APPENDIX K
`
`Chapter5: The Operating System (Or “It Does Windows!")
`ae
`a
`
`iis
`|
`“Mytaskbar
`gone!”
`
`box: Right-click
`Tt can not only ‘theTaskbar
`The taskbar tends towander
`dialog
`
`1
`go up, down,left, and right, but also getfatter your mou:
`choose Prop-
`‘menu.
`
`skinnier.Sometimesitcangetso
`_and
`Inae
`
`skinny erties fr
`~
`thatyou can'tseeit
`thin, graylineatthe
`thescreen.That t
`anymore.Allyouseeisa
`
`bottom of
`can
`
`rive youbatty.
`
`
`
`S ]
`
`
`eckbarttoa
`row. ThenAe
`the
`| size. You caneven usethistrickto makethe
`po.
`_ taskbarfatter
`2
`it's
`crowdedwatttooHany
`when
`
`iisi worewhetherthetaskbariis visible or
`has
`youtellitto hide. This vanishing actisdoneiin
`disappear
`peessentotHoudinito some:otherreat,
`
`eg
`
`buttons.
`
`
` Another way the taskbarcan
`
`If you would rather use your keyboard, press the Ctrl+Esc key combination.
`to work, popping up the Start button’s menu even
`This action is guaranteed
`when you can’t otherwise see the Start button.
`
`a Windowskey (twoof them, actually).
`Some newfangled keyboards sport
`The key cap has the Windowsflag logo, and thekeysits just outside the
`on either side of the spacebar. Pressing that key also pops up the
`Alt key
`Start menu.
`
`There. That’s it for the Start button discussion in this chapter. For more
`a
`see the section in
`program in
`Chapter 6 about starting
`information,
`Windows.
`
`The My Computer and Explorer Programs
`
`The second chore of an
`operating system is to work with thefiles, docu-
`ments, and other junk stored on your computer. Two programs tackle this
`job: My Computer and Explorer.
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Part Il: Using Your PC (If You Already OwnOne)
`
`It’s My Computer
`My Computer has Macintoshwrittenall overit. It’s a program that displays
`as
`pretty little icons, each of them grouped
`information in your computer
`into folders.
`
`You start My Computer by double-clicking the little My Computericon in the
`a list of goodies inside
`corner of the desktop. This effort displays
`upper-left
`your computer, primarily your disk drives, as shownin Figure 5-2.
`
`Peeieatg
`
`MICRON (C:] MICRON {D:) MICRON (E:} MICRON (F:} Windows 98 WINDOWS on Zip 100 [2:)
`(R)—'WORBLET...
`
`Printers
`
`
`
`|
`
`
`
`:
`
`contciPanc!
`
`)
`Scheduled
`Tasks
`
`DiakUp
`Networking
`
`|
`
`Figure 5-2:
`Open My |i
`4
`Computer
`and see
`whatlurks
`inside
`your PC.
`PC
`
`If you point at and double-click one of your system’s disk drives, such as
`drive C:, it opens to reveal a windowfull of folders and icons, as shownin
`Figure 5-3. The icons represent files on your system. You can openfolders
`to display another window chock-full of morefiles and
`(by double-clicking)
`folders. It can
`get insane!
`
`
`
`
`
`
`TOOLS_95 WINDOWS
`
`autoexec
` ATOMCLK AUTOEXEC....
`
`
`
`NETLOG
`LOGOPLS
`FACLOG
` FRUNLOG
`
`My Documents ProgramFiles
`
`Multimedia
`
`[iaytoexec... AuTOEXEC...
`|
`
`
`SCANDISK STRTLOGO...
`RESETLOG
`
`
`COMMAND
`
`
`CONFIG.BAK CONFIG.DOS
`
`
`<ysmon
`
`Figure 5-3:
`This
`window
`shows you
`
`a
`
`APPENDIX K
`
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`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Chapter5: The Operating System (Or “It Does Windows!")
`
`83
`
` |
`
`_
`
`some icons runs
`You double-click an icon to openit. Double-clicking
`(opens) programs. Forfolders, the double-click opens the folder,
`its contents.
`revealing
`i Iconsrepresentfiles on your computer, which canbefiles you create,
`program files, or otherfiles that sprout from certain fungi.
`simply storage places for more iconsandfiles.
`Folders are
`a window,” later in this chapter, for information
`See the section “Closing
`in My Computer.
`about closing windows opened
`
` The disk explorer
`
`is called Windows Explorer, although I use the term Ex-
`Explorer (which
`plorer) worksjust like My Computer, except that Explorer displays informa-
`tion in a different way. (Microsoft just couldn’t make up its mind here:
`seefiles on their computers? Hey! Why
`“Which way should we have people
`not two
`utterly different and confusing ways?”)
