(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0015981 A1
`
`
` Dietl (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 16, 2014
`
`US 20140015981Al
`
`(54) SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED
`METHODS OF USE
`
`(52) US. Cl.
`CPC ..................................... .. H04N 7/18 (2013.01)
`USPC ........................................................ .. 348/159
`
`(71) Applicant: Robert Sebastian Dietl, Warren, OH
`(US)
`
`(72)
`
`Inventor: Robert Sebastian Dietl, Warren, OH
`(US)
`
`(21) APPI- N0-3 13/939s438
`.
`Flled:
`
`JUL 11’ 2013
`
`(22)
`
`_
`_
`Related U'S' Apphcatlon Data
`(60) Provisional application No. 61/670,425, filed on Jul.
`1 1a 2012.
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A remote observation or surveillance device for simultaneous
`360 degree imaging comprising a housing defining an inter-
`nal chamber wherein each side wall includes a viewing win-
`dow, a means for mounting having a slot, configuration of
`slots, track or combination thereof, a plurality of camera
`mounting brackets slidably and/or adjustably affixed to the
`mounting means through the slot or track, each bracket being
`adjustably afiixed to a camera, wherein the cameras are con-
`figured t0 PFOVide Simunaneous 360 degree liVe or recorded
`imaging. The cameras can be configured to provide any com-
`bination of viewing angles and degrees of magnification or
`zoom. The device may also comprise a processor or server in
`operable communication with the cameras, which is config-
`ured to control the cameras and/or store and archive video,
`imaging, and/or audio data.
`
`Publication Classification
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`(51)
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`Int. Cl.
`H04N 7/18
`
`(2006.01)
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`144
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`FIG. 15
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`FIG. 18
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`US 2014/0015981 A1
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`Jan. 16, 2014
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`SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED
`METHODS OF USE
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.
`§l 19(e) of US. Provisional Patent Application 61/670,425
`filed Jul. 1 l, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference
`in its entirety.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0002] This application relates to Video surveillance sys-
`tems and in particular to self-contained surveillance systems
`having a camera array configured to allow 360° live remote
`monitoring, and video archiving features.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`[0003] The use of video surveillance as a means for moni-
`toring property, improving security, deterring crime, and pro-
`viding evidence continues to expand in both public and pri-
`vate settings. For example, with budgetary issues plaguing
`municipalities and companies in the private sector alike, the
`implementation of video surveillance is especially attractive
`as an economical alternative that provides for enhanced secu-
`rity at a fraction of the cost of hiring security personnel. In
`addition, video surveillance systems provide the user with
`flexibility should the conditions or area to be monitored
`change over time.
`[0004] However, conventional video surveillance systems
`suffer from a number of shortcomings. For example, in many
`instances conventional video surveillance systems require the
`installation of many individual cameras in various positions
`just to survey or monitor an area of interest. Of course, the
`installation of multiple cameras is associated with increased
`upfront costs, as well as additional maintenance and moni-
`toring costs. Systems based on multiple single camera units
`can also require multiple devices for capturing and recording
`or saving the image data, further increasing the costs. Even in
`situations where the camera automatically pans or tilts, single
`camera systems inevitably leave certain areas unmonitored
`for periods of time, which can undermine their effectiveness
`in the first instance. Single camera systems also frequently
`lack the ability to monitor the same area using multiple types
`of imaging platforms, e.g., analog, digital, infrared, or ther-
`mal imaging, and/or the lack the ability to monitor the same
`area using varying degrees of zoom.
`[0005] Currently available devices that include or house
`multiple cameras similarly suffer from a number of well-
`known limitations. For example, many multi-camera devices
`are limited in the number of cameras and/or camera types that
`can be utilized with the system. Also, existing surveillance
`devices typically do not provide for the ability to monitor a
`single field of view using multiple imaging platforms, unless
`additional surveillance units are installed to provide more
`complete coverage. Furthermore,
`typical multi-camera
`devices have a relatively limited number of potential camera
`configurations available, which also means that additional
`units or cameras must be placed in other areas to achieve
`complete coverage, further increasing deployment and moni-
`toring costs. Significantly, the vast majority of multi-camera
`devices are designed to be mounted from a vertical wall or
`other surface by aflixing a side wall of the device directly to
`the vertical surface. As such, these devices inherently lack the
`
`ability to survey 360 degrees. Also, because of their design,
`many multi-camera devices do not have suflicient capacity to
`store the video or image data and require direct cabling to
`monitoring equipment, which requires additional time and
`resources to deploy.
