1
`
`METHOD OF OPERATING AN INFORMATION APPARATUS AND
`SOFTWARE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
`This application claims benefit of Provisional
`[0001]
`Application No. 60/262,764 filed January 19, 2001, the entire
`disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein for
`all purposes.
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`Present invention relates to providing content to an
`[0002]
`output device and, in particular, to providing universal output in
`which an information apparatus can pervasively output content to an
`output device without the need to install a dedicated device
`dependent driver or applications for each output device.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`The present invention relates to universal data output
`[0003]
`and, in particular, to providing a new data output method and a new
`raster image process for information apparatuses and output
`devices.
`As described herein, information apparatuses refer
`[0004]
`generally to computing devices, which include both stationary
`computers and mobile computing devices (pervasive devices).
`Examples of such information apparatuses include, without
`limitation, desktop computers, laptop computers, networked
`computers, palmtop computers (hand-held computers), personal
`digital assistants (PDAs), Internet enabled mobile phones, smart
`phones, pagers, digital capturing devices {e.g., digital cameras
`and video cameras), Internet appliances, e-books, information pads,
`and digital or web pads. Output devices may include, without
`limitation, fax machines, printers, copiers, image and/or video
`display devices (e.g., televisions, monitors and projectors), and
`audio output devices.
`[0005]
`For simplicity and convenience, hereafter, the following
`descriptions may refer to an output device as a printer and an
`output process as printing. However, it should be understood that
`the term printer and printing used in the discussion of present
`invention refer to one embodiment used as a specific example to
`simplify the description of the invention. The references to
`printer and printing used here are intended to be applied or
`extended to the larger scope and definition of output devices and
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`should not be construed as restricting the scope and practice of
`present invention.
`[0006]
`Fueled by an ever-increasing bandwidth, processing
`power, wireless mobile devices, and wireless software applications,
`millions of users are or will be creating, downloading, and
`transmitting content and information using their pervasive or
`mobile computing devices. As a result, there is a need to allow
`users to conveniently output content and information from their
`pervasive computing devices to any output device. As an example,
`people need to directly and conveniently output from their
`pervasive information apparatus, without depending on synchronizing
`with a stationary computer (e.g., desktop personal computer) for
`printing.
`To illustrate, a mobile worker at an airport receiving
`[0007]
`e-mail in his hand-held computer may want to walk up to a nearby
`printer or ·fax machine to have his e-mail printed.
`In addition,
`the mobile worker may also want to print a copy of his to-do list,
`appointment book, business card, and his flight schedule from his
`mobile device. As another example, a user visiting an e-commerce
`site using his mobile device may want to print out transaction
`confirmation. In still another example, a user who takes a picture
`with a digital camera may want to easily print it out to a nearby
`printer.
`In any of the above cases, the mobile user may want to
`simply walk up to a printer and conveniently print a file (word
`processing document, PDF, HTML etc) that is stored on the mobile
`device or downloaded from a network (e.g., Internet, corporate
`network).
`Conventionally, an output device {e.g., a printer) is
`[0008]
`connected to an information apparatus via a wired connection such
`as a cable line. A wireless connection is also possible by using,
`for example, radio communication or infrared communication.
`Regardless of wired or wireless connection, a user must first
`install in the information apparatus an output device driver (e.g.,
`printer driver in the case the output device is a printer)
`corresponding to a particular output device model and make. Using
`a device-dependent or specific driver, the information apparatus
`may process output content or digital document into a specific
`output device's input requirements (e.g., printer input
`requirements). The output device's input requirements correspond
`to the type of input that the output device {e.g., a printer)
`understands. For example, a printer's input requirement may include
`printer specific input format (e.g., one or more of an image,
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`Therefore, an output data
`graphics or text format or language}
`(or print data in the case the output device is a printer) herein
`refers to data that is acceptable for input to an associated output
`device.
`Examples of input requirements may include, without
`limitation, audio format, video format, file format, data format,
`encoding, language (e.g., page description language, markup
`language etc), instructions, protocols or data that can be
`understood or used by a particular output device make and model.
