A Dictionary of
`
`Mechanical
`
`Engineering
`
`TONY ATKINS
`
`AND
`
`MARCEL ESCUDIER
`
`OXFORD
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
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`235
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`miciear fission
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`chanics is the aflalysis of notch-sensitive-solids.
`The effect of notches in fatigue isdescribeci in
`terms of the notch—sensitivEty factor. See also
`FRACTURB MECHANICS.
`'
`'
`-
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`'-
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`notche:fb_ar':
`resin
`_
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`See"
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`.
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`I
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`ox'inss'r¢r':ao'oaN;__'
`rtoailel A "pipe or tuiae, usually} ofvarying cross
`section, through which there isfiow; See also '
`CONVERGEN’I-'_'- DUCT}.
`_
`CHDKED _
`NOZZLE;
`_
`_
`CONVEHGENT-DIVBRGENT NOZZLE; VENTURL
`5
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`nozzle blade See smron BLADE.
`
`riozileu contraction area ratio (ac). _Th_e-
`ratio of the inlet area to the throat area for a
`convergent'no'2zIe._. .
`-
`._
`" '
`--
`'
`'
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`nozzle -ef'fi'ci_e'Iicy ‘See rs":-:NrRor5ro i31=Fr—-
`CIi":ZN’CY_._
`'
`'
`'
`H-noizIe"e'iipan'sion.'ratio (é's)[ The ratio
`the exitarea to the throafarea for a divergent 3
`nozzie;
`
`.
`
`I
`
`-nozaile ‘guide vane .S'ee smog BMDB.
`
`I
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`nozzlé-"mix gas burner A burger i1i'_whic'h
`the combustion air and gaseous fuel are kept]
`are ignited in a.'.%:.
`separate until they mix and
`divergent nozzle; '
`'
`
`hoézie "threat The section" of a" c'o1"1v"er'gent or. .
`convergentadivergent nozzie where the cr"oss»_
`sectional area is--arninimum.
`"
`'
`-
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`NIP See zxtoamai-. TEMPERATURE AND Passsuae. '
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`.
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`NTU _'Séé_1'\'iuMBiaa_oi= riraflspaii oistrs.
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`.
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`'
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`'nu"r'.I'ean%_ - fission ' (fiss'iori)' A. ' reac'tio'n' in _
`E which the micieos of a‘ heavy atorri='splits'into
`1ighter=_ nuclei accompanied_-' by the release‘ of"
`iarge arriou'nts' of thermal energy",-_ In__a_I'1'u€lear
`"power plaint, the fl1erma1__energy-neéde&_-to_-
`- produce steam is derived f1_'_orr_1- co'n_tro1_Ied_.ni_1_-:__
`clear. fission-gin a_'nucIe'ar_ reactor. 'i‘he_'most: '
`co'rnmon'fue1s'ai:eEsotopesofuraniumand'plu-
`tonium. Either pressurized water or a gas‘ such-"
`as carbon dioxicle or helium (gas-cooied_ nu«'
`clear reactor} is commonly used to "cool the
`reactor core and generate steam in a" boiler. In
`'the':-- advanced. gas-"cooled '_
`2 reactor..._ {AGR}.
`graphite is.-'the*'r:eutron -moderator, -enricheci :
`uranium is 3 the ' fuel-,-: and carbo'n'"dioxide'-"gas -is
`the_"coolant'. The gas pressure is.ahout'-.40'bar_
`and"-‘the’ highest gas temperature 'fi4'0.°C.' In
`a_.=supercrit_ica[_-water
`reactor. (SCWR) _.the_.
`. water is at super'critical'pressure; Ina; boiling-'
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`-
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`__
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`._
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`Be_stwa_y _Exh_ib_'i':t'1'O2'_0§'()
`-
`.3-P._GR2?O.17--.00
`
`i
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`i
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`2
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`s
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`
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`'
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`lnoroiaf vector"
`
`' The first coIu_Inn' of this is the norrnal vector NT,
`which is-_a_ur_1it~ _\_rector.. running in a direction
`orthogonal to the approach and_orier1tafion tree-
`tors, as'sI1'oyvnirr the "diagram.
`_';3_
`
`' :'1o__r'I1'1"'a! w_ater__'_ Iéiiei _"(op'e'r'atin"g _ water
`_i Ievel)' .'The' Eeveli of "water" in" a "steam-raising
`5 boiler‘ for proper _ope_ratiori. Co'rribu'stion is u's'u~_
`' aily haited if the love! is too low, and the feed-
`water ssppty c'utoffift'o'o"high.'_
`'
`- " '-
`'-
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`'
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`
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`.-
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`'
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`".
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`l1'c'|S'e'_ The usually". rounded "or. pointed front
`part of a bulbous or s1encIer"body,:such' as an‘
`_ aeroplane,-._missile,"-high-speed". train, torpedo,
`dirigibIe,' o1fr1iototvehic_le..
`5
`_
`'_ ‘no-slip" -c_"c;':a'._-.':i"ti¢‘:'§«.'i-' Th'e_"assi1'inpfion ‘gnar-
`thereis no tangential reiatixievelocity between
`'a'vis'cous'fIti'id. ar'1d_a sutfa'ce"with.w11i_'ch it is in -
`:. contact, Tiie-‘assumption failsifthe 'mean—free
`_‘; path "of the fluid" is c'o_mpa1fabIe;with;_ orgreater
`.
`than," the si11a]iestjdir"nension's "of-the flow geoin- '
`-.
`_ru_:t_i_':!1_" A'ge§mét:'ic‘c1z_s¢5;§_fimiit3r; "often having
`:'e_i._V—'_shape,'- t_h_'a_t_-_c'a_ri be mic':'rostructur_aI'_or much
`-_l_argeriI1_ size; _wh1'eh acts" asa stress Concentrator
`' or, depending" on_'._its sharpness, a cracI<.'A ma» _
`teriaij that. is“ duo_tiIe_' in a_? conxfentioriai tensile
`.' test," but :_b'rit_t1e‘j itvheri the tee stpiéce '. has -"deep.
`-"cuts: that provide a large Constraint to cIeforrr:a~'
`ti_or_1,' is said"tof_be _-__I1_otch.-.. brittle‘. The load-
`-
`". beaFins'capacity.9f. abodr .is:.gi¥efi. by the paid-
`" uot of its"g:ross—s'ecfio'na1 area '_a_i1_'ci_ the worldrig
`stress"; The load"-bearing capacity is "reduced by
`.'_the_p_re'sence__ of ' a "notch" or. o'rac_k._; In._ notch- .
`'_ .ii_1sensit-Ive. rnaterials;-"the 'redu_o_tibI12'i1i'.-_Ioad— -'
`' bearing=_cap'acity is dire_<_:tI§'1.‘. propor_o'_ona1_'-"to-the. _
`redubtiotii-incrosséseetionaiz area," but in: notch-
`-' sensitive“ materials the reduetioriiis disprop'or_—_ j
`.tioi'iateIy 'greater,jI owing_'- to? shear _ c'o_nn'ex:io'r1_'
`' b'etw_'ee'n elenients of_'"the,,=body.'_ Fra'c'tur'e-n'1e_— }
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