`
`Stability considerations in liquid dosage forms extemporaneously prepared from commercially available products.
`
`J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci (www.cspscanada.org) 9(3):398426, 2006
`Stability considerations in liquid dosage forms extemporaneously prepared from
`commercially available products.
`
`Beverley D Glass1 and Alison Haywood2
`
`1School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia. 2School of Pharmacy,
`Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia.
`
`Received October 10; 2006; Accepted December 13; 2006, Published December 14, 2006.
`
`PDF Version
`
`Corresponding Author: Beverley D Glass, Chair of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas Campus,
`AUSTRALIA, Email: Beverley.Glass@jcu.edu.au
`
`
`
`The pharmacist, both in community and hospital pharmacy practice, is often challenged with the preparation of a liquid
`dosage form not available commercially for paediatric patients, those adults unable to swallow tablets or capsules and
`patients who must receive medications via nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes. Recognising the lack of information
`available to healthcare professionals, a general discussion of the various parameters that may be modified in preparing
`these dosage forms and a tabulated summary of the dosage forms presented in the literature is described, which,
`although not exhaustive, will provide information on the formulation and stability of the most commonly prepared
`extemporaneous liquid dosage forms. An extensive survey of the literature and investigation of 83 liquid dosage forms
`revealed that stability considerations were of concern for only 7.2 % of these liquid dosage forms, extemporaneously
`prepared from the following commercially available products: captopril, hydralazine hydrochloride, isoniazid,
`levothyroxine sodium, phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride and tetracycline hydrochloride. Inclusion of the antioxidant,
`sodium ascorbate in the
`liquid dosage form for captopril resulted in improved stability at 4ºC. Hydralazine
`hydrochloride, isoniazid and phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride were adversely affected due to interactions with
`excipients in the formulation , while the effect of the preservative in lowering the pH in a levothyroxine sodium mixture
`resulted in decreased stability. Interestingly, the instability in these formulations is primarily due to interactions between
`the drug substance and the excipients rather than degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient by standard routes
`such as oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis or thermolysis. This low percentage however illustrates the low risk associated
`with these dosage forms investigated. It may be concluded that when considering the safety and efficacy of liquid
`dosage forms prepared extemporaneously, it is thus important to consider not only the stability of the drug substance but
`the entire formulation .
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The lack of commercially available oral liquid dosage forms is an ongoing problem in many practice settings. A
`pharmacist is often challenged to provide an extemporaneous oral liquid for (i) paediatric patients; (ii) patients who are
`unable to swallow solid dosage forms such as tablets or capsules; (iii) patients who must receive medications via
`nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes; and (iv) patients who require nonstandard doses that are more easily and accurately
`measured by using a liquid formulation (110). It is common practice for these liquid dosage forms to be prepared from
`a commercially available oral solid dosage form by simply crushing tablets or opening a capsule and the subsequent
`addition of water or juice. However these dosage forms can become complex (2) due to the addition of excipients and
`while these measures are taken to improve compliance and stability of the extemporaneously prepared product, there are
`often limited data to support the stability or bioavailability of the final liquid dosage form, where potential interactions
`between the vehicle, preservative , buffering agent, flavouring agent, levigating agent, suspending agent, viscosity
`enhancer, storage container and the modified commercial product have yet to be established.
`
`This review represents the first comprehensive summary of liquid dosage forms prepared from commercially available
`tablets and illustrates the low risk associated with these products if cognisance is taken,not only of the active
`pharmaceutical ingredient but all those ingredients contributed to the formulation as excipients from the commercially
`used product.
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`
`ORAL LIQUID PREPARATIONS
`
`Oral liquid preparations for paediatric patients
`
`Studies (2, 7, 9, 1114) have identified that the preparation of liquid formulations for paediatric patients is both a daily
`experience and challenge for the pharmacist and paediatric health care provider. Appropriate formulations for
`administration to children exist for only a minority of commercially available drugs and the need for extemporaneously
`compounded formulations is escalating due to the release of many new drugs formulated for adults but with expected use
`in children (7, 9, 11). Children require titratable individualised doses in milligrams per kilogram of body weight and most
`children under six years of age cannot swallow tablets (15, 16).