`[0009]
`Input requirements may be based on proprietary or
`published standards or a combination of the two. An output device's
`input requirements are, therefore, in general, device dependent.
`Different output device models may have their own input
`requirements specified, designed or adopted by the output device
`manufacturer (e.g., the printer manufacturer) according to a
`specification for optimal operation. Consequently, different
`output devices usually require use of specific output device
`drivers {e.g., printer drivers) for accurate output (e.g.,
`printing). Sometimes, instead of using a device driver {e.g.,
`printer driver), the device driving feature may be included as part
`of an application software.
`[0010]
`Installation of a device driver (e.g., printer driver)
`or application may be accomplished by, for example, manual
`installation using a CD or floppy disk supplied by the printer
`manufacturer. Or alternatively, a user may be able to download a
`particular driver or application from a network. For a home or
`office user, this installation process may take anywhere from
`several minutes to several hours depending on the type of driver
`and user's sophistication level with computing devices and
`networks. Even with plug-and-play driver installation, the user is
`still required to execute a multi-step process for each printer or
`output device.
`[0011]
`This installation and configuration process adds a
`degree of complexity and work to end-users who may otherwise spend
`their time doing other productive or enjoyable work. Moreover,
`many unsophisticated users may be discouraged from adding new
`peripherals {e.g., printers, scanners, etc.) to their home
`computers or networks to avoid the inconvenience of installation
`and configuration. It is therefore desirable that an information
`apparatus can output to more than one output device without the
`inconvenience of installing multiple dedicated device dependent
`drivers.
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`In addition, conventional output or printing methods may
`[0012]
`pose significantly higher challenges and difficulties for mobile
`device users than for home and office users. The requirement for
`pre-installation of a device-dependent driver diminishes the
`benefit and concept of mobile {pervasive} computing and output.
`For example, a mobile user may want to print or output e-mail,
`PowerPoint® presentation documents, web pages, or other documents
`at an airport, gas station, convenience store, kiosk, hotel,
`conference room, office, home, etc. It is highly unlikely that the
`user would find at any of these locations a printer of the same
`make and model as is at the user's base station. As a consequence,
`under the conventional printing method, the user would have to
`install and configure a printer driver each time at each such
`remote location before printing. It is usually not a viable option
`given the hundreds, or even thousands of printer models in use, and
`the limited storage, memory space, and processing power of the
`information apparatus.
`[0013]
`Moreover, the user may not want to be bothered with
`looking for a driver or downloading it and installing it just to
`print out or display one page of email at the airport. This is
`certainly an undesirable and discouraging process to promote
`pervasive or mobile computing. Therefore, a more convenient
`printing method is needed in support of the pervasive computing
`paradigm where a user can simply walk up to an output device (e.g.,
`printer or display device) and easily output a digital document
`without having to install or pre-install a particular output device
`driver (e.g., printer driver).
`[0014]
`Another challenge for mobile users is that many mobile
`information apparatuses have limited memory space, processing
`capacity and power. These limitations are more apparent for small
`and low-cost mobile devices including, for example, PDAs, mobile
`phones, screen phones, pagers, e-books, Internet Pads, Internet
`appliances etc. Limited memory space poses difficulties in
`installing and running large or complex printer or device drivers,
`not to mention multiple drivers for a variety of printers and
`output devices. Slow processing speed and limited power supply
`create difficulties driving an output device. For example,
`processing or converting a digital document into output data by a
`small mobile information apparatus may be so slow that it is not
`suitable for productive output.
`Intensive processing may also
`drain or consume power or battery resources. Therefore, a method
`is needed so that a small mobile device, with limited processing
`
`-
`k~
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`capabilities, can still reasonably output content to various output
`devices.
`To output or render content (e.g. digital document) to
`[0015}
`an output device, a raster image processing (RIP) operation on the
`content is usually required. RIP operation can be computationally
`intensive and may include (l} a rasterization operation, (2) a
`color space conversion, and (3) a halftoning operation. RIP may
`also include other operations such as scaling, segmentation, color
`matching, color correction, GCR (Grey component replacement), Black
`generation, image enhancement compression/decompression,
`encoding/decoding, encryption/decryption GCR,
`image enhancement
`among others.
