Exhibit 1016
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004'.03--dc21 200219714
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 7 6 5 4 3 2
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa­
`tii:111,abqµ,t ;itlt\)rnational editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinp11t@microsoft.com.
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio, .
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio/t . •
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registerea traden1arks or· •
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other prbduct and:.· ••. •
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec::tive o:,yg~rs.
`The example companies, organization Q,11J\lin :i1l1~eif b'!.ciaifaddre;s:e~, logos, people, places,,
`and events depicted herein are fictitiou~, o flS~ociati9n1~ith an,v real company, organization .. product;
`domain name, e0mail address, logo, pe{~9r1~,w~: QH~yeht is' intended or should be inferred; , " •
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`Body Part No. X0S-41929
`Exhibit 1016
`Page 02 of 06
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`Compressed SLIP n. Short for Compressed Serial Line
`Internet Protocol. A version of SLIP using compressed
`Internet address information, thereby making the protocol
`faster than SLIP. Acronym: CSLIP. See also SLIP.
`compression 11. See data compression.
`compresl?or 11. A device that limits some aspect of a
`transmitted signal, such as volume, in order to increase
`efficiency.
`CompuServe 11. An online information service that is a
`subsidiary of America Online. CompuServe provides
`information and communications capabilities, including
`Internet access. It is primarily known for its technical sup­
`port forums for commercial hardware and software prod­
`ucts and for being one of the first large commercial online
`services. CompuServe also operates various private net­
`work services.
`computational intelligence n. The study of the design
`of intelligent agents whose reasoning is based on compu­
`tational methods. The central scientific goal of computa­
`tional intelligence is to understand the principles that
`make intelligent behavior possible, in natural or artificial
`systems. An intelligent agent is flexible to changing envi­
`ronments and changing goals-it learns from experience,
`and it makes appropriate choices given perceptual limita­
`tions and finite computation. The central engineering goal
`of computational intelligence is to specify methods for the
`design of useful, intelligent artifacts. See also agents (def­
`inition 2), artificial intelligence, autonomous agent.
`computation-bound adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteris­
`tic of a situation in which the perfonnance of a computer is
`limited by the number of arithmetic operations the micropro­
`cessor must perform. When a system is computation-bound,
`the microprocessor is overloaded with calculations. Also
`called: CPU-bound.
`compute vb. 1. To perform calculations. 2. To use a com­
`puter or cause it to do work.
`computer 12. Any device capable of processing infonna­
`tion to produce a desired result. No matter how large or
`small they are, computers typically perform their work in
`three well-defined steps: (1) accepting input, (2) process­
`ing the input according to predefined rules (programs),
`and (3) producing output. There are several ways to cate­
`gorize computers, including class (ranging from micro­
`computers to supercomputers), generation (first through
`fifth generation), and mode of processing (analog versus
`digital). See the table. See also analog, digital (definition
`2), integrated circuit, large-scale integration, very-large­
`scale integration.
`Table C.1 Ways to Categorize Computers
`Class
`Generation
`Mode of
`processing
`Computers can be classified as super­
`computers, mainframes, supenninicom­
`puters, minicomputers, workstations,
`microcomputers, or PDAs. All other
`things (for example, the age of the
`machine) being equal, such a categoliza­
`tion provides some indication of the com­
`puter's speed, size, cost, and abilities.
`First-generation computers of histolic
`significance, such as UNIVAC, intro­
`duced in the early 1950s, were based on
`vacuum tubes. Second-generation com­
`puters, appearing in the early 1960s,
`were those in which transistors replaced
`vacuum tubes. Third-generation comput­
`ers, dating from the I 960s, were those in
`which integrated circuits replaced tran­
`sistors. Fourth-generation computers,
`appearing in the mid-l 970s, are those,
`such as microcomputers, in which large­
`scale integration (LSI) enabled thousands
`of circuits to be incorporated on one
`chip. Fifth-generation computers are
`expected to combine very-large-scale
`integration (VLSI) with sophisticated
`approaches to computing, including arti­
`ficial intelligence and true disttibuted
`processing.