`
` A
`
` survey (14) into the informational needs of hospital compounding pharmacists providing pharmaceutical care to
`paediatric patients at 57 sites in the USA and Canada listed 76 extemporaneously prepared drug formulations as having
`adequate stability data, 109 formulations for which improved stability data were requested, and an additional 103 drug
`formulations prescribed by paediatricians that had no compounding or stability information available.
`
`There are many reasons for the lack of commercially available paediatric formulations . The overall size of the
`paediatric market is much smaller than for adults, especially for common diseases such as hypertension. The industry is
`thus reluctant to commit resources to seek labelling for infants and children (unless a disease occurs exclusively or
`frequently in the paediatric population), since the formulation has to have been adequately studied in paediatric patients.
`Therefore, additional costs, limited financial returns, delay in marketing for adults, and perceived greater legal liability
`and regulatory requirements are impediments to developing and marketing a paediatric drug formulation (7, 17). It is
`encouraging to note, however, that according to a recent European memorandum, pharmaceutical manufacturers may be
`given incentives to manufacture and distribute medicines for a common paediatric market (14, 18). The FDA (Food and
`Drug Administration Act) Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 provides incentives for the development and marketing
`of drugs for children. Under this Act, the FDA would waiver user fees for supplemental application for paediatric
`approval of new drugs already approved for use in adults. In addition, the market exclusivity period would be extended by
`six months for new drugs if the pharmaceutical industry can demonstrate health benefits in the paediatric population (18).
`
`Tablets are often cut into smaller segments (halves or quarters) in the pharmacy or on the ward to obtain appropriately
`sized dosage units for children, however a major concern is that segments from tablets cannot be cut with great accuracy
`of dose (12, 1921). McDevitt et al (20) conducted an extensive analysis on the ability to split a 25mg
`hydrochlorothiazide tablet accurately by 94 volunteers. Of the 1752 manually split tablet portions, 41.3 % deviated from
`ideal weight by more than 10 % and 12.4 % deviated by more than 20 %. Gender, age, education, and tabletsplitting
`experience were consistently found not to be predictive of accuracy. Most subjects (96.8 %) stated a preference for
`commercially produced, lowerdose tablets, and 77.2 % were willing to pay more for them. The issue of cost containment
`in the treatment of hypertension has seen many physicians prescribing larger dosages of drugs and then instructing
`patients to split the tablets to receive the correct dose, and some health maintenance organisations are providing tablet
`splitters to patients while dispensing larger than prescribed doses (20). Modification of the commercial medication in this
`manner may be less expensive in the short term, but it has not been proven to be financially or medically effective and is
`of particular concern for drugs with steep doseresponse curves or narrow therapeutic windows. The most appropriate
`device for splitting tablets is a further issue. Horn et al (19) conducted a study on captopril, clonidine, amlodipine,
`atenolol, carbamazepine, and setraline tablets to assess the reproducibility of tablet splitting using two different
`commercially available pill cutters, by examining the weight variation between the tablet parts (halves and quarters).
`Their results showed an inability for tablets to be reproducibly split by both devices and it was suggested that paediatric
`practitioners and pharmacy administrators investigate alternative dosage forms, such as the extemporaneous compounding
`of solutions, when small dosages are required for paediatric patients.
`
`It has been estimated that more than 40 % of doses given in paediatric hospitals require compounding to prepare a
`suitable dosage form (9) since crushing a tablet and/or sprinkling the contents of a capsule over food or mixing in a drink
`may lead to errors in preparation or delivery of doses (14).
