2011, Las
`Vegas, NV.
`1025 U.S. Patent No. 7,308,285 (“Nelson”)
`1026 D. Mizell, "Using gravity to estimate accelerometer orientation,"
`Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers,
`2003. Proceedings., White Plains, NY, USA, 2003, pp. 252-253.
`1027 K. Kunze, P. Lukowicz, K. Partridge and B. Begole, "Which Way
`Am I Facing: Inferring Horizontal Device Orientation from an
`Accelerometer Signal," 2009 International Symposium on
`Wearable Computers, Linz, Austria, 2009, pp. 149-150.
`1028 Masters Thesis, Internal Control of a Beamforming Antenna Array
`for Use in Cellular Phones, Patrick Schmidt, 2010 (“Schmidt”)
`1029 Johnson, D. H., & Dudgeon, D. E., Array Signal Processing:
`Concepts and Techniques, 1993.
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`DECLARATION OF DR. MARK MAHON, Ph.D.
`I, MARK MAHON, Ph.D. hereby declare as follows:
`1. My name is Mark Mahon. I have been retained to testify as an expert in
`this Inter Partes Petition on behalf of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (“SEC”) and
`Samsung Electronics America, Inc. (“SEA”) (collectively, “Samsung” or
`“Petitioner”). I am being compensated for my time spent on this matter at a rate of
`$550 per hour. My compensation is in no way dependent on the outcome of this
`matter or on the opinions I provide in this declaration. All of the opinions expressed
`in this declaration are my own
`2. I have prepared this declaration in connection with Samsung’s related
`petition for inter partes review (“IPR”) of U.S. Patent No. 11,063,625 (the “’625
`patent,” EX1001), which I am informed is being filed concurrently with this
`declaration. I have been asked to provide certain opinions relating to the patentability
`of the ’625 patent. Specifically, I have been asked to provide my opinion regarding
`whether claims 1 -33 of the ’ 625 patent (“the Challenged Claims”) are invalid as
`obvious in view of the prior ar t. All emphasis and annotations throughout this my
`have been added unless otherwise noted.
`I. SUMMARY OF OPINIONS
`3. It is my opinion that the Challenged Claims are rendered obvious
`pursuant to Grounds 1-3 and the reasons discussed herein. As background, the ’625
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`patent is directed to steerable antenna technologies for wireless devices that
`allegedly improve safety and performance by avoiding radiation toward a user or
`structure. See, e.g. , EX1001, Abstract; 10:34 -41. The ’625 patent purport s to
`introduce beam steering that avoid s radiating energy toward users or structures
`through sensor -based detection using , for example , cameras, gyroscopes, light
`detectors, range finders , and /or capacitive sensors . See id., Abstract; 10:34 -41;
`11:10-17. In general, the beam steering determinations are informed by detecting
`the device’s orientation relative to the user (or structure), determining spatial zones
`or spans in the direction of the user (or structure) , and adjusting beam patterns t o
`direct energy away from these areas where the user or other structure are situated .
`See, e.g., id. at 5:21-46, Claim 1.
`4. But, the claimed steerable antenna technologies of the ’625 patent were
`already well-known in the art before the earliest effective filing date of the ’625
`patent (which I address further below in section V.B.2) . As I detail further below,
`Schlub (EX1005) disclosed and rendered obvious the claimed steerable antenna
`features, together with a wide range of sensors that could be used to detect the
`orientation of users and structures in the vicinity of the radiating e lements of the
`antenna. Similarly, Prasad (EX1006) disclosed using sensors to detect the orientation
`of a wireless device, determining zones or spans where the user is located, and
`adjusting a steerable antenna to avoid radiation toward the user via beamforming.
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`Yin (EX1008) provided exemplary implementation details for how POSITAs would
`use sensors and computing devices of the time to determine such zones and spans of
`directions, and how that information could be used to inform beam steering and null-
`forming oper ations of the wireless device. Finally, Seol (EX1007) disclosed the
`ability to utilize distinct transmission and reception beam patterns, together with the
`use of time division duplexing in the context of millimeter wave antenna
`applications, among many other teachings that I will explain further below.