`Computers are either analog or digital.
`Analog computers, generally used in sci­
`entific pursuits, represent values by con­
`tinuously variable signals that can have
`any of an infinite number of values
`within a limited range at any particular
`time. Digital computers, the type most
`people think of as computers, represent
`values by discrete signals-the bits rep­
`resenting the binary digits O and I.
`computer-aided design 11. See CAD.
`computer-aided design and drafting n. See CADD.
`computer-aided design/ computer-aided
`manufacturing 11. See CAD/CAM.
`118
`Exhibit 1016
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`into the lens of the projection system and thus create a
`bright, full-color display. Displays can be combined to cre­
`ate high-definition systems of 1920 x 1035 (1,987,200) pix­
`els with 64 million colors. Acronym: DMD.
`digital modem 11. 1. A communications device that acts as
`the intermediary between a digital device such as a com­
`puter or terminal and a digital communications channel,
`such as a high-speed network line, an ISDN circuit, or a
`cable TV system. Although a digital modem supports stan­
`dard (analog) modem protocols, itis not a "typical" modem
`in the sense of being a device whose primary function is to
`modulate (conve1t digital to analog) before transmission
`and demodulate (convert analog to digital) after transmis­
`sion. It uses advanced digital modulation techniques for
`changing data frames into a format suitable for transmission
`over a digital line. See also tenninal adapter. Compare
`modem. 2. A 56 Kbps modem. Such a modem is not purely
`digital but does eliminate the traditional digital-to-analog
`conversion for downstream transmissions-that is, trans­
`missions moving from the Internet to the end user. A 56
`Kbps modem is also digital in that it requires a digital con­
`nection, such as Tl, between the telephone company and
`the user's Internet Service Provider (ISP) in order to achieve
`its highest speed. See also 56-Kbps modem. 3. A term used
`to distinguish all-digital communications devices, such as
`ISDN and cable "modems" from the more traditional ana­
`log-to-digital, phone-based modems.
`Digital Network Architecture 11. A multilayered archi­
`tecture and set of protocol specifications for networks.
`Designed by the Digital Equipment Corporation, Digital
`Network Architecture is implemented in the set of prod­
`ucts known by the name DECnet. Acronym: DNA. See
`also DECnet.
`digital photography n. Photography by means of a digi­
`tal camera. Digital photography differs from conventional
`photography in that a digital camera does not use a silver
`halide-based film to capture an image. Instead, a digital
`camera captures and stores each image electronically. See
`also digital camera.
`digital picture frame 11. Electronic device used in dis­
`playing digital photos and graphics while giving the out­
`ward appearance of a traditional picture frame. Digital
`picture frames allow users to rotate photos within the
`frame at specified intervals, display a series of photos as a
`slide show, or use an Internet connection to download pho­
`tos, order prints, or send customized photo sets to others.
`Digital Print Order Format n. See DPOF.
`digital proof n. See direct digital color proof.
`digital recording 11. The storage of information in
`binary-encoded (digital) fonnat. Digital recording con­
`verts information-text, graphics, sound, or pictures-to
`strings of ls and Os that can be physically represented on a
`storage medium. Digital recording media include com­
`puter disks and tapes, optical (or compact) discs, and
`ROM cartridges of the type used for some software and
`many computer games.
`Digital Rights Management n. See DRM.
`digital satellite system 11. A high-powered satellite sys­
`tem with the capability to deliver high-quality transmis­
`sions of hundreds of channels directly to televis_ion
`receivers. A DSS broadcast begins as a digital signal sent
`from a service provider's station to a satellite. From there,
`it is directed to a satellite dish (typically 18 inches) at the
`user's premises. The dish next transmits the signal to a
`converter box, which changes it to an analog signal before
`sending it to the television set. Acronym: DSS.
`Digital Services 11. See DS.
`digital signal 11. A signal, such as one transmitted within
`or between computers, in which information is represented
`by discrete states-for example, high and low voltages­
`rather than by fluctuating levels in a continuous stream, as
`in an analog signal.