`
`Occasionally extemporaneous powders have been prepared by redistributing the powder from commercially available
`crushed tablets or opened capsules into smaller strength capsules or powder papers/ sachets, sometimes after dilution
`with lactose or similar material (12). This practice has been reported to be inflexible and time consuming (15, 22, 23) and
`further, usually requires the caregiver to reconstitute the powder form of the drug into a liquid dosage form immediately
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`prior to drug administration, with the potential for the caregiver to be unable to accurately prepare and administer each
`dose (24, 25).
`
`Another practice seen in paediatric care is to use injectable solutions for oral administration (13, 26). This is generally
`costprohibitive (27) and presents with many problems including the following: (i) drugs and/or vehicles may be mucosal
`irritants, vesicants, nauseants, or cauterants; (ii) drugs may undergo extensive firstpass metabolism or may have poor
`bioavailability after oral administration (e.g. cefuroxime and enalapril) (7); (iii) drugs and/or vehicles suitable for
`injection may be unpalatable; (iv) excipients included in the formulation may have toxic effects when cumulative oral
`ingestion is considered; and (v) cosolvents used in the commercial formulation may be diluted when mixed with syrup
`or water, thus allowing the drug to precipitate (13).
`
`In most cases the pharmacist will therefore prepare an oral liquid dosage form with the active ingredient dissolved or
`suspended in a simple syrup or sorbitol mixture (7, 12, 18, 28). Since pure crystalline powders of drugs are not usually
`accessible to pharmacies, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is often obtained by modifying a commercially
`available adult solid dosage form by crushing a tablet or opening a capsule. When a drug is formulated for paediatric use,
`several factors unique to paediatrics must be considered such as the immaturity of the intestinal tract and the subsequent
`influence on gastrointestinal absorption, and the fact that seriously ill neonates are often fluid restricted, limiting the
`volume of medications that can be received. Additives, including preservatives and sugar must be chosen carefully.
`Patients who are fructose intolerant have had significant adverse effects from sorbitol and there is a link between chronic
`use of sugar sweetened medication and dental caries (11). Formulations may also contain preservatives ; an excipient
`considered to be largely inert in adults, however, may lead to life threatening toxicity in paediatrics when multiple doses
`of medications with the same preservative are employed. This is particularly the case with benzyl alcohol and benzoic
`acid (11).
`
`The physical, chemical, microbial and therapeutic stability of the above paediatric extemporaneous preparations may not
`have been undertaken at all. This coupled with the increased potential for calculation or dispensing errors may prove the
`practice of modifying commercially available products to be extremely unsafe. Although information (2931) is available
`detailing extemporaneous formulations for parenteral and oral use, however, only some of the formulations have
`documented stability data.
`
`Oral liquid preparations for use in residential agedcare facilities
`
`Many people in agedcare facilities have their medications modified for ease of administration. For example, nurses at
`nursing homes routinely use a mortar and pestle to crush oral solid medications for elderly patients with swallowing
`difficulties and sprinkle the crushed medication over the food (1, 32). While this practice aims to ensure residents receive
`necessary medications, there are also potential problems with this practice (4). Modifying a commercially available
`medication may lead to (i) increased toxicity, e.g. crushing an extendedrelease solid dosage form leads to dose dumping;
`(ii) undesirable side effects; (iii) decreased efficacy, e.g. crushing an enteric coated tablet may result in destruction of
`the active ingredient in the acidic environment of the stomach; (iv) unpalatability, resulting in poor patient compliance;
`(v) instability of the medicine, affecting the rate of drug absorption; and (vi) create potential hazards to health care
`workers, e.g. crushing cytotoxics (1, 4, 5).
`
`The processes by which medicines are modified in these facilities are also a cause for concern. In a study in South
`Australia (5), at least one medication was modified in 34 % of the 1207 occasions of medication administration observed
`within ten residential agedcare facilities. In all occasions where more than one medicine was modified, they were
`crushed together within the same vessel. In 59 % of occasions where the same vessel was shared amongst residents, the
`vessel was not cleaned between residents and in 70 % of cases where medicines were modified, spillage, and thus
`potential loss of dosage, was observed. The administration of the crushed medicines then poses a further concern, as in
`the majority of cases, the crushed medication was mixed in a small medication cup with a soft medium such as jam,
`custard or fruit. This raises questions as to the physicochemical stability of the active ingredient in the food medium,
`especially in the case of acidlabile active ingredients. In 2 % of the observations, the crushed medications were
`sprinkled over the resident’s meal, questioning the dosage (5).
