DICTIONARY OF
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`Oxford
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`Purdue 2003
`Collegium v. Purdue, PGR2018-00048
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`A Dictionary of
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`Science
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`OXEORD
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`Purdue 2003
`Collegium v. Purdue, PGR2018-00048
`
`

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`Purdue 2003
`Collegium v. Purdue, PGR2018-00048
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`

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`homeotic genes
`
`rise to H. heldelhergensis (represented by
`Heidelberg man and Boxgrove man).
`These hominids lived around 500000
`years ago. H, heidelbergensts is thought to
`have been the common ancestor of both
`H. neanderrhalensts (*Neandertbal man)
`and H. sopiens. Both species appeared
`about 100000 years ago. See also Cro-
`rnagnon man.
`
`homocyclic See cyclic.
`homodont Describing animals whose
`teeth are all of the same type. Most Ver-
`tebrates except mammals are homodom
`Compare heterodont.
`homogametic sex The sex that is de~
`termined by possession of two similar
`*sex chromosomes (eg. XX). In humans
`and many other mammals this is the fe-
`male sex. All the reproductive cells (ga.
`metes) produced by the homogametic 52: _
`have the same kind of sex chromosome
`(ie. an X chromosome). Compare hetero
`gametic sex.
`,
`homogamy The condition in a flower ,
`g.
`in which the male and female reproducs.
`E
`tive organs mature at the same time,
`thereby allowing selftertilization. Com 5,
`pare dichogamy.
`homogeneous Relating to only one
`phase, eg. a homogeneous mixture. a
`homogeneous *catalyst. Compare hetero-re
`geneous.
`(«wowmtmnmu
`homoiothermy The maintenance by
`an animal of its internal body tempera-
`ture at a relatively constant value by
`using metabolic processes to counteract
`
`fluctuations in the temperature of the
`environment. Homoiothermy occurs in
`birds and mammals which are described
`
`as *endotherms. The heat produced by
`their tissue metabolism and the heat low
`
`’ to the environment are balanced by vale
`ous means to keep body temperature
`_
`constant: 36—38°C in mammals and
`
`38e40°C in birds. The *hypothalamus in
`the brain monitors blood temperature
`
`and controls thermoregulation by both
`nervous and hormonal means. This pro»-
`
`duces both short-term responses. sucks:
`shivering or sweating. and long—term ads
`
`justments to metabolism according to
`
`seasonal changes in climate (acclimatiw
`
`
`tionl. Endotlierins generally possess inst?
`
`Eating feathers or fur. Their relatively
`
`
`'
`
`;
`3
`‘
`
`ance and body temperature {see homoio-
`thermy; poikilothermy).
`homeotic genes A class of genes that
`play a central role in controlling the
`early development and differentiation of
`embryonic tissues in eukaryotic organ-
`isms. They code for proteins that bind
`DNA and regulate the expression of a
`wide range of other genes. This binding
`capability resides in a structural domain
`of the protein called a homeodomum.
`encoded by a nucleotide sequence
`(*homeobox) that is characteristic of bo-
`meotic genes. These genes were first
`identified in Drosuphilo fruit flies.
`through the occurrence of mutations
`that alter the development of entire
`body segments. Drosophila flies have two
`major clusters of homeotic genes: the an-
`tennapedia complex. which controls de'
`velopment of the head and anterior
`thoracic segments, and the bithorax com-
`plex. which governs the development of
`posterior segments. For example, one
`mutation of the bithorax cluster causes
`the thoracic segment that normally bears
`the halteres {balancing organs: see Dip-
`tera) to be transformed into a segment
`bearing a pair of wings. In vertebrates
`there are four clusters of homeotic genes
`located on separate chromosomes.
`hominid Any member of the primate
`family Hominidae. which includes man
`and his fossil ancestors (fossil hominids) in
`the genus 'Homo.
`Homo The genus of primates that in
`cludes modern man (H. sapiens. the only
`living representative) and various extinct
`species. The oldest Homo fossils are those
`of H. habzlis and H. rudolfensis. which first
`appeared in Africa 2.3%)..4 million years
`ago. Both species used simple stone tools.
`ll. habilis appears to have been 141.5 m
`tall and had more manlike features and a
`larger brain than *Australopithecus. H.
`erectas appeared about 1.9 million years
`ago. Fossils of H. erectus. which was for.
`merly called Pithecanthmpus (ape man).
`include Java man and Peking man. They
`are similar to presentday man except
`that there was a prominent ridge above
`the eyes and no forehead or chin. They
`used crude stone tools and tire. ll. ercctus
`is thought to have evoived from 8. er“
`gasler. a spectes that may also have given
`
`Purdue 2003
`Collegium v. Purdue, PGR2018-00048
`
`