`[0006] As such, there exists an ongoing need in the art for
`video or imaging surveillance devices that address and/or
`overcome one or more ofthe above shortfalls. For example, it
`would be highly desirable to obtain and deploy a single device
`capable of monitoring a 360 degree area simultaneously
`using one or more imaging types, angles, and degrees of
`magnification. It would also be desirable to have a device that
`had the capacity to store and/or transmit wirelessly the video
`or imaging data to a remote user. Further still, it is desirable to
`have a device that offers significant flexibility in the number
`and configuration of cameras such that the same device could
`be deployed in a variety of settings while retaining its ability
`to provide 360 degree surveillance coverage.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`[0007] The present description provides a self-contained
`video surveillance device and related system having a video
`and/or imaging camera array configured to allow approxi-
`mately 360 degree live remote monitoring and video and
`imaging archiving. The devices and systems as described
`herein provide increased coverage as compared to other video
`surveillance applications, provide ample video or image stor-
`age capacity, allow for diversity and flexibility in the types of
`imaging and camera array configuration; provide for remote
`monitoring and control, and are integrated so that it is conve-
`nient to install and maintain.
`
`[0008] Thus, in one aspect the description provides a device
`for approximately 360 degree surveillance imaging compris-
`ing a housing defining an internal chamber and including a
`viewing window on each side wall, wherein the internal
`chamber of the housing comprises, (a) a means for mounting,
`wherein the means includes a slot, configuration of slots,
`track or combination thereof; (b) a plurality ofcamera mount-
`ing brackets comprising one end having a camera mount
`configured to adjustably aflix a camera, and another end
`configured to be slidably and/or adjustably aflixed to the
`mounting platform through the slot or configuration of slots
`in the mounting platform; and (c) a camera adjustably aflixed
`to each bracket camera mount, wherein the cameras are con-
`figured to provide for substantially 360 degree viewing or
`imaging simultaneously.
`[0009]
`In any of the embodiments as taught or described
`herein, the housing may be of any desired size or shape, e. g.,
`triangular, square or rectangular or cylindrical. In certain
`preferred embodiments, the housing is approximately rectan-
`gular in shape (i.e., a bottom surface, four side walls, and a top
`surface). In a preferred embodiment, the housing further
`comprises a door hingely connected a side wall, wherein the
`door has an open position and a closed position. In certain
`embodiments, the door further comprises a latch or a lock for
`securing the door closed.
`[0010]
`In any of the embodiments as taught or described
`herein, the viewing window comprises an opening in a side
`wall. In a preferred embodiment, the viewing window has
`dimensions suflicient to provide for camera imaging in 360
`degrees. In an additional embodiment, the viewing widow has
`a width that is approximately the same length as the side wall.
`In certain embodiments, e.g., wherein the housing is cylin-
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`drical, the side wall comprises a viewing window that extends
`in a horizontal plane approximately the entire circumference
`of the cylinder.
`[0011]
`In certain embodiments, the viewing window also
`comprises a transparent pane covering the opening such that
`light, and therefore, Video or image data can still be captured
`by the cameras but the internal components are substantially
`protected from the outside environment. In certain embodi-
`ments, the transparent pane is formed of a material such as
`glass or plastic, e.g., Plexiglas, polycarbonate, polyacrylic,
`polyvinyl, polystyrene or other durable polymeric material,
`aluminum oxynitride, spinel or a combination thereof. In
`additional embodiments, the transparent pane is tinted to
`reduce glare, is comprised of a non-glare transparent mate-
`rial, comprised of auto-tinting glass or a combination thereof.
`In certain additional embodiments, the transparent pane is
`affixed at an acute angle (relative to the vertical plane of the
`side wall) to facilitate downward camera angles.