`5. For the reasons discussed herein, all Challenged Claims of the ’ 625
`patent are unpatentable because they are anticipated by references cited herein (e.g.,
`Schlub), and/or they would have been obvious to a POSITA at the time of the alleged
`invention, especially in view of the references cited herein (e.g., Schlub, Prasad,
`Seol, Yin, etc.).
`II. MATERIALS CONSIDERED
`6. In forming my opinions provided in this declaration, I have reviewed
`the ’625 patent, including the abstract, figures, specification, and claims. I have also
`reviewed and relied on the file history of the ’625 patent, the prior art discussed in
`this declaration, the Exhibits cited in the Exhibit List above, and any other materials
`cited in this declaration. I have also relied on my relevant personal and professional
`experience and expertise.
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`III. QUALIFICATIONS
`7. I am over the age of 18 and am competent to write this declaration. I
`have personal knowledge, or have developed knowledge of these technologies based
`upon education, training, or experience, of the matters set forth herein . My
`qualifications are summarized here and explained in more detail in my curriculum
`vitae, which is attached as Appendix A to this report. Appendix A also includes a
`list of my publications and the cases in which I have testified at deposition, hearing,
`or trial within the past four years.
`8. I am a Teaching Professor in the School of Electrical Engineering and
`Computer Science at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (“Penn
`State” or “PSU”). I have worked on telecommunications and wireless networks,
`including Z -Wave, Bluetooth, Zi gbee, Wi -Fi, NFC, AMPS, IS -95, CDMA2000,
`GSM, EDGE, UMTS/WCDMA, LTE, and 5G cellular systems since 1988.
`9. I received my B.S. in Electronics Engineering from the University of
`Scranton in 1987. I received my M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Ph.D. in
`Acoustics from Penn State in 1991 and 2001, respectively.
`10. In 1988, after I received my bachelor’s degree, I joined the Central
`Intelligence Agency (CIA) while pursuing my M.S. degree at Penn State part -time.
`My first job at the CIA involved designing and testing systems to automatically
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`capture and characterize telecommunication signals and emissions from various
`wireless and computer networking devices.
`11. I returned to Penn State in early 1990 to pursue graduate research full-
`time and complete my M.S. degree. My graduate research work focused on
`wideband beamforming and adaptive signal processing. After completing my M.S.
`degree in EE in 1991, I accepted a full-time faculty research position at the Applied
`Research Lab at PSU, primarily working on classified programs, and began working
`on diverse radio frequency and acoustic sensor systems including wireless
`communications and small wireless networks for aco ustic tracking, source
`localization, and feature extraction.
`12. I began pursuing my Ph.D. part -time in 1993 while continuing my
`faculty research position. In 1997, as part of my faculty research position, I began
`working on classified programs focused on mathematical analytical modeling of
`cellular communication networ ks and the development of hardware and software
`systems to test against cellular networks. My role was to develop the algorithms and
`write the code running on a specially developed embedded system. For this work, I
`received a letter of recognition as the “genius behind the VELA software algorithms”
`from the Director of National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Systems Engineering
`and Technology Office. As part of this same work, I was extensively involved in
`protocol and signaling analysis as well as researching model-specific performance
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`and unique functional characteristics associated with individual mobile devices. The
`work involved testing dozens of handsets from many manufacturers in controlled
`and real -world environments against network simulators and live operational
`networks for each research project.
`13. In 2000, my research extended into utilizing non -orthogonal wavelets
`for improving detection and localization of cellular handsets from high altitude
`sensor systems. In 2001, I completed my Ph.D. and my research focused on the
`utilization of advanced commu nication signals for wideband characterization and
`remote sensing of propagation channels.
`14. Beginning in 1997, my cellular communications research work focused
`on CDMA, GSM, EDGE, UMTS, LTE, and 5G cellular systems primarily under
`grants sponsored principally by the Department of Defense. This classified research
`work required 3GPP protocol analy sis and development of real -time embedded
`hardware and software systems capable of interacting with cellular networks and
`cellular handsets. A large portion of my work was directed at architectures,
`protocols, software, and signaling.