`[0016]
`Rasterization operation in RIP involves converting
`objects and descriptions (e.g. graphics, text etc) included in
`the content
`into an image form suitable for output. Rasterization
`may include additional operations such as scaling and interpolation
`operations for matching a specific output size and resolution.
`Color space conversion in RIP includes converting an input color
`space description into a suitable color space required for
`rendering at an output device (e.g. RGB to CMYK conversion).
`Digital halftoning is an imaging technique for rendering continuous
`tone images using fewer luminance and chrominance levels.
`Halftoning operations such as error diffusion can be
`computationally intensive and are included when the output device's
`bit depth (e.g. bits per pixel) is smaller than the input raster
`image bit depth.
`[0017]
`Conventionally, RIP operations are included either in an
`information apparatus, or as part of an output device or output
`system (e.g. in a printer controller). Fig. lA illustrates a flow
`diagram of a conventional data output method 102 in which RIP 110
`is implemented in the information apparatus. Output devices that do
`not include a printer controller to perform complex RIP operations,
`such as a lower-cost, lower speed inkjet printer, normally employ
`data output method 102.
`In data output method 102, an information
`apparatus obtains content (e.g. a digital document) in step 100 for
`rendering or output at an output device. The information apparatus
`may includes an application (e.g. device driver), which implements
`RIP operation 110. The information apparatus generates an output
`data in step 120 and transmits the output data to the output device
`in step 130 for rendering. The output data relating to the content
`is in an acceptable form (e.g. in an appropriate output size and
`resolution) to the output engine (e.g. display engine, printer
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`engine etc.) included in the output device. The output data in a
`conventional output method 102 is usually device dependent.
`[0018]
`One drawback for the data output method 102 of Fig. lA
`is that the information apparatus performs most if not the entire
`raster image processing operations 110 required for output. The
`RIP operations may require intensive computation. Many information
`apparatus such as mobile information device might have insufficient
`computing power and/or memory to carry out at an acceptable speed
`the RIP operations 110 required in an output process.
`[0019)
`Another drawback for the conventional data output method
`102 of Fig. lA is that the generated output data is device
`dependent and therefore is typically not very portable to other
`output devices. As a result, the information apparatus may need to
`install multiple applications or device drivers for multiple output
`devices, which may further complicate its feasibility for use in
`information apparatuses with limited memory, storage and processing
`power.
`Fig. lB illustrates a flow diagram of another
`[0020]
`conventional data output method 104 in which the RIP is implemented
`in an output device. An example of an output device that implements
`process 104 is a high-speed laser printer which includes a printer
`controller for performing RIP operations and an output engine (e.g.
`printer engine} for rendering content. Printer controller may be
`internally installed or externally connected to an output device
`(printer in this example). In data output method 104, an
`information apparatus obtains content for output in step 100 and
`generates in step 160 an output data or print data for transmitting
`to the output device in step 170. Print data includes information
`related to the content and is usually encoded in a page description
`language (PDL) such as Postscript and PCL etc. In step 180, the
`printer receives the output data or print data (in a PDL}. In step
`190, a printer controller included in the printer interprets the
`PDL, performs RIP operations, and generates a printer-engine print
`data that is in a form acceptable to the printer engine (e.g. a
`raster image in an appropriate output size, bit depth, color space
`and resolution}. In step 150 the printer engine renders the content
`with the printer-engine print data.
`[0021]
`It will be understood that a reference to print data or
`output data including a language, such as PDL, should be
`interpreted as meaning that the print data or output data is
`encoded using that language. Correspondingly, a reference to a
`data output process generating a language, such as PDL, should be
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`interpreted as meaning that the data output process encodes data
`using that language.
`[0022]
`There are many drawbacks in the conventional data output
`method 104 shown in Fig lB. These drawbacks are especially apparent
`for mobile computing devices with limited processing power and
`memory. One such drawback is that the output data or print data,
`which include a page description language {PDL) such as Postscript
`or PCL, can be very complex. Generating complex PDL may increase
`memory and processing requirements for an information apparatus.