`[0012]
`In additional embodiments, the housing also com-
`prises one or more light-impenetrable or opaque vertical par-
`titions or curtains separating one side from the another
`thereby reducing or preventing the glare or light entering
`from one side ofthe housing from interfering with cameras on
`the other side of the partition within the housing.
`[0013]
`In any of the embodiments as taught or described
`herein, means for mounting comprises one or more mounting
`platforms. The mounting platform includes a top surface and
`a bottom surface, and includes a slot or configuration of slots
`extending therethrough. The mounting platform may be of
`any desired shape. However, as would be recognized by the
`skilled artisan, the shape of the mounting platform will in
`most cases be dictated by the shape ofthe housing, itself, such
`that the mounting platform fits neatly within the internal
`chamber of the housing. In certain embodiments, the mount-
`ing platform is affixed within the housing in a substantially
`horizontal plane near the top of the housing, near the bottom
`of the housing. In a preferred embodiment, the side panels of
`the housing comprise slots extending horizontally along the
`inward facing surface of the side wall configured to receive
`the mounting platform and secure it in place.
`[0014]
`In another embodiment, the means for mounting
`comprises a rail or plurality of rails forming a slot, configu-
`ration of slots or a track therebetween, wherein the rails are
`secured or affixed to the side walls of the housing. In another
`embodiment, the housing comprising a plurality of rails and
`further comprises a plurality of camera mounting brackets
`slidably and/or adjustably affixed to the rails. In another
`embodiment, the housing comprises both a mounting plat-
`form and a plurality of rails for slidably and/or adjustably
`affixing a plurality of camera mounting brackets.
`[0015]
`In an additional embodiment, the housing com-
`prises a cooling unit, e.g., a thermostat controlled climate
`conditioning unit, for maintaining a temperature within the
`internal chamber of the housing.
`[0016]
`In certain embodiments, the housing comprises two
`mounting platforms, each afiixed within the housing in a
`substantially horizontal plane, wherein the mounting plat-
`forms define three compartments within the internal chamber
`ofthe housing. Thus, in an additional embodiment, the device
`comprises a mounting platform afiixed near the top of the
`viewing window, near the bottom of the viewing window or
`both, allowing for cameras to be mounted in a vertical plane
`from the top platform, the bottom platform or both with a
`camera angle that is aligned with the viewing window.
`
`In any of the embodiments as taught or described
`[0017]
`herein, the mounting platform comprises a plurality of slots or
`configuration of slots having a length that allows the camera
`to be slid or moved along the axis of the mounting platform.
`In still additional embodiments, the slot or configuration of
`slots have a width sufficient to allow part of the camera
`mounting bracket to extend or pass through it but narrow
`enough such that part ofthe camera mounting bracket can rest
`on a surface of the mounting platform so as to secure and fix
`the position of the camera. In certain embodiments, the
`mounting platform comprises one or more geometrical con-
`figurations of slots that allows for a virtually unlimited num-
`ber of possible camera positions. For example,
`in one
`embodiment, one or more slots are cut in a shape that is
`substantially the same as the shape of the mounting platform
`but having a reduced length and width (in the case of a
`rectangular or square shape) or diameter (in the case of a
`circular shape). In certain embodiments, the slots are concen-
`tric (i.e., share the same center or axis). In certain embodi-
`ments, the mounting platform comprises a configuration of
`slots having an “H” or “double-H” like shape (e.g., “H” or
`“H -|”) or a combination of both. In another of the preferred
`embodiments, the mounting platform is secured within the
`housing at a height sufficient to align the viewing windows
`with the viewing angle of the cameras.
`[0018]
`In any of the embodiments taught and described
`herein, the mounting platform may additionally comprise one
`or more holes or apertures in extending through from the top
`surface to the bottom surface to accommodate wiring or
`cables for the devices contained in the housing.