`
`Start Explorer by clicking the Start button and choosing Programs~
`WindowsExplorer from the menu.
`
`as shownin Figure 5-4.
`one window,
`Unlike My Computer, Explorer has only
`The disk drives and folders on your computer appearontheleft side of the
`window;files and folders appear on theright.
`
`
`
`Files
`
`TOOLS_95
`
`
`
`ATOMCLK
`
`
`
`
` esktop
`
`Multimedia My Documents Program Files
`
`=!
`BB My Computer
`
`33 Floppy (4:)
`
`
`
`gid
`ein)a iea,
`MSINPUT
`Multimedia Files
`My Documents
`Program Files
`TOOLS_95
`WINDOWS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`gag MICRON [F:]
`Windows 98 (R:}
`2-0
`WINDOWSon 'WORBLETYME’ [w*}
`
`3 Removable Disk [2:}
`
`2 Pires
`*
`. 438) Control Panel
`£9) DialUp Networking
`--f] Scheduled Tasks
`} My Documents
`internet Explorer
`
`memes |
`F
`Figure 5-4:
`
`
`.
`Explorer in
`
`
`
`
`
`aoUTOEXEC....
`COMMAND
`
`
`
`
`
`.
`
`A
`
`
`
`TRILOGO....
`
`sysmon
`
`RE
`
`ETLOG
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Partit: Using Your PC (If You Already Own One)
`
`
`
`Okay. Enough of Explorer. Choose File®Close to quit the program because
`screen real estate with somethingso ugly.
`there’s no sense in wasting
`Computernerdsprefer Explorer. | recommend using My Computerfirst,
`Explorer, which can be quicker.
`until you get used to it. Then use
`wayto start Exploreris to press the Windows and E keys
`—
`like pressing Shift+E to get a
`capital E (for Explorer), but
`together
`use the fancy Windowskeyrather than Shift.
`i 1 discuss the My Computerand Explorer programs in more detail in
`
` A quick
`
`PartIll of this book.
`
`“ Windowssports another explorer, Internet Explorer. It’s covered in Part
`
`V1 of this book. The Geeks Tweak at the Control Panel
`
`as
`kindergarten teacher
`The third chore Windows accomplishesis serving
`Those devices are con-
`for all your computer’s innards and peripherals.
`trolled, coddled, and contained by using the Control Panel.
`in Windows.
`The Control Panel is a folder you can open just about anywhere
`You can start it from the Start menu
`Panel. Or
`by choosing Settings~Control
`you can double-click the folder that appears in the main My Computer
`to the preceding section). Either way, the Control Panel win-
`window(refer
`dowwithall its pretty icons appears, similar to what’s shownin Figure 5-9.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` AddNew
`
`Display
`&
`=
`mr
`Microsoft Mail
`Postoffice
`
`Find Fast
`
`Fonts
`
`Box
`4
`
`Modems
`
`>
`om
`Mouse
`:
`exes
`Sounds
`System
`Regional
`Settings
`
`4
`|
`|
`4
`
`Panel.
`
`
`
`8
`
`Game
`Controllers
`
`Date/Time
`
`4
`ee
`@
`Keyboard
`
`Add/Remove
`Hardware
`Programs
`rer
`
`’
`a
`HS
`Hilaak
`Internet
`Catalog Setup
`ef Y
`3
`
`ZB
`Power
`Network
`Passwords
`Management
`
`Desktop
`Themes
`:
`al
`@
`Mail
`
`
`Printers
`
`\4@
`=e 4 Multimedia
`j
`Figure 5-5:
`|
`& &
`Users
`The Control
`| Telephony
`
`
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`Various chaptersin Part IV of this book have you mess with parts of the
`Control Panel. Mostly, you leaveit alone.
`The numberof items youseein the Control Panel varies. You may
`find
`someitems in your PC’s Control Panel that aren’t shownin Figure 5-5
`and find someitemsin Figure 5-5 that aren’t in your Control Panel.
`
`-
`
`
`
`
`
`Using Gizmos in Windows
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`Chapter5: The Operating System (Or “It Does Windows!")
`
`§5
`
`some aspect of your
`Each of the icons in the Control Panel represents
`an icon, you see a window with
`computer, something to control. By opening
`more chaos.
`more
`more
`information,
`controls,
`
`Leave this one to the experts.
`Myadvice:
`Close the Control Panel window by choosing File™Close from the menu.