`Furthermore, interpreting, decoding and then raster image
`processing complex PDL can increase computation, decrease printing
`speed, and increase the cost of the output device or its printer
`controller.
`[0023]
`Another drawback is that the output data that includes
`PDL can creates a very large file size that would increase memory
`and storage requirements for the information apparatus, the output
`device and/or the printer controller etc. Large file size may also
`increase the bandwidth required in the communication link between
`the information apparatus and the output device.
`[0024]
`Finally, to rasterize text in an output device, a
`printer controller may need to include multiple fonts. When a
`special font or international characters is not included or missing
`in the printer controller, the rendering or output can potentially
`become inaccurate or inconsistent.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`Accordingly, this invention provides a convenient
`[0025]
`universal data output method in which an information apparatus and
`an output device or system share the raster image processing
`operations. Moreover, the new data output method eliminates the
`need to install a plurality of device-dependent dedicated drivers
`or applications in the information apparatus in order to output to
`a plurality of output devices.
`(0026]
`In accordance with present invention, an electronic
`system and method of pervasive and universal output allow an
`information apparatus to output content conveniently to virtually
`any output device. The information apparatus may be equipped with
`a central processing unit, input/output control unit, storage unit,
`memory unit, and wired or wireless communication unit or adapters.
`The information apparatus preferably includes a client application
`that may be implemented as a software application, a helper
`application, or a device driver (a printer driver in case of a
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`printer). The client application may include management and
`control capabilities with hardware and software components
`including, for example, one or more communication chipsets residing
`in its host information apparatus.
`[0027]
`The client application in the information apparatus may
`be capable of communicating with, managing and synchronizing data
`or software components with an output device equipped with an
`output controller of present invention.
`[0028]
`Rendering content in an output device refers to printing
`an image of the content onto an substrate in the case of a printing
`device; displaying an image of the content in the case of a
`displaying device; playing an audio representation of the content
`in a voice or sound output device or system.
`[0029]
`An output controller may be a circuit board, card or
`software components residing in an output device. Alternatively,
`the output·controller may be connected externally to an output
`device as an external component or "box." The output controller
`may be implemented with one or more combinations of embedded
`processor, software, firmware, ASIC, DSP, FPGA, system on a chip,
`special chipsets, among others.
`In another embodiment, the
`functionality of the output controller may be provided by
`application software running on a PC, workstation or server
`connected externally to an output device.
`[0030]
`In conventional data output method 102 as described with
`reference to Fig. lA, an information apparatus transmits output
`data to an output device for rendering. Output data corresponds to
`content intended for output and is mostly raster image processed
`(RIPed} and therefore is device dependent because raster image
`processing is a typical device dependent operation. Output data may
`be encoded or compressed with one or more compression or encoding
`techniques. In present invention, an information apparatus
`generates an intermediate output data for transmitting to an output
`device. The intermediate output data includes a rasterized image
`corresponding to the content; however, device dependent image
`processing operations of a RIP (e.g. color matching and halftoning)
`have not been performed. As a result, an intermediate output data
`is more device independent and is more portable than the output
`data generated by output method with reference to Fig lA.
`[0031]
`In one implementation of this invention, the
`intermediate output data includes MRC
`(Mixed raster content)
`format, encoding and compression techniques, which further provides
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`improved image quality and compression ratio compared to
`conventional image encoding and compression techniques.
`[0032]
`In an example of raster image process and data output
`method of the present invention, a client application such as a
`printer driver is included in an information apparatus and performs
`part of raster image processing operation such as rasterization on
`the content. The information apparatus generates an intermediate
`output data that includes an output image corresponding to the
`content and sends the intermediate output data to an output device
`or an output system for rendering. An output controller application
`or component included in the output device or output system
`implements the remaining part of the raster image processing
`operations such as digital halftoning, color correction among
`others.