`[0019]
`In any of the embodiments taught and described
`herein, the camera mounting bracket may be a single (i.e.,
`unitary) or multi-component device so long as the bracket
`comprises one portion that can extend or be received through
`the slots in the mounting platform and be reversibly tightened
`and secured to the mounting platform surface in order to slide
`and fix, respectively the bracket; and a portion that is adjust-
`ably afiixed to a camera. In certain embodiments, the camera
`mounting brackets are slidably and/or adjustably affixed to
`the mounting platform near the top of the internal chamber of
`the housing, near the bottom of the internal chamber of the
`housing or a combination of both.
`the camera mounting
`[0020]
`In certain embodiments,
`bracket comprises a fastener having a body defining a head
`and a shaft, wherein the head is wider than the shaft and also
`the width of the slot or combination of slots in the mounting
`platform. In other words, the slots in the mounting platform
`have a width sufficient to retain the head of the fastener while
`
`allowing the shaft of the fastener to extend therethrough and
`engage the camera mounting bracket. In certain embodi-
`ments, the head of the fastener rests or sits directly or indi-
`rectly on a surface of the mounting platform.
`[0021]
`In additional embodiments, the camera mounting
`bracket comprises a co-axial shaft, a portion ofwhich extends
`through the slot in the mounting platform, and is received by
`fastener, i.e., a bolt or disc configured to slidably and/or
`adjustably affix the camera in a position along the slot in the
`mounting platform, wherein the fastener is configured to be
`reversibly loosened and tightened, and wherein when loos-
`ened, the camera mounting bracket can be slid along the
`length of the slot in the mounting platform, and when tight-
`ened the camera is secured into position.
`[0022]
`In a preferred embodiment the camera mounting
`bracket is a post-type bracket comprising a wide or approxi-
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`mately flat portion configured to rest on a surface of the
`mounting platform, a reversibly securable fastener that
`extends through the slot in the mounting platform and is
`received by either or both ofthe flat portion and one end ofthe
`post, wherein the other end of the post comprises a camera
`mount. In a preferred embodiment, the camera mount com-
`prises a ball-and-socket mount for adjustably affixing a cam-
`era
`
`In any of the embodiments taught and described
`[0023]
`the device comprises a plurality of cameras, for
`herein,
`example, an analog camera, a digital camera, an infrared
`camera, a heat imaging camera, a Video camera, a still image
`camera, IP based camera or a combination thereof. In certain
`embodiments, the device comprises one or more pan/tilt/
`zoom cameras. In a preferred embodiment, the cameras are
`configured within the housing such that substantially 360
`degrees of viewing or imaging data is captured (and recorded
`and/or transmitted) simultaneously.
`[0024]
`In any of the embodiments taught and described
`herein, the device comprises a computer component, e.g., at
`least one computer processor or server operably connected to
`each of the cameras, directly or indirectly. In a preferred
`embodiment, the processor or server is configured to capture
`and/or store imaging data from the cameras. In any of the
`embodiments taught and described herein, the device further
`comprises a local area network (LAN) connection, a wireless
`local area network (WLAN) or wi-fi internet transmitter or
`combination thereof.
`
`In any of the embodiments taught and described
`[0025]
`the device comprises a power source. In certain
`herein,
`embodiments, the power source is configured to receive an
`AC electrical connection, a DC electrical connection, e.g., a
`battery or battery pack, and/or solar electric. In an embodi-
`ment, the device comprises one or more solar electric panels
`affixed to one or more surfaces of the device for providing
`power and/or charging a battery.
`[0026]
`In an additional aspect, the description provides an
`integrated 360 degree surveillance system comprising a
`device as described herein, a computer processor or server, a
`data connection, i.e., fiber, Cat5, Cath, or the like, to transmit
`data and/or information to the user, and a remote receiver,
`processor and display that are in computer communication,
`e.g., wireless computer communication, with the device,
`wherein the cameras capture video or images simultaneously
`from substantially 360 degrees of view, and wherein the pro-
`cessor or server stores the video or image data, and wherein
`the internet transmitter transmits the video or image data
`information to a remote processor and/or display.
`[0027]
`In still an additional aspect, the description provides
`a method of surveying or monitoring simultaneously and in
`real-time a substantially 360 degree area comprising the steps
`of providing a surveillance device as described herein and a
`remote display, wherein the device and the remote display are
`in computer communication, supplying power to the same,
`and monitoring remotely substantially 360 degrees of view-
`ing area simultaneously.