`
`In a study (6) involving 540 nurses (out of a potential 763) employed in nursing homes in England, 40 % admitted to
`crushing tablets every drug round, 29 % every day and 12 % at least every week. All of the tablets that the nurses
`admitted to crushing were available to be administered by other routes, in dispersible formulations or as a liquid .
`Reasons for crushing tablets were listed as “the GP tells me to” (58 %) and that the GP would be concerned about the
`cost of changing to a liquid formulation (60.9 %). Although the cost of alternatives is a justifiable concern, it must be
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`cost of changing to a liquid formulation (60.9 %). Although the cost of alternatives is a justifiable concern, it must be
`viewed in the contexts of patient safety and professional liability (6).
`
`The practice of crushing tablets may breach legal and professional requirements (33, 34). The important legal issues
`related to the act of tablet crushing and capsule opening are outlined by Wright (6) as follows: (i) the opening of a
`capsule or crushing of a tablet before administration will in most cases render its use to be “unlicensed”. Consequently
`the manufacturer may assume no liability for any ensuing harm that may come to the resident; and (ii) under the
`Medicines Act 1968 only medical and dental practitioners can authorise the administration of “unlicensed” medicines to
`humans. It is, therefore, strictly illegal to open a capsule or crush a tablet before administration without the authorisation
`of the prescriber. When a medicine is authorised to be administered “unlicensed” by a prescriber, a percentage of
`liability for any harm that may ensue will still lie with the administrating nurse. The balance of this liability would be
`assessed in a court of law on an individual case basis (6).
`
`Oral liquid preparations for use in enteral feeding
`
`There is a growing interest in enteral feeding as a means of delivering medications and new feeding tubes are being
`designed in order to share the capacity for medication delivery (33). Although the newer feeding tubes share the capacity
`for medication delivery, their use for the administration of drugs may induce intolerance and/or result in less than optimal
`drug absorption, for example: (i) the bioavailability of the drug may be altered, resulting in unpredictable serum
`concentrations or tube occlusion; (ii) drugs may bind to the enteral feeding tube, reducing drug absorption; (iii) crushed
`tablets can block the enteral tube requiring it to be replaced and (iv) there may be interactions between the feed and
`certain drugs, such as the metal ions in antacids binding to the protein in the feed and subsequently blocking the tube (33,
`35). The British Association for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition (BAPEN) has published guidance on the safe
`administration of medicines via enteral feeding tubes (36). Liquid rather than solid medicines should always be
`administered to patients being fed by the enteral route.
`
`LITERATURE REVIEW OF EXTEMPORANEOUSLY PREPARED ORAL LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
`
` A
`
` review protocol was developed with data identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Informit, reference texts related to
`the field, reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings. Searches were current as of September
`2006.
`
`This review presents 83 examples (Table 1) of oral liquids in practice, prepared by modification of commercial
`medications, including the reasons, methods, excipients and packaging for the extemporaneous preparation and the
`outcome of the chemical and physical stability studies conducted. This review considers only those liquid dosage forms
`prepared from commercially available dosage forms as this is the situation most commonly encountered in the practice of
`pharmacy. Table 2 shows the contents of the various proprietary vehicles utilised to prepare the extemporaneous mixtures
`shown in Table 1.