`Digital Signal n. See DS.
`digital signal processor 11. An integrated circuit
`designed for high-speed data manipulation m1d used in
`audio, communications, image manipulation. tmd other data
`acquisition and data control applications. Acronym: DSP.
`digital signature 11. A security mechanism used on the
`Internet that relies on two keys, one public and one pri­
`vate, that are used to encrypt messages before transmis­
`sion and to decrypt them on receipt.
`159
`Digital Signature Algorithm 11. The U.S. government
`standard for digital signatures, as specified by the National
`Institute of Standards and Technology, in FIPS 186, Digi­
`tal Signature Standm·d. DSA is based on signature encryp­
`tion based on a public and a private key. Acronym: DSA.
`See also digital signatme.
`Digital Signature Standard n. A public key crypto­
`graphic standard issued in 1994 by the United States
`National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to
`authenticate electronic documents. The DSS uses a Digital
`Signature Algorithm (DSA) to generate and verify digital
`Exhibit 1016
`Page 04 of 06
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`computers and special-purpose devices such as digital
`cameras and cellular telephones.
`micro-electromechanical systems n. See MEMS.
`microelectronics 12. The technology of constructing
`electronic circuits and devices in very small packages. The
`most significant advance in microelectronics technology
`has been the integrated circuit. Circuits that 40 years ago
`required a roomful of power-hungry vacuum tubes can
`now be fabricated on a silicon chip smaller than a postage
`stamp and require only a few milliwatts of power. See also
`integrated circuit.
`microfiche n. A small sheet of film, about 4 by 6 inches,
`used for recording photographically reduced images, such
`as document pages, in rows and columns forming a grid
`pattern. The resulting images are too small to read with the
`naked eye, and a microfiche reader is required to view the
`documents. Compare microfilm.
`microfilm n. A thin strip of film stored on a roll and used
`to record sequential data images. As with microfiche, a
`special device magnifies the images so that they crui be
`read. See also CIM (definition 2), COM (definition 4).
`Compare microfiche.
`microfloppy disk n. A 3.5-inch floppy disk of the type
`used with the Macintosh and with IBM and compatible
`microcomputers. A microfloppy disk is a round piece of
`polyester film coated with ferric oxide and encased in a
`rigid plastic shell equipped with a sliding metal cover. On
`the Macintosh, a single-sided microfloppy disk can hold
`400 kilobytes (KB); a double-sided (standard) disk can
`hold 800 KB; and a double-sided high-density disk can
`hold 1.44 megabytes (MB). On IBM and compatible
`machines, a microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or 1.44
`MB of information. See also floppy disk.
`microfluidi~s n. Technology for control and manipulation
`of fluids on a microscopic scale using microscopic pumps
`and valves placed on a chip. Microfluidics devices have
`implications for a number of medical, pharmaceutical,
`genomics, and other biotechnology applications.
`mlcroform n. The medium, such as microfilm or micro­
`fiche, on which a photographically reduced image, called
`a microimage, is stored. A microimage usually represents
`text, such as archived documents. See also microfiche,
`microfilm, micrographics.
`micfoprocesso(
`micrographics 11. The techniques and methods for
`recording data on microfilm. See also microform.
`microimage n. A photographically reduced image, usu­
`ally stored on microfilm or microfiche, that is too small to
`be read without magnification. See also microfom1. micro­
`graphics.
`microinstruction 11. An instruction that is part of the
`microcode. See also microcode.
`microjustification 11. See micros pace justification.
`mlcrokernel 11. 1. In programming, the strictly hardware­
`dependent part of an operating system that is intended to
`be portable from one type of computer to another. The
`microkernel provides a hardware-independent interface to
`the rest of the operating system, so only the microkemel
`needs to be rewritten to port the operating system to a dif­
`ferent platform. See also kernel, operating system. 2. A
`kernel that has been designed with only the basic features
`and typically in a modular fashion.
`microloglc 11. A set of instructions, stored in binary fo1111,
`or a set of electronic logic circuits that defines and governs
`the operation within a microprocessor.