`aniconin the Control Panel by double-clicking.
`Open
`I have no idea what mostof the things in the Control Panel do. In fact,
`me.
`they frighten
`
`play with, stuff to drive
`to
`Windowsis a virtual FAO Schwarz of fun things
`over which you waste colossal amounts of
`you crazy, and interesting toys
`time.It has tiny buttons you push with the mouse,
`graphics that slide and
`to poke, and stuff that drops down. In other words, gizmos
`stretch, things
`are on the screen, most of which control the way the windowslook and how
`programs in Windowsoperate.
`
`a window’s size
`Changing
`size, from filling the entire screen to too
`Your windowscan be just about any
`in between.
`small to be useful and everything
`—
`fy] To make a windowfill the entire screen
`whichis whereit’s most useful
`
`corner.
`click the Maximize button in the window’s upper-right
`(This step
`to an
`overlapping window-
`changesthe button’s full window-image thing
`image thing. Click that button again to restore the windowtoits original size.)
`
`—
`
`~
`@
`
`
`To turn a windowinto a mere button on the taskbar, click the Minimize
`corner of a window. This action shoves the win-
`button in the upper-right
`—
`dow out of the way, shrinking it to a button on the taskbar
`butit isn’t the
`quitting. To restore the taskbar button to a window,click the
`same as
`
`button.
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Part Il: Using Your PC (If You Already Own One)
`
`Whena windowisn’t full-screen or an icon, you can
`changeits size by grab-
`edge with the mouse: Hover the mouseoveroneside of the window
`an
`bing
`or a corner,press and hold the left mouse button, and drag the windowin or
`out to a new size. Release the mouse button to snap the windowinto place.
`
`}
`
`*
`|
`
`
`_
`
`
`|
`
`
`Enlarging
`
`a window tofull-screen size is called maximizing.
`a windowinto aniconis called minimizing.
`Shrinking
`a window “just so” on the screen and then having Windows
`Positioning
`moveit for no reason is called frustrating.
`If you use your imagination, the Maximize button looks like a full-screen
`windowand the Minimize button looks like a button on the taskbar.
`Then again, if you use your imagination, Windowslookslike a
`bright,
`sunny day with green grass and birds chirping in the meadow.
`
`a window around
`Moving
`Windowsputs its windows wherever Windowswants. To move a window to
`on the
`a new
`position, drag the windowbyitstitle bar (the topmoststrip
`bar). This actionis akin to the cliché of a
`window,typically above the menu
`by herhair. That never
`dragging his womanaround
`caveman
`really hap-
`pened, of course, not after the womenstarted carrying their own clubs,
`
`anyway.
`
`
`
`By the way, you cannot move a window around whenit’s maximized
`(filling the screen). Refer to the preceding section to find out how to
`maximize a window.
`By the way (Part 2), you cannot move Uncle Buster around when he’s
`holiday meal. It’s the same
`maximized after a
`concept Microsoft bor-
`rowed for maximized windows.
`
`
`Scrolling about
`J Often, what you’re looking at in a windowis larger than the window.For
`_|
`example, if a tanned, svelte, and bikini-clad Claudia Schiffer (or Mel Gibson,
`tiny windowin yourwall, you would beable to
`a
`for the ladies) walked by
`a small part of her bronzed form. If you could move the window up
`see
`only
`and downthe wall, you could see moreof her, but only the samesize as the
`windowat a time. That’s how scrolling works.
`a window around,one or twoscroll bars are used. The
`To facilitate scrolling
`| scroll bar is a
`long, skinny thing, with an arrowat either end and an elevator-
`like box in the middle, as shownhere,in theleft margin. You use the arrows
`|
`
`oe|
`
`a
`
`_
`
`
`
`
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Chapter5: The Operating System (Or “It Does Windows!)
`
`S /
`
`a menu
`
`Accessing
`are included on
`All the commandsand whatnotof the Windowsapplication
`—
`—
`menubar.It’s usually at the top of a win-
`a
`and always visible
`handy
`dow,right below thetitle bar and downthestreet from Tom’s Bar.
`—
`—
`is a menutitle. It
`Each word on the menu bar
`File and Edit, for example
`menu, which contains commandsrelated to the
`a
`represents
`drop-down
`title. For example, the File menu contains Save, Open, New,Close, and other
`commands relatedtofiles.
`
`To access these commands, click the menutitle with the mouse. The menu
`drops down. Then choose a menu item or command. If you don’t like what
`yousee, click the menutitle again to make the menu go away or choose
`another menu.