`Like conventional raster image processing methods, this
`[0033]
`invention provides a more balanced distribution of the raster image
`processing computational load between the Information apparatus and
`the output device or the output system. Computational intensive
`image processing operations such as digital halftoning and color
`space conversions can be implemented in the output device or output
`system. Consequently, this new raster image processing method
`reduces the processing and memory requirements for the information
`apparatus when compared to conventional data output methods
`described with reference to Fig lA in which the entire raster image
`process is implemented in the information apparatus. Additionally,
`in this invention, a client application or device driver included
`in the information apparatus, which performs part of the raster
`image processing operation, can have a smaller size compared to a
`conventional output application included in the information
`apparatus, which performs raster image processing operation.
`[0034]
`In another implementation, the present invention
`provides an information apparatus with output capability that is
`more universally accepted by a plurality of output devices. The
`information apparatus, which includes a client application,
`generates an intermediate output data that may include device
`independent attributes.
`An output controller includes components
`to interpret and process the intermediate output data. The
`information apparatus can output content to different output
`devices or output systems that include the output controller even
`when those output devices are of different brand, make, model and
`with different output engine and input data requirements. Unlike
`conventional output methods, a user does not need to preinstall in
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`the information apparatus multiple dedicated device dependent
`drivers or applications for each output device.
`[0035]
`The combination of a smaller-sized client application, a
`reduced computational requirement in the information apparatus, and
`a more universal data output method acceptable for rendering at a
`plurality of output devices enable mobile devices with less memory
`space and processing capabilities to implement data output
`functions which otherwise would be difficulty to implement with
`conventional output methods.
`[0036]
`In addition, this •invention can reduce the cost of an
`output device or an output system compared to conventional output
`methods 104 that include a page description language (PDL) printer
`controller. In the present invention, an information apparatus
`generates and sends an intermediate output data to an output device
`or system. The intermediate output data in one preferred
`embodiment includes a rasterized output image corresponding to the
`content intended for output. An output controller included in an
`output device or an output system decodes and processes the
`intermediate output data for output, without performing complex
`interpretation and rasterization compared to conventional methods
`described in process 104. In comparison, the conventional data
`output process 104 generates complex PDL and sends this PDL from an
`information apparatus to an output device that includes a printer
`controller {e.g. a Postscript controller or a PCLS controller among
`others).
`Interpretation and raster image processing of a PDL have
`much higher computational requirements compared to decoding and
`processing the intermediate output data of this invention that
`include rasterized output image or images. Implementing a
`conventional printer controller with, for example, PDL increases
`component cost (e.g. memories, storages, ICs, software and
`processors etc.) when compared to using the output controller
`included in the data output method of this present invention.
`[0037]
`Furthermore, an output data that includes PDL can create
`a large file size compared to an intermediate output data that
`includes rasterized output image. The data output method for this
`invention comparatively transmits a smaller output data from an
`information apparatus to an output device. Smaller output data
`size can speed up transmission, lower communication bandwidth, and
`reduce memory requirements. Finally, this invention can provide a
`convenient method to render content at an output device with or
`without connection to a static network. In conventional network
`printing, both information apparatus and output device must be
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`connected to a static network. In this invention, through local
`communication and synchronization between an information apparatus
`and an output device, installation of hardware and software to
`maintain static network connectivity may not be necessary to enable
`the rendering of content to an output device.
`[0038]
`According to the several aspects of the present
`invention there is provided the subject matter defined in the
`appended independent claims.
`[0039]
`Additional objects and advantages of the present
`invention will be apparent from the detailed description of the
`preferred embodiment thereof, which proceeds with reference to the
`accompanying drawings.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`Fig. lA is a flow diagram of a conventional data output
`[0040]
`method and its corresponding raster image process in accordance
`with prior art.
`lB is a flow diagram of a second conventional data
`[0041]
`Fig.
`output method and its corresponding raster image process for an
`output device that includes a conventional printer controller in
`accordance with prior art.
`[0042]
`Figs. 2A and 2B are block diagrams illustrating
`components of an operating environment that can implement the
`process and apparatus of the present invention.
`[0043]
`Fig. 3A is a schematic block diagram illustrating
`hardware/software components of an information apparatus
`implementation in accordance with present invention. The
`information apparatus includes an operating system.