`
`Only those preparations that included chemical stability assessment via a stabilityindicating high performance liquid
`chromatography (HPLC) method were reviewed and drugs were considered stable if they retained ≥ 90% of the initial
`drug concentration. The reason for this is best demonstrated by the results of study by Carlin et al (37) on the stability of
`isoniazid (INH) in INH syrup. Hydrazine, a known carcinogen and one of INH’s principal degradation products, is also
`an amine and thus not distinguished from parent INH. The inadequacy of the then current compendial assay in failing to
`distinguish between INH and hydrazine prompted Carlin et al (37) to assess the stability of commercial INH syrup stored
`under various conditions over a 4month period. At 0 ºC, no hydrazine was detected over the storage period, however,
`decomposition to hydrazine was observed at ambient temperature with a 5.5 – 6.0 fold increase in decomposition rate
`when the storage temperature was raised to 40 ºC. The formation of hydrazine was linear with time.
`
`Where more than one stabilityindicating study had been conducted for each API and demonstrated similar results, only
`the most recent study is reported in the table. Prior studies to those presented in Table 1, that (i) include chemical stability
`assessment and (ii) are prepared by modifying an existing commercial medication, have been performed on the following
`API’s: acetazolamide (38, 39), allopurinol (40), azathioprine (40), baclofen (41), bethanechol chloride (42, 43), captopril
`(44), cisapride (45, 46), clonazepam (47), diltiazem hydrochloride (48), enalapril maleate (49, 50), famotidine (51),
`flecainide acetate (52), flucytosine (53, 54), hydralazine hydrochloride (55), hydrocortisone (56), itraconazole (57),
`labetalol hydrochloride (58), metoprolol tartrate (59), metronidazole (60), midazolam (6164), mycophenolate mofetil (65,
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`66), nifedipine (67), norfloxacin (68), omeprazole (69), procainamide hydrochloride (70, 71), pyrazinamide (72), rifampin
`(7375), sotalol (76), spironolactone (59, 7779), tramadol (80), ursodiol (81) and verapamil hydrochloride (82).
`
`The highlighted (shaded) areas in Table 1 indicate those preparations (6 of the total 83) with stability concerns and are
`further reviewed in the discussion.
`
`DISCUSSION OF STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PREPARATION OF ORAL LIQUID DOSAGE
`FORMS
`
`Of the liquid dosage forms reviewed in the literature, stability was considered to be unfavourable for only 6 of the 83
`dosage forms – a small percentage, illustrating that there is minimum risk associated with these dosage forms and that
`pharmacists taking cognisance of various factors such as drug stability, mechanisms and routes of degradation, and
`potential interactions with excipients in the tablets and/or capsules utilised in the formulation are further able to
`minimise the risk involved. The individual dosage forms displaying stability concerns are discussed below.
`
`Captopril liquid dosage forms
`
`The formulation of captopril, used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure in infants and young children, in a
`liquid dosage form from commercially available tablets, has proved problematic with many and varied results reported in
`the literature (77, 138140). Utilising stability data in the literature that captopril oxidation yields captopril disulphide,
`Nahata et al (44) decided, in addition to investigating the stability of captopril in water and syrup, on the inclusion of the
`antioxidant, sodium ascorbate in distilled water. For these researchers the application of existing knowledge on the
`susceptibility of captopril to oxidation allowed them to extend the shelflife of the extemporaneously prepared captopril
`mixture (in distilled water) from 14 days at 4 ºC and 7 days at 22 ºC to 56 days and 14 days respectively (in distilled
`water and sodium ascorbate). This confirms the need for the pharmacists to utilise their understanding of mechanisms of
`degradation in order that these liquid dosage forms can be formulated to minimise risk and optimise stability. Similarly,
`Allen et al (87) reported on the stability of a captopril mixture prepared from tablets in a 1:1 mixture of OraSweet and
`OraPlus, 1:1 mixture of OraSweet SF and OraPlus, and cherry syrup stored in amber, clear polyethylene terephthalate
`bottles. As expected the results achieved were not superior to those achieved by Nahata et al (44), with stability of 10
`days or less achieved. Comment is made regarding the susceptibility of captopril to oxidation and that fact that this
`reaction is pH dependent. Although it is recommended that captopril be dispensed to patients as a solid dosage form and
`crushed in liquid prior to administration by a caregiver, it should be noted that the formulation containing sodium
`ascorbate which is stable for 56 days when stored at 4 ºC is preferable, as the caregiver is required only to refrigerate
`this liquid dosage form.