`
`™
`
`
`
`You can access the menus
`if you like. Press
`by using your keyboard,
`either the Alt or F10 key. This action highlights the first menu on the
`menu bar. To choose a menu oritem on a menu, press the underlined
`letter, such as F for File. The letters to press are underlinedin this
`are in Windows.
`as
`book,just
`In this book, the format File>Close is used to represent menu choices.
`they
`To access that command on the menu,youpress Alt,F,C.
`4 To choosethe File>Close command,you can also press Alt+F (the Alt
`and F keys together, and then release both keys) and then C.
`Oh,bother. Just use your mouse.Point. Click. Click. Sheesh.
`
` |
`
`|
`; |
`
`i
`
`
`
`a window
`Closing
`program’s windowis the sameas
`a
`quitting the program; you make
`%] Closing
`
`to close a windowis to click the X
`it disappear. The most commonway
`corner of the window.
`button in the upper-right
`—
`Anotherstriking way to close a window
`striking becauseit’s obvious
`to choose the Exit or Close commandfrom theFile menu. This action also
`quits the program you’re running.
`
`—
`
`is
`
`a
`window, which is how it worked in
`™ You can’t quit Windowsbyclosing
`the main Start menu.See the section “Turning the ComputerOff,” in
`the old version of Windows. Instead, use the Shutdown command on
`Chapter4, for more information.
`
`_
`‘
`
`=
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Partit: Using Your PC (If You Already OwnOne)
`
`Gizmos in a
`Dialog Box
`a
`specialized typeof
`Whenit comes to making choices, Windowsdisplays
`window called a
`dialog box. A dialog box contains gadgets and gizmos you
`typein, all of which control somethingor set certain
`click and slide and
`an OK button sends your choices off to Windows
`optional options. Clicking
`for proper digestion.
`If all that sounds complicated, consider the old DOS-prompt way of doing
`
`things:
`
`
`That’s a real, honest-to-goodness DOS command. In Windows, a dialog box
`lets you do something similar but in a
`graphical way. Figure 5-6, in fact,
`showsyou how the same commandlooks.
`
`Drop-down
`
`list
`
`Radio button
`
`
`
`
`
`-
`*
`
`Input box
`
`Check box All the doojobbies shownin Figure 5-6 are
`
`PC
`
`Figure 5-6:
`The Format
`dialog box.
`Pe
`
`manipulated with the mouse.
`are called is
`now. What the doojobbies
`Whatthey do isn’t important right
`important. All the following definitions refer to
`Figure 5-6:
`Drop-down list: Under the word Capacity is a
`drop-downlist. You drop down
`ofthelist.
`arrow buttonto theright
`the list by clicking the down-pointing
`a list of choices, one of which you pointat andclick
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Chapter 5: The Operating System (Or “It Does Windows!")
`
` &QY
`
`dialog box are radio buttons. They're
`Radio button: The round buttonsin a
`grouped togetherinto families, such as the three shownin Figure 5-6. Like in
`one of the buttons at a time can be punched. To punch
`an old car radio, only
`a button,click it once with the mouse. A round dotfills the one button that
`is on.
`
`Input box: Any boxor area you can typein is an
`the box under the wordLabel.
`
`input box.In Figure 5-6,it’s
`
`dialog box are check boxes. Unlike with
`Check box: The square buttonsin a
`radio buttons, you can click the mouse in as manyorall of the check boxes
`option is on. To remove
`as necessary. A check mark appearsin the boxif an
`the check mark andturn the option off, click the mouse in the box again.
`After you’ve madeyourselections, you typically click an OK button. (In
`Figure 5-6, the OK buttonis called Start.) lf you don’t like your choices, click
`
`Close.
`
`clicking
`
`messing
`
`with.
`
`Pressing the Enter key in a
`button with your
`on your keyboard is the sameas
`Pressing the Esc (escape) key
`the Cancel button in a
`box.
`dialog
`You can press the F1 key to get help with whicheverpart of the dialog
`box you're
`Apply button.It works like an OK button,
`Somedialog boxesfeature an
`except that it enables you to see your changes without closing the
`dialog box.If you like the changes, you can then click OK.Or, if the
`changes stink, you can reset them or click the Cancel button. See?
`nice here. Make a note of it on your calendar.
`Microsoft is being
`input box appearsin a
`If more than one
`to
`dialog box, press the Tab key
`move between them. Don’t press the Enter key because that’s the same
`clicking the OK button and
`as
`telling Windowsthat you’re done with the
`box.
`dialog
`of
`list, similar to the drop-downlist and not shownin
`Another type
`list. lt works the same as the drop-downlist,
`Figure 5-6, is a
`scrolling
`except thatthelist is always visible inside the dialog box.