`[0044]
`Fig. 3A is a second schematic block diagram illustrating
`hardware/software components of an information apparatus
`implementation in accordance with present invention.
`[0045]
`Fig. 4A is a block diagram of a conventional printing
`system or printer with a conventional printer controller.
`[0046]
`Fig. 4B is a block diagram of a second conventional
`output system or output device.
`[0047]
`Fig. SA is a schematic block diagram of a printing
`system or printer with a conventional printer controller and an
`output controller in accordance with present invention.
`[0048]
`Fig. SB is a schematic block diagram of a second output
`system or output device that includes an output controller in
`accordance with present invention.
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`Fig. 6A is a schematic block diagram illustrating
`[0049]
`hardware/software components of an output controller in accordance
`with present invention. The output controller includes an
`operating system.
`[0050]
`Fig. 6B is a second schematic block diagram illustrating
`hardware/software components of an output controller in accordance
`with present invention. The output controller does not include an
`operating system.
`[0051]
`Fig. 6C is a third schematic block diagram illustrating
`hardware/software components of an output controller in accordance
`with present invention. The output controller combines the
`functionality of a printer controller and an output controller of
`present invention.
`[0052)
`Figs. 7A-7F illustrate various configurations and
`implementations of output controller with respect to an output
`device such as a printer.
`[0053)
`Fig. BA is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary
`implementation of hardware/software components of wireless
`communication unit.
`[0054]
`Fig. 8B is block diagram illustrating a second exemplary
`implementation of hardware/software components of wireless
`communication unit.
`Fig. 9 is a flow diagram of a universal data output
`[0055]
`method and its corresponding raster imaging process of the present
`invention.
`Fig. 10 is a block diagram of a universal data output
`[0056)
`method of the present invention with respect to the components,
`system and apparatus described with reference to Fig 2.
`Fig. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating one way of
`[0057]
`implementing a discovery process optionally included in the output
`process of Fig. 10.
`[0058]
`Fig. 12A and 12B are flow diagrams of exemplary client
`application process included in the output process of Fig. 10.
`[0059]
`Fig. 13A and 13B are flow diagrams of exemplary output
`device or output system process included in the output process of
`Fig. 10.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
`Sets forth below are definitions of terms that are used
`[0060]
`in describing implementations of the present invention. These
`definitions are provided to facilitate understanding and
`illustration of implementations of the present invention and should
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`in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the invention to a
`particular example, class, or category.
`
`Output device profile (or object)
`[0061]
`An output device profile (or object) includes software
`and data entity, which encapsulates within itself both data and
`attributes describing an output device and instructions for
`operating that data and attributes. An output device profile may
`reside in different hardware environments or platforms or
`applications, and may be transported in the form of a file, a
`message, a software object or component among other forms and
`techniques. For simplicity of discussion, a profile or object may
`also include, for example, the concept of software components that
`may have varying granularity and can consist of one class, a
`composite of classes, or an entire application.
`[0062]
`The term profile or object used herein is not limited to
`software or data as its media. Any entity containing information,
`descriptions, attributes, data, instructions etc. in any computer(cid:173)
`readab~e form or medium such as hardware, software, files based on
`or including voice, text, graphics, image, or video information,
`electronic signals in analog or digital form, etc., are all valid
`forms of profile and object definition.
`[0063]
`A profile or object may also contain in one of its
`fields or attributes a reference or pointer to another profile or
`object, or a reference or pointer to data and or content. A
`reference to a profile or object may include one or more, or a
`combination of pointers, identifiers, names, paths, addresses or
`any descriptions relating to a location where an object, profile,
`data, or content can be found.
`[0064]
`An output device profile may contain one or more
`attributes that may identify and describe, for example, the
`capabilities and functionalities of a particular output device such
`as a printer. An output device profile may be stored in the memory
`component of an output device, an information apparatus or in a
`network node. A network node includes any device, server or storage
`location that is connected to the network. As described below in
`greater detail, an information apparatus requesting output service
`may communicate with an output device. During such local service
`negotiation, at least a partial output device profile may be
`uploaded to the information apparatus from the output device. By
`obtaini