`15. I have been working on classified projects since 1988. Before 1998,
`because the work was not deemed highly classified, I was able to publish eight
`journal and conference papers prior to 2000. Between 1999 and 2015, however, I
`was allowed to publish only one article in an unclassified symposium and published
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`and presented about a dozen articles in classified settings. This is because during this
`period, the vast majority of my research was highly classified. As a result, nearly all
`of my research results were summarized in classified reports and not available to the
`general public. Further, because the U.S. government owns any intellectual property
`resulting from the sponsored research work, I did not pursue or file patent
`applications.
`16. Beginning in 2003, I was co -principal investigator and technical lead
`on a 3 year multi -million-dollar research effort for developing the Global
`Information Grid (GIG). This project was sponsored by the Secretary of Defense’s
`Office with a goal of developing a real-time, multi-intelligence (multi-Int) network
`for collecting, processing, storing, disseminating, and managing information on
`demand for decision makers including the warfighter, combatant command centers,
`policy makers, and support personnel and was the largest network -centric warfare
`project in development at the time. My research team (Ubiquitous Automated
`Information Manager) focused on building and deploying a scalable application to
`perform real-time, multi-int data fusion to support every us er in the system. This
`software application was deployed in Combat Operation Centers, Joint Interagency
`Task Force locations, and on various platforms (mobile and small computing
`environments) used by various warfighters. The fused data sources included various
`content management systems, supply chain logistic reports, GPS-based reports, new
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`feeds, backend databases, sensor system reports, and various other broad data
`sources.
`17. Beginning in 1994, I worked on various projects that involved the
`implementation and design of user interfaces to support the use of the research,
`design, analysis tools and signal processing systems for the end user. The user
`platforms included a broad ar ray of footprints including, small handheld devices
`with screens or visual displays and those limited to audio-only inputs, medium sized
`laptops and small desktop systems, and also large, heavy devices, such as servers
`and clusters in operational environme nts (including combat operations centers and
`3D immersive environments).
`18. Specifically, for the GIG research effort, I led a team of software
`engineers to deploy our inferencing tool for a disparate range of end users, from
`dismounted combat soldiers with only a microphone as an interface to soldiers in
`mules with smart devices (tablets and laptops with multiple visual display interaction
`capabilities) to field command centers (medium sized clients with significant video
`displays and processing power with touch and stylus interfaces to the ) to combat
`operation centers with high -powered processing and complex user -interface
`capabilities/modalities.
`19. In 2015, I transferred to the School of Electrical Engineering and
`Computer Science at Penn State as a teaching faculty member. In that role, I have
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`continued teaching graduate and undergraduate courses, guiding Ph.D. and M.S.
`students in communication and mobile networking (including LTE and 5G cellular
`networks), and pursuing research in this and related areas. Since 2015, I have been
`an author on nine refereed papers as listed in my curriculum vitae (CV).
`20. Because of my decades of research and my continuing work at Penn
`State, I have intimate knowledge of telecommunication networks, including the
`technology involved in the patents in this case. I have been highly recognized as an
`expert in such systems withi n the research community. I was recognized twice by
`the National Reconnaissance Office with commendation letters for work dealing
`with detecting cellular signals in low signal to noise ratio environments. The U.S.
`government awarded me over $12M in grants between 2003 and 2015 for projects
`focused on mobile communication devices and networks, in which I served as a
`Principal Investigator (PI), Co- PI, and/or technical lead.
`21. Additionally, during my research career, I interacted extensively with
`computer scientists and engineers responsible for the design, development, and
`testing of telephony and data networking systems and testbeds. As a research faculty
`member, I oversaw eng ineers and computer scientists that executed many joint
`projects with development organizations. These interactions exposed me to a wide
`range of computer scientists and engineers working on telecommunication network
`technologies. Since 2011, I have been t eaching undergraduate and graduate classes
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`in communication and mobile networking and am familiar with the curricula being
`taught to electrical engineers and computer scientists. The interactions with a wide
`range of computer scientists and engineers working on telecommunication network
`technologies and the familiarity with the classes taught to electrical engineers and
`computer scientists have allowed me to have a good understanding of the level of
`skills possessed by a person of ordinary skill in the field of cellular technology.