`If you like a mental challenge, you can use your keyboard to work a
`dialog box. Lookfor the underlined letter in each part of the
`dialog box
`
`~
`2]
`
`
`|
`
`:
`
`|
`|
`
`_
`
`
`
`
`
`__
`|
`
`
`
`
`'|
`
`
`
`Toget help, click the question mark button in the dialog box’s upper-right
`corner. This action changes the mouse
`pointer into the combo arrow-pointer
`andclick any part of the
`question mark thing. When that happens, point
`dialog box to see a pop-up cartoon bubble supposedly offering help. Click
`the mouse to make the cartoon bubble go away.
`dialog box is the sameas
`
`mouse.
`
`clicking the OK
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`
`
`Part Il: Using Your PC(If You Already Own One)
`
`
`
`How to
`Properly Beg for Help
`andall Windows-specific programs
`Windowshas an incredible Help system,
`share it. You always activate Help by pressing the F1 key. From there, you're
`shownthe help engine that enables you to look up
`topics, search for topics,
`or see related items, all by properly using your mouse. The help engine is
`divided into three panels: Contents, Index, and Search (or Find in Windows95).
`Here are somehints:
`®
`The Contents panel showsyou information justlike the yechy manual,
`with chapters and pages and text written by Ph.D.s for Ph.D.s.
`
`The Index panelis the mostuseful. Click the wordIndex to see that
`
`panel, and then type yourtopic, such as Shortcut, in the box at the top
`of the panel. In the bottom partof the panel, click a subtopic, and then
`click the Display button to read all aboutit.
`
`Ignore the Search panel.
`Mostof the helpful information is displayedasa list of steps or
`tips.
`_ You can click the gray squares to see more information about related
`
`To get general Windowshelp, choose Help from the main Start menu.
`to see a
`
`a dotted underline)
`You can click the underlined text (with
`pop-up window defining the term.
`remem-
`he help engineis its own program. When you're doneusing Help,
`corner of the window.
`ber to quit: Click the X close button in the upper-left
`
`topics.
`
`a T
`
`
`
`General Windows Advice
`—
`Use your mouse.If you don’t have a mouse, you can still use Windows
`but
`elegantly. Ack, who am I kidding? You need a mouseto use Windows!
`not as
`Have someoneorganize your Start menu itemsfor you. Ask this person to
`put your most popular programs on the desktop as shortcut icons. Offer a
`jar
`as a bribe.
`of mixed nuts (less than 50 percent peanuts, lightly salted)
`Keep in mind that Windowscan run several programsat a time. Lookat the
`buttons on the taskbar to see whethera program is already running before
`a second copy. (Yes, you can run several copies of a program under
`starting
`needto run
`Windows, although you probably
`only one.)
`Always quit Windowsproperly. Never just turn your PC off or
`
`punch the
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`11
`
`Chapter
`
`Just Your Basic Computer
`
`Guts
`
`Seeeseseeee SBS eevee seer eaegeseeeeeeseeseseeeseee Se eee &B
`
`In This Chapter
`tour of the motherboard
`»A quick
`to know the microprocessor
`» Getting
`out which microprocessor your PC has
`» Finding
`» Understanding the BIOS
`» All about printer ports, serial ports, and USB ports
`» Setting the date and time
`» Understanding expansionslots
`» The powersupply goes “POOF!”
`Seo ese eee ese Se Oe ORS eH e CFSE S SSS SSR SHS ERY Oe
`
`its smooth, cream-colored case, your computeris a mess.Yes,
`
`Bee
`it’s a veritable sushi bar of interesting pieces, flecks, and chunksof
`technology. Tossed into this electronics salad are various components
`whose names you may encounter from time to time. There’s the mother-
`board, microprocessor, BIOS, ports, power supplies, and expansion slots. This
`—
`—
`see
`or even touch
`butit’s stuff you may want to
`isn’t anything you’d
`understand. After all, you paid forit.
`
`A major item inside your PC that’s not covered in this chapter is memory.
`See Chapter 12 for a discussion of that.
`
`The Mother of Alt Boards
`
`The motherboardis the main piece of circuitry inside your PC. Like the
`downtownofa big city, it’s where everything happens.
`
`APPENDIX K
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`ROKU EXH. 1002
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`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Part IV: The Non-Nerd’s Guide to Computer HardwareSS
`
`' T
`
`NL STy,
`
`he motherboard is important because the most important things inside
`a housing
`your PC clingtoit. In fact, for the mostpart, the console is simply
`on some early
`for the motherboard.(Disk drives used to be separate
`on the motherboard;
`systems.) You can find the following electronic goodies
`there’s no need to memorizethislist:
`—
`
`i“ The microprocessor
`
`the computer’s main chip
`
`.