`
`
`Table 1. Oral liquid dosage forms prepared by modification of commercial medications
`
`API with
`reference
`
`Acetazolamide
`(53)
`
`Extemporaneous
`modification
`How? Why?
`1a
`2d
`
`Allopurinol (53)
`
`1a
`
`2d
`
`Alprazolam (83)
`
`1a
`
`2d
`
`Excipients
`
`Packaging Stability study data Stability
`considerations
`
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry
`syrup.
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry
`syrup.
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`
`3c (amber) 4a. 25 mg/mL
`mixture stored in the
`dark was stable for
`60 days at 5 and 25
`ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 20 mg/mL
`mixture stored in the
`dark was stable for
`60 days at 5 and 25
`ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 1 mg/mL
`mixture stored in the
`dark was stable for
`
`Optimum pH 45.
`
`
`
`Stability in the
`vehicles tested
`may be partly
`attributed to the
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`Amiloride
`hydrochloride
`(84)
`
`Aminophylline
`(85)
`
`Amiodarone (86)
`
`Azathioprine (53)
`
`Baclofen (87)
`
`
`
`Bethanechol
`chloride (88)
`
`Captopril (87)
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`2d
`
`2d
`
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry
`syrup.
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry
`syrup.
`2d 3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry syrup.
`2d 3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry syrup.
`
`Chloroquine
`phosphate (83)
`
`1a
`
`2d 3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`
`3c (amber) 4a. 15 mg/mL mixture
`stored in the dark was
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`1a
`
`2d
`
`1d
`
`2a,b Vehicle: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus.
`
`2a,b Vehicle: Simple syrup
`NF, methylcellulose,
`distilled water.
`
`3a,b
`
`Stability considerations in liquid dosage forms extemporaneously prepared from commercially available products.
`Plus; and cherry
`60 days at 5 and 25
`drug’s poor
`syrup.
`ºC.
`aqueous solubility.
`2 vehicles: Glycerin
`3d (amber) 4a. 1 mg/mL
`Mixtures prepared
`BP 40 % w/v and
`mixture, with or
`from pure powder
`sterile water; Glycerin
`without
`were more stable
`BP 40 % w/v, sterile
`preservatives ,
`than those
`water and 0.1%
`stored in the dark
`prepared from
`Compound
`was stable for 21
`tablets.
`hydroxybenzoate
`days at 5 ºC and < 7
`solution APF.
`days at 25 ºC.
`Mixtures prepared
`from pure powder
`are stable for 60
`days at 25 ºC.
`3a (amber) 4a. 3 mg/mL
`suspension was
`stable for 91 days at
`4 and 25 ºC; 21
`mg/mL suspension
`was stable for 91
`days at 25 ºC.
`4a. 5 mg/mL
`mixture was stable
`for 91 days at 4 ºC
`and 42 days at 25
`ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 50 mg/mL
`mixture stored in the
`dark was stable for
`60 days at 5 and 25
`ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 10 mg/mL
`mixture stored in the
`dark was stable for
`60 days at 5 and 25
`ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 5 mg/mL mixture
`stored in the dark was
`stable for 60 days at 5
`and 25 ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 0.75 mg/mL
`mixture stored in the
`dark in was stable for
`less than 10 days at 5
`and 25 ºC in the 1st
`two vehicles and only
`stable for 2 days in
`cherry syrup under the
`same conditions.
`
`21 mg/mL
`suspension was
`not stable when
`stored at 4 ºC;
`white crystals
`formed that were
`not redispersible.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`In aqueous solution
`captopril undergoes
`an oxygen
`facilitated firstorder
`oxidation by free
`radicals.
`Antioxidants
`(sodium ascorbate),
`decrease oxidation
`of captopril (44).
`Drug has a bitter
`taste.