`22. I have extensive experience with mobile networks in general and LTE
`and 5G specifically. While most of my research efforts between 1998 and 2015 were
`highly classified, I can state that they included detailed investigation of network
`architectures, signaling, and functional behavior. A typical research effort would
`involve studying 3GPP, 3GPP2, IEEE, and other protocol standards to fully
`comprehend all aspects of L1, L2, and L3 requirements including timing, bit -level
`construction of the control and user plane messages, and timing characteristics for a
`given standard as well as functional behavior of network components and user
`equipment.
`23. From 2006 through 2015, my research focused specifically on LTE. My
`research continues to this day, although I am no longer operating in a classified
`environment. During this time, I investigated the performance and functional
`differences of many varied ne twork and handset devices to see how differing
`signaling and hardware configurations (including MIMO) and environmental factors
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`influenced the behavior of user equipment in a given network environment. This
`included how diversity techniques (transmit and receive), synchronization, timing,
`and signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) for a given device would affect
`specific functional aspects including elements of the receiver structure, decoding and
`demodulation performance, calculation of parameters used by the device for making
`decisions and deriving parameters reported to the network.
`24. As part of my research work, I built several custom CDMA, GSM,
`UMTS, and LTE platforms that implemented specific network -side and user
`equipment-side functionality including custom signal generation and processing
`structures, particularly the signal processing chains on both the transmit and receive
`sides. This equipment was developed using network simulation hardware in a
`laboratory environment and was later tested with corresponding networks in both
`controlled and fully operational environments. Implement ing the transmit and
`receive chains for custom built protocol -enabled equipment required me to gain an
`intimate understanding of the relevant 3GPP protocol specifications and the
`underlying structures. Since 2015, I have been primarily focused on guiding
`graduate students pursuing research including using code domain non -orthogonal
`multiple access (NOMA) combined with MIMO sparse coding multiple access to
`minimize latency and maximize user density in grant free Internet of Things (IoT)
`environments. Additionally, I am guiding my graduate students in pursuing research
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`in optimized distributed processing algorithms, implementation of block chain
`coding techniques to improve handover security, and edge computing resource
`allocation in 4G (LTE)/5G (NR) networks.
`25. Much of the classified research work I performed also led to similar
`approaches for other wireless protocols including IEEE 802.11 and 802.15 (e.g.,
`Zigbee, Bluetooth, and UWB), HART, and other short -range standards as well as
`HF radio and Wi-MAX.
`26. My curriculum vitae, included as an appendix to this declaration,
`includes a list of publications on which I am a named author. It contains further
`details regarding my experience, education, publications, and other qualifications to
`render an expert opinion in connection with this proceeding.
`27. In writing this Declaration, I have considered the following: my own
`knowledge and experience, including my work experience in the fields of wireless
`communication networks, research and development of wireless signaling,
`protocols, transmission, and detection techniques, design and construction of
`wireless test equipment, prototypes, engineering models, and related areas ; my
`experience in teaching those subjects; and my experience in working with others
`involved in those fields , the materials cited and/or referenced throughout this
`Petition.
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`IV. LEGAL STANDARDS
`28. Counsel for Samsung has informed me of the following legal standards.
`I am not an attorney, and I am relying only on instructions from Samsung’s attorneys
`for these legal standards.
`A. Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art
`29. I understand that issues of claim construction and invalidity are
`analyzed from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSA”).
`30. I understand that a POSA is a hypothetical person who is used to
`analyzing the prior art without the benefit of hindsight. A POSA is presumed to be
`one who thinks along the lines of conventional wisdom in the art.
`31. I understand that the hypothetical POSA is presumed to have
`knowledge of all references that are sufficiently related