`
`The computer’s memory
`vy Expansionslots and the special expansion cards that plug into them
`Special chips called ROM chips
`
`
`
`
`Other support circuitry
`
`_
`
`Sharp,pointy things
`
`
`one unit
`Although the motherboard containsa lot of items, it’s essentially
`andis referred to as such. Just like the mall has many stores but everyone
`calls it the mail.
`
`IBM calls the motherboardin its computers the planar board. Ugh.
`You can add or remove only two things on the motherboard: extra
`and expansion cards (which plug into the expansion slots).
`memory
`This chore, referred to as
`upgrading,is bestleft to the gurus.
`some motherboardsallow you to remove and add a
`microproces-
`Oh,
`sor. 1 recommend
`againstit, however. | tell whylater.
`
`4
`|
`:
`
`|
`
`
`
`APPENDIX K
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`ROKU EXH. 1002
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`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Chapter 11: Just Your Basic Computer Guts
`
`] 7 ]
`
`The Microprocessor
`
`At the core of every computeris the microprocessor. That’s the computer’s
`is the
`main chip. No, it’s not the computer’s brain. (Software
`brain.) Instead,
`actslike a
`tiny, fast calculator. It just adds and subtracts
`the microprocessor
`andthejitterbug).
`does the tango
`(and
`
`The microprocessoritself deals with other elements in the computer.
`or
`output, which compu-
`Primarily, these elements provide either input
`jockeyscall //O.
`
`Input
`
`is information flowing
`
`into the microprocessor.
`
`Outputis information the microprocessor generates and spits
`Pretty much the whole computerobsesses overthis input and outputstuff.
`
`out.
`
` ]
`
`_
`
`|
`
`Se
`NE
`SS
`
`|
`_
`
`_
`|
`
`_
`
`
`
`
`
`
`™
`
`The main chip inside the computeris the microprocessor, whichis
`tiny calculator with a BIG pricetag.
`a
`essentially
`The microprocessoris also called the CPU, which stands for Central
`Processing Unit. Military types like the term.
`Whenyourjawis tired, you can refer to the microprocessor
`processor.
` Outwardly the microprocessor resemblesa
`—
`mint
`with 200 legs.
`so it would be
`™ You measure a
`its microprocessor,
`computer’s powerby
`like Hercules or
`were
`names,
`nice if microprocessors
`given powerful
`Samson orSir Percival. Unfortunately, they’re
`named after powerful
`numbers, like 80386, 486, and Pentium.
`In addition to the Pentium namearevariations on a theme.
`(I guess
`You can find the Pentium II and
`Sextium was too
`risqué for them.)
`Pentium Proas well as the Pentium MMX. Other chip
`names you might
`hear about are
`Celeron, AMD, and Cyrix.
`more processor names, and we’ll have a
`pantheon!
`Eight
`to them, microprocessors
`In addition to the numbersassigned
`can think. This value is given in
`gaugedby howfast they
`megahertz,
`the MHzvalue, the faster the microproces-
`abbreviated MHz. The bigger
`sor, which is about all you need to know.
`comesfrom several places in the com-
`Inputfor the microprocessor
`puter: the computer’s memory, disk drives, keyboard, mouse, modem,
`and on and on.
`
`as the
`
`large,flat, after-dinner
`
`are also
`
`APPENDIX K
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`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Part IV: The Non-Nerd’s Guide to Computer Hardware
`
`&&% y= Ihave to say “on and on”in this book because the publisher doesn’t
`is Latin for “on and on”).
`like the term “etc.” (which
`
`chaosfor you.It’s like a
`Software coordinatesall this Input/Output
`on Pixie
`center whenthekidsare all high
`harried assistant at a
`day-care
`BECRAERES
`Stix.
`
`wise guy, so Which microprocessor
`“Okay,
`lives in my PC?”
`Who knows which microprocessorlurks in the heart of your PC? Better get
`big wrench.Betterstill, right-click the mouse on the My Computericon in
`corner of the desktop. This action brings up a shortcut menu
`the upper-left
`for your computer. Choosethelast item, Properties. The System Properties
`dialog boxis displayed, looking something like Figure 11-1.
`
`a
`
`ee
`
`Figure 11-1:
`The System
`Properties
`dialog box.
`
`|
`|
`
`|
`
`| Details! Details! The first panel in the System Properties dialog box (General)
`
`contains information about Windows, you, and your computer.It says what
`type of microprocessorlives in your PC and the total amount of memory
`(RAM) your system has.