`[0028] The preceding general areas of utility are given by
`way ofexample only and are not intended to be limiting on the
`scope of the present disclosure and appended claims. Addi-
`tional objects and advantages associated with the composi-
`tions, methods, and processes of the present invention will be
`appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the
`instant claims, description, and examples. For example, the
`various aspects and embodiments of the invention may be
`
`utilized in numerous combinations, all ofwhich are expressly
`contemplated by the present description. These additional
`advantages objects and embodiments are expressly included
`within the scope of the present invention. The publications
`and other materials used herein to illuminate the background
`ofthe invention, and in particular cases, to provide additional
`details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference,
`and for convenience are listed in the appended bibliography.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`[0029] The accompanying drawings, which are incorpo-
`rated into and form a part of the specification,
`illustrate
`example systems, components, and so on, that illustrate vari-
`ous example embodiments of aspects of the invention and,
`together with the description, serve to explain the principles
`of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of
`illustrating an embodiment of the invention and are not to be
`construed as limiting the invention. It will be appreciated that
`the illustrated element boundaries (e.g., boxes, groups of
`boxes, or other shapes) in the figures represent one example of
`the boundaries. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate
`that one element may be designed as multiple elements or that
`multiple elements may be designed as one element. Further-
`more, elements may not be drawn to scale. Further objects,
`features and advantages of the invention will become appar-
`ent from the following detailed description taken in conjunc-
`tion with the accompanying figures showing illustrative
`embodiments of the invention, in which:
`[0030]
`FIG. 1 illustrates a top perspective view of an exem-
`plary video surveillance device housing as described herein.
`[0031]
`FIG. 2 illustrates a top view of the exemplary video
`surveillance device housing of FIG. 1.
`[0032]
`FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of the exemplary video
`surveillance device housing of FIG. 1.
`[0033]
`FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of the exemplary video
`surveillance device housing of FIG. 1; the view being into the
`through the open door into the interior of the housing.
`[0034]
`FIG. 5 illustrates a side view of the exemplary video
`surveillance device housing of FIG. 1.
`[0035]
`FIG. 6 illustrates an exploded view ofthe exemplary
`video surveillance device housing of FIG. 1.
`[0036]
`FIG. 7 illustrates (A) a top view, (B) front, and (C)
`side view of the side wall ofthe exemplary video surveillance
`device housing of FIG. 1.
`[0037]
`FIG. 8 illustrates (A) top view, (B) front, and (C)
`side view of the door panel of the exemplary video surveil-
`lance device housing of FIG. 1, including apertures for secur-
`ing a latch or locking mechanism.
`[0038]
`FIG. 9 illustrates a side view of a side wall of the
`exemplary video surveillance device housing of FIG. 1,
`which is configured to receive an climate control unit.
`[0039]
`FIG. 10 illustrates an exploded view of an exem-
`plary viewing window assembly of a video surveillance
`device housing as described herein.
`[0040]
`FIG. 11 illustrates (A) a top, (B) front, (C) bottom,
`(D) side, (e) back, and (F) top perspective view of the exem-
`plary window assembly of FIG. 10.
`[0041]
`FIG. 12 illustrates a top view of an exemplary upper
`mounting platform of the video surveillance device housing
`as described herein.
`
`FIG. 13 illustrates a top view of an exemplary lower
`[0042]
`mounting platform of the video surveillance device housing
`as described herein.
`
`AXIS EXHIBIT 1015-21
`
`AXIS EXHIBIT 1015-21
`
`

`

`US 2014/0015981 A1
`
`Jan. 16, 2014
`
`FIG. 14 illustrates a an exemplary Video surveil-
`[0043]
`lance device as described hereinbottom-mounted to the top of
`a post.
`FIG. 15 illustrates a perspective view of another
`[0044]
`exemplary Video surveillance device housing as described
`herein having a cylindrical shape.