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`Cisapride (83)
`
`1a
`
`Clonazepam (53) 1a
`
`Stability considerations in liquid dosage forms extemporaneously prepared from commercially available products.
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`stable for 60 days at 5
`Plus; and cherry syrup.
`and 25 ºC.
`2d 3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`3c (amber) 4a. 1 mg/mL mixture
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`stored in the dark was
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`stable for 60 days at 5
`Plus; and cherry syrup.
`and 25 ºC.
`2d 3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`3c (amber) 4a. 0.1 mg/mL mixture
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`stored in the dark was
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`stable for 60 days at 5
`Plus; and cherry syrup.
`and 25 ºC.
`
`Clonidine
`hydrochloride
`(89)
`
`1a
`
`2d Vehicle: Purified Water
`USP, Simple Syrup NF.
`
`3a (amber) 4a. 0.1 mg/mL
`suspension stored in
`the dark was stable for
`28 days at 4 ºC.
`
`pH must be adjusted
`(sodium
`bicarbonate) to
`neutral.
`Clonazepam must
`be prepared as a
`suspension, since in
`solution it adsorbs to
`polypropylene/
`PVC.
`Similar results were
`obtained from a
`solution prepared in
`the same vehicle
`with pure drug
`powder.
`The presence of
`excess citric acid in
`the formulation
`ensures dantrolene
`sodium is converted
`to the insoluble free
`acid. Suspension has
`a high viscosity
`when stored at 5 ºC.
`Slight yellow
`colouration was
`observed from day
`28 at 25 ºC.
`Optimum pH ~5.
`Choice of sugars as
`excipients greatly
`influences drug
`stability (48).
`
`
`2nd vehicle is
`sugarfree and
`useful for patients
`on a ketogenic or
`diabetic diet.
`
`
`
`Optimum pH ~3.
`
`7/26
`
`Dantrolene (22)
`
`1b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Dapsone (90)
`
`Diltiazem
`hydrochloride
`(87)
`
`Dipyridamole
`(87)
`
`Dolasetron
`mesylate (91)
`
`Domperidone
`(92)
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`1a
`
`2d 2 vehicles: consisting of
`citric acid monohydrate,
`water, syrup BP, with
`and without 0.15% w/v
`methyl
`hydroxybenzoate.
`
`3d
`(amber)
`
`4a. 5 mg/mL
`suspension, with or
`without preservatives ,
`stored in the dark was
`stable for 150 days at
`5, 25 and 40 ºC.
`
`2d
`
`2a,b 2 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; and
`simple syrup NF, citric
`acid, distilled water.
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry
`syrup.
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`OraSweet SF: Ora
`Plus; and cherry
`syrup.
`2 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Plus: (8:1.5 Simple
`syrup NF: strawberry
`fountain syrup); and
`1:1 OraSweet SF:
`OraPlus.
`2a,b Vehicle: 1:1 Ora
`Sweet: OraPlus.
`
`2d
`
`2d
`
`3c (amber) 4a. 2.0 mg/mL
`suspension was stable
`for 91 days at 4 and 25
`ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 12 mg/mL mixture
`stored in the dark was
`stable for 60 days at 5
`and 25 ºC.
`
`3c (amber) 4a. 10 mg/mL mixture
`stored in the dark was
`stable for 60 days at 5
`and 25 ºC.
`
`3b (amber) 4a. 10 mg/mL
`suspension was stable
`for 90 days at 35 ºC
`and 2325 ºC.
`
`3b (amber) 4a. 1 and 10 mg/mL
`suspensions were
`stable for 91 days at 4
`ºC and 25 ºC.
`3c (amber) 4a. 1 mg/mL mixture
`stored in the dark was
`
`3 vehicles: 1:1 Ora
`Enalapril maleate
`Sweet: OraPlus; 1:1
`(83)
`https://sites.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9_3/MS_973_Review/MS_973.html
`
`2d
`
`1a
`
`Flat Line Capital Exh