`In Figure 11-1, the computer has a Pentium Il microprocessor and 64MB
`
`of memory.
`
`The (x) after the Pentium in the dialog box is supposedto be ®,the
`
`APPENDIX K
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`

`APPENDIX K
`
`
`
`Chapter 11: Just Your Basic Computer Guts
`
`] 73
`
`|
`
`If you have a 486 system, your microprocessor’s number appears where
`you see Pentium Pro(r) in Figure 11-1. For a 486 microprocessor,it
`would probably just say 80486. This numberis the microprocessor you
`have in your PC, not somesecret code.
`was manufactured by Micron
`11-1 also boasts that the computer
`Figure
`Electronics, Inc. ] am not an
`employee of Micron; |
`bought my computer
`an Idaho thing.)
`Your computer manufacturer may have
`from them.(It’s
`displayed there as well. Ain’t no way
`to getrid of
`its name
`it, either.
`Chapter 14 for more information on
`right-clicking the mouse.
`Refer to
`You do that a lot in Windows.
`
`
`
`matters (or “We're all named
`Family
`after famous license plates”)
`run aroundin families. The 3865 family of microprocessors
`Microprocessors
`startedit all. Then came the 486, which was followed by the Pentium.
`really
`that number
`Yeah, it should have been the 586, but they couldn’t copyright
`so
`they madeup the word Pentium instead.
`
`What should be the 686is called the Pentium Pro. And then there are the
`moreinstructions for
`Pentium MMxXandPentium II systems, which provide
`computer games and multimedia. The 786? Pentium Pro Pro maybe?
`
`By the way, the MMX doesn’t stand for anything. Internally, Intel refers toit
`as “MMX Technology,” which is trademarked. It can’t trademark just MMX
`it claims that it stands for something like Multimedia
`though, especiallyif
`Extensions or Multimedia Instruction set or Math Matrix Extensions or
`else.
`
`anything
`
`to
`Table 11-1 lists the popular numbers assigned
`microprocessors, along
`with other technical drivel associated with them. For your amusement, |
`even include the ancient microprocessors of the
`in thelist.
`proto-PCs
`
`What about bugs
`
`in the Pentium?
`came out, someone on
`Abouta yearafter the first Pentium microprocessor
`the Internet discovered a
`certain
`problem the Pentium had with doing
`particular numbers were
`division problems. When two
`divided, the Pentium
`a result that wasn’t quite accurate. Oh, for Mrs. Jones’s tenth
`produced
`to
`grade geometryclass, it would have been okay. But for sending people
`big of a boo-boo.
`Mars, it would have beena tad too
`
`APPENDIX K
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`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Part IV: The Non-Nerd’s Guide to Computer Hardware—
`
`more to worry about.
`
`8086
`
`80286
`
`16/16
`
`16/16
`
`a8
`
`32/32
`
`the land. Now
`Pentiums that now roll out of the factory do muchbetter in math. And Intel’s
`stock doubled andsplit, and there was happiness
`throughout
`there’s nothing
`Table 11-1 Microprocessor NumberQuiz (Extra Credit Only)
`_Type of PC and Observations
`Relative Power (Bits)
`Microprocessor
`ee
`Early PCs, the PC XT, and some lap-
`8088
`8/16
`tops. This type was a veritable slug.
`The 8086 was faster than the 8088,
`but more
`expensive.
`AT types of PCs and compatibles and
`some
`laptops. This microprocessor
`in the IBM PC AT.
`first appeared
`The fatherof the X86 family of
`computers.
`Laptops and inexpensive systems.
`Also called the i486 or the 486DX.
`A cheaperversionofthe full-blown
`
`0386
`
`80386SX (386SX)
`80486
`
`80486SX
`
`16/32
`
`32/32
`
`32/32
`
`80486DX2
`
`80486DX4
`
`586/Pentium
`
`Pentium Pro
`Pentium MMX
`
`32/32
`
`32/32
`
`32/64
`
`32/64
`
`32/64
`
`Pentium {i
`
`32/64
`
`Celeron
`
`32/64
`
`80486.
`A slightly cheaper and faster
`alternative to the normal 486DX.
`An even faster 486DX chip.
`It’s easier to trademark a trendy
`name than a number.
`Super-dooper Pentium.
`A Pentium with extra power to give
`computer games and graphics
`more
`umph.
`
`More dooper and sooper than a
`Pentium Pro. Also comes in MMX
`varieties.