`microminiature 11. An extremely small circuit or other
`electronic component, especially one that is a refinement
`of an already miniaturized element.
`microphone 11. 1. A device that converts sound waves
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware can
`convert the microphone's output into digital data that a
`computer can process; for example, to record multimedia
`documents or analyze the sound signal. 2. A communica­
`tions program that runs on the Macintosh computer.
`microphotonics 11. Technology for directing light on a
`microscopic scale. Microphotonics employs tiny mirrors
`or photonic crystals to reflect and transmit specific wave­
`lengths of light, which can carry digital signals. Micro­
`photonics technology has implications for optical
`networks under development for the telecommunications
`industry. See also MEMS, optical switching.
`338
`microprocessor 11. A central processing unit (CPU) on a
`single chip. A modem microprocessor can have several
`million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that
`can easily fit into the palm of one's hand. Microprocessors
`are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory
`and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces,
`excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.
`Exhibit 1016
`Page 05 of 06
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`transceiver n. Short for transmitter/receiver. A device
`that can both transmit and receive signals. On LANs (local
`area networks), a transceiver is the device that connects a
`computer to the network and that converts signals to and
`from parallel and serial form.
`transceiver cable 11. A cable that is used to connect a
`host adapter within a computer to a LAN (local area net­
`work). See also AUI cable, LAN.
`transducer 11. A device that converts one fonn of energy
`into another. Electronic transducers either convert electric
`energy to another form of energy or convert nonelectric to
`electric energy.
`transfer1 11. 1. The movement of data from one location
`to another. 2. The passing of program control from one
`portion of code to another.
`transfer2 vb. To move data from one place to another,
`especially within a single computer. Compare transmit.
`transfer rate 11. The rate at which a circuit or a communi­
`cations channel transfers information from source to desti­
`nation, as over a network or to and from a disk drive.
`Transfer rate is measured in units of infonnation per unit
`of time-for example, bits per second or characters per
`second-and can be measured either as a raw rate, which
`is the maximum transfer speed, or as an average rate,
`which includes gaps between blocks of data as part of the
`transmission time.
`transfer statement n. A statement in a programming
`language that transfers the t1ow of execution to another
`location in the program. See also branch instruction,
`CALL statement, GOTO statement, jump instruction.
`transfer time 11. The time elapsed between the start of a
`data transfer operation and its completion.
`Transistor.
`transform vb. 1. To change the appearance or format of
`data without altering its content; that is, to encode infor­
`mation according to predefined rules. 2. In mathematics
`and computer graphics, to alter the position, size, or nature
`of an object by moving it to another location (translation),
`making it larger or smaller (scaling), turning it (rotation),
`changing its description from one type of coordinate sys­
`tem to another, and so on.
`transformer 11. A device used to change the voltage of an
`alternating current signal or to change the impedance of an
`alternating current circuit.
`transient adj. 1. Fleeting, temporary, or unpredictable.
`2. Of or pertaining to the region of memory .used for pro­
`grams, such as applications, that are read from disk stor­
`age and that reside in memory temporarily until they are
`replaced by other programs. In this context, transient can
`also refer to the programs themselves. 3. In electronics, of
`or pertaining to a short-lived, abnormal, and unpredictable
`increase in power supply, such as a voltage spike or surge.
`Transient time is the interval during which a change in
`current or voltage is building up or decaying.
`transient suppressor 11. A circuit designed to reduce or
`eliminate unwanted electrical signals or voltages.
`transistor 11. Short for transfer resistor. A solid-state cir­
`cuit component, usually with three leads, in which a volt­
`age or a current controls the t1ow of another CUJTent. The
`transistor can serve many functions, including those of
`amplifier, switch, and oscillator, and is a fundamental
`component of almost all modem electronics. See the illus­
`tration. See also base (definition 3), FET, NPN transistor,
`PNP transistor.
`527
`Emitter­
`Base
`-Collector
`Emitter Base Collector
`~
`Exhibit 1016
`Page 06 of 06
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