`[0045]
`FIG. 16 illustrates a an exemplary camera array of
`the video surveillance device as described herein. In particu-
`lar, the Figure demonstrates the inclusion of camera mount-
`ing brackets of different lengths being affixed to the upper
`mounting platform through the slots. The bottom mounting
`platform, viewing window and viewing window assembly are
`also visible.
`
`FIG. 17 illustrates another exemplary embodiment
`[0046]
`ofa video surveillance device and system as described herein.
`In particular, the Figure demonstrates a two-part housing in
`which a second housing (in this example a cylindrical hous-
`ing) is affixed or secured to a surface of the first housing. In a
`preferred embodiment, the second housing comprises one or
`more pan/tilt/zoom cameras configured move or rotate 360
`degrees.
`FIG. 18 illustrates a schematic of the an exemplary
`[0047]
`video surveillance device or system as described herein,
`including the housing, mounting platforms, cameras, camera
`mounting brackets, data/power patch panel, power panel, cli-
`mate control unit, digital video recorder/network video
`recorder.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`[0048] The following is a detailed description of the inven-
`tion provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the
`present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art may make
`modifications and variations in the embodiments described
`
`herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the
`present invention. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and
`scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as com-
`monly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which
`this invention belongs. The terminology used in the descrip-
`tion of the invention herein is for describing particular
`embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the
`invention. All publications, patent applications, patents, fig-
`ures and other references mentioned herein are expressly
`incorporated by reference in their entirety.
`[0049] The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are
`illustrative of advantageous devices compositions, and sys-
`tems of the present disclosure and methods/techniques
`thereof. It should be understood, however, that the disclosed
`embodiments are merely exemplary ofthe present disclosure,
`which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, details
`disclosed herein with reference to exemplary steel composi-
`tions/fabrication methods and associated processes/tech-
`niques of assembly and use are not to be interpreted as lim-
`iting, but merely as the basis for teaching one skilled in the art
`how to make and use the advantageous steel compositions of
`the present disclosure. Drawing figures are not necessarily to
`scale and in certain views, parts may have been exaggerated
`for purposes of clarity.
`[0050] Where a range ofvalues is provided, it is understood
`that each intervening value, to the tenth ofthe unit ofthe lower
`limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between
`the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or
`intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within
`the invention. Ranges from any lower limit to any upper limit
`are contemplated. The upper and lower limits ofthese smaller
`
`ranges which may independently be included in the smaller
`ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to
`any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the
`stated range includes one or both ofthe limits, ranges exclud-
`ing either both ofthose included limits are also included in the
`invention.
`
`[0051] Although any methods and materials similar or
`equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the
`practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred
`methods and materials are now described. All publications
`mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to
`disclose and described the methods and/or materials in con-
`
`nection with which the publications are cited.
`[0052] The articles “a” and “an” as used herein and in the
`appended claims are used herein to refer to one or to more
`than one (i.e., to at least one) ofthe grammatical object ofthe
`article unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. By way
`of example, “an element” means one element or more than
`one element.
`
`[0053] All numerical values within the detailed description
`and the claims herein are modified by “about” or “approxi-
`mately” the indicated value, and take into account experimen-
`tal error and variations that would be expected by a person
`having ordinary skill in the art.
`[0054] Where a range ofvalues is provided, it is understood
`that each intervening value, to the tenth ofthe unit ofthe lower
`limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise (such as in
`the case of a group containing a number of carbon atoms in
`which case each carbon atom number falling within the range
`is provided), between the upper and lower limit of that range
`and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range
`is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower
`limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included
`in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the inven-
`tion, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated
`range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the
`limits, ranges excluding either both of those included limits
`are also included in the invention. The articles “a” and “an”
`
`are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at
`least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of
`example, “an element” means one element or more than one
`element.
`
`[0055] The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specifica-
`tion and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either
`or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are
`conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present
`in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should
`be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the
`elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be
`present other than the elements specifically identified by the
`“and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those ele-
`ments
`specifically identified. Thus,
`as
`a non-limiting
`example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunc-
`tion with open-ended language such as “comprising” can
`refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including
`elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only
`(optionally including elements other than A); in yet anothe