`A cheapyversion of the Pentium
`for “home” computers. It lacks
`some of the Pentium Il’s beef.
`
`APPENDIX K
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`

`APPENDIX K
`
`
`
`Chapter 11: Just Your Basic ComputerGuts
`
`] 15
`
`The “and later” syndrome
`commoncurveball: “This software works
`You may be thrownthe following
`only with 80386 and later microprocessors.”It’s the “and later”part that gets
`you. How do you know whatis later than an 80386, especially if you don’t
`have a copy of the venerated Byte magazine PC Microprocessor TimeLine in
`front of you? Thefollowing should help:
`®
`
`Earliest: 8088, 8086, V20, and V30
`
`Middle ages: 80286
`Latest: 80386, 386SX, and so on
`Extremely tardy: 80486, 486SX
`™ Absentee: Pentium
`
` ™ Deceased: Pentium Pro
`
`can run any
`are at the bottom of thelist. They
`The latest microprocessors
`and all software written for microprocessorslisted above them.
`
`Somedescriptions may say “greater” rather than “later.” Later refers to
`was introduced. Greater
`the point in history when the microprocessor
`bigger and more
`is like James the Greater in the Bible. He was
`than James the Lesser, who was rumored to be an accountant.
`lf the software requires MMXor a Pentium Il, you need to have that
`type of microprocessor. I cover this subject in the next section.
`Any software that claims to work on a “Pentium” microprocessor works
`on any PC with any
`flavor Pentium, including the cheapo Celeron
`processor.
`are said to be backward compatible. That means
`All microprocessors
`that software written for an earlier microprocessor works ona later
`model.
`
`powerful
`
`What's the MMX deal?
`at Intel dreamt up the Pentium MMX
`A few years back,the boyandgirls
`regular Pentium, but the new processor
`just like a
`microprocessor. It was
`contains extra instructions that optimize computervideo, sound, and other
`aspects of games and multimedia software. That may not seem like much,
`but with those types of applications, any type of improvementin speedis a
`great help.
`
`
`
`APPENDIX K
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`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
`Partiv: The Non-Nerd’s Guide to Computer Hardware
`
`The downside to the MMX miracle is that ycu must run software specifically
`written for the Pentium MMXbefore any ofthenifty stuff happens. So,
`a Pentium MMxis better than a
`plain old Pentium, you get the
`although
`to exploit the full
`most from it only when yourun software that’s designed
`of the MMXpart of the Pentium processor.
`potential
`All Pentium II microprocessors also sport the MMXfeature.
`lL actually experienced MMXenvy just last month whenI installed a
`game on my old Pentium Pro system. The game chastised me for not
`run slower and cause
`having MMXandsaid that it would deliberately
`man to die more often because of myerror, so I quickly
`my
`little
`uninstalled the gameandreinstalled it on my Pentium II system. Whew!
`
`
`
`Upgrading your microprocessor
`on the motherboard
`Just about every PC sold today has a
`special doojobbie
`that allows youto replace your PC’s microprocessor. Youjustlift out the old,
`replaceit with a faster, newer one.
`Simple. Elegant. And
`oneand
`pokey
`expensive!
`travels, I know of few people whoactually upgrade their microproces-
`In my
`Only if you made the wrong microprocessordecision whenyoufirst
`sors.
`a
`bought yourPCis it necessary. Normally, after two or three years (when
`it just makes more sense
`newer, faster microprocessor becomesavailable),
`a whole new computer. After all, other things would need
`to go out and buy
`updating inside the PC as well: the hard drive, ports, and other technology.
`at once?
`Whynotreplace everything
`If you really want to replace your microprocessor, have someone else
`do it for you. Often the places thatsell the upgrades include installation
`with the microprocessorprice.
`their microproces-
`i Rememberthat PC manufacturers and dealers buy
`are sometimes cheaper than an
`sors in bulk. Their new
`computers
`
`upgrade.
`
`
`
`The BIOS
`In addition to a microprocessor and memory, your computer needs some
`ont Tuy,
`instructionsto tell it what to do. Thoseinstructions are written on a
`S
`special
`ROM chipcalled the B/OS, which stands for something unimportant butis
`
`APPENDIX K
`
`ROKU EXH. 1002
`
`

`

`APPENDIX K
`
` Chapter 11: Just Your Basic Computer Guts
`
`] 7 7
`
`The job of the BIOS is communication.It allows the microprocessorto
`—
`—
`other parts of your computer, such as the screen,
`or talk with
`control
`the printer, the keyboard, and so on. Thoseinstructions were written by the
`permanently etched on the BIOS
`people